608 Fifth Avenue

Last updated

608 Fifth Avenue
608 Fifth Avenue (51396227929).jpg
608 Fifth Avenue
Alternative namesGoelet Building, Swiss Center Building
General information
Architectural style Art Deco
Location608 Fifth Avenue, Midtown Manhattan
Town or cityNew York City
CountryUnited States
Coordinates 40°45′29″N73°58′42″W / 40.75806°N 73.97833°W / 40.75806; -73.97833
Construction started1930
Completed1932
Height132 feet 11 inches (40.51 m)
Technical details
Floor count10
Design and construction
Architect(s) Victor L.S. Hafner
DesignatedJanuary 14, 1992
Reference no.1810
Designated entityExterior
DesignatedJanuary 14, 1992
Reference no.1811
Designated entityLobby interior
References
[1]
Buildings of Rockefeller Center
608 Fifth Avenue

Buildings and structures in Rockefeller Center:
1
1 Rockefeller Plaza
2
10 Rockefeller Plaza
3
La Maison Francaise
4
British Empire Building
5
30 Rockefeller Plaza
6
International Building
7
50 Rockefeller Plaza
8
1230 Avenue of the Americas
9
Radio City Music Hall
10
1270 Avenue of the Americas
11
75 Rockefeller Plaza
12
600 Fifth Avenue
13
608 Fifth Avenue
14
1271 Avenue of the Americas
15
1251 Avenue of the Americas
16
1221 Avenue of the Americas
17
1211 Avenue of the Americas

608 Fifth Avenue, also known as the Goelet Building or Swiss Center Building, is an office building at Fifth Avenue and West 49th Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, adjacent to Rockefeller Center. It was designed by Victor L. S. Hafner for the Goelet family, with Edward Hall Faile as structural engineer. The facade uses elements of both the Art Deco and International styles, while the lobby is designed exclusively in the Art Deco style.

Contents

The building consists of a two-story base and an eight-story upper section, with a facade of green and white marble. The base includes storefronts while the upper stories contain offices. The second story is cantilevered from the bottom of the third story so the storefronts could be combined into a large department store if necessary. The building's elaborately designed lobby is divided into an entrance vestibule, an S-shaped outer lobby, and an elevator lobby. These spaces are decorated extensively with marble and aluminum, and the outer and elevator lobbies also include the Goelet family's crest. The three elevator cabs contain ornate marble and aluminum decorations.

Prior to the construction of the present office building, Mary and Ogden Goelet lived in a mansion at 608 Fifth Avenue. The mansion was torn down in 1930, and Ogden's nephew Robert Walton Goelet built the office building on the site, which was finished in 1932. The structure was built while the construction of Rockefeller Center was ongoing, and its design was meant to complement that of the other buildings in Rockefeller Center. During the 1960s, the building was sold to the Korein family and was renovated. 608 Fifth Avenue was renamed the Swiss Center Building in 1966 after several Swiss companies leased space there. Both the lobby interior and the exterior were designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission as official city landmarks in 1992. The leasehold was sold to RFR Holding in 1998, and Vornado Realty Trust operated the retail space from 2013 to 2020.

Site

608 Fifth Avenue is in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, on the southwestern corner of Fifth Avenue and 49th Street. The land lot is slightly L-shaped, covering 13,150 square feet (1,222 m2). [2] The lot measures 70 feet (21 m) on Fifth Avenue to the east and 161.6 feet (49.3 m) on 49th Street to the north. [3] [4] The longer leg of the "L" extends west–east along 49th Street, while a shorter leg extends north–south along the western portion of the site. [5]

608 Fifth Avenue is one of three buildings on the western side of Fifth Avenue between 48th and 49th Streets. Directly to the south is the Childs Restaurants building at 604 Fifth Avenue. [6] The southern side of the block, 600 Fifth Avenue, was built in 1949–1952 and was later incorporated into Rockefeller Center. [7] [6] Other nearby buildings include 600 Fifth Avenue to the south, 1 Rockefeller Plaza to the west, the British Empire Building to the north, the Saks Fifth Avenue flagship store to the northeast, and 597 Fifth Avenue to the southeast. [2]

Fifth Avenue between 42nd Street and Central Park South (59th Street) was relatively undeveloped through the late 19th century. [8] In the latter half of that century, mansions and other residences were constructed along the avenue. [9] Among these were two country mansions that Edward H. Kendall designed for brothers Robert and Ogden Goelet, within one block of each other. [9] [10] The brothers were part of the Goelet family, a wealthy Dutch family [11] that had founded the Chemical Bank. [9] [12] Robert's estate was at 589 Fifth Avenue, near present-day 48th Street, while Ogden's estate was at 608 Fifth Avenue one block north. [9]

Architecture

608 Fifth Avenue is a ten-story building in the Art Deco style, with elements of the International Style. [3] [4] [13] It was designed by Victor L. S. Hafner [14] and built by structural engineering firm E. H. Faile & Co. [3] The planning application to the city's Department of Buildings was submitted by Roy Clinton Morris on behalf of Edward Hall Faile, leading to occasional disputes over who was the building's architect. Hafner worked for Faile for one and a half years. [15] Although Hafner had worked on several projects in New York City, the Goelet Building was the only such design mentioned by name in his New York Times obituary in 1947. [16] [17]

Form and facade

Entrance on Fifth Avenue 5th Av Oct 2020 66.jpg
Entrance on Fifth Avenue

The facades at the first story and the second-level mezzanine are composed of glass curtain walls. Green marble fills the spaces between each floor. [4] From the outset, 608 Fifth Avenue was designed as a commercial structure that would maximize the rapidly rising land value of the area, with retail on the lower floors and office stories above. [9] At the time, retail space was more profitable per square foot than office space was. The retail space required large display windows facing the street, which were extremely profitable. To maximize the surface area of these show windows, Faile designed the third and higher stories on two-story-tall columns that are recessed 5 feet (1.5 m) from the facade. [16] An archway surrounded with green marble is placed along the western end of the 49th Street facade. [4] [13] A metal screen, painted bronze, is at the second story. [18]

The building has a recessed light court above the second story on 49th Street, allowing additional windows to be placed further inside the building. [4] [13] [19] Faile engineered the building's columns to be strong enough to accommodate a possible conversion of the light court into additional office space. [4] [19]

The exterior of the upper stories is made of two main types of marble. The horizontal spandrel panels between each story are made of white marble, and the vertical piers are made of green marble. [4] [13] [15] On both Fifth Avenue and 49th Street, the piers divide the facade into sets of three bays, each with multiple windows. The Fifth Avenue elevation contains one set of three bays, while the 49th Street elevation includes two sets of three bays (one on either side of the light court). Most of the building is nine stories high, but the central bay of each set rises to a dormer on the tenth story. The central bays' windows are separated by four green-marble "ribs", which frame the tenth-story dormers. The tenth story and penthouse are sheathed in green marble, and the penthouse has white trim lines. [4]

Ornamentation on the exterior includes aluminum mullions on the windows and at the corners. Other decorative elements include a monogram consisting of interlocked letters "G", as well as the Goelet family crest of a swan. These elements are displayed above the second story on the Fifth Avenue elevation. The crest and monogram were hung above the original main entrance arch on Fifth Avenue, demolished in 1965, as well as the arched entryway on 49th Street. [18] The original main entrance had a bronze door with the Goelet family's crest and reportedly cost $14,000 (equivalent to $300,283in 2022). [15]

Interior

According to the New York City Department of City Planning, 608 Fifth Avenue has 127,558 square feet (11,850.5 m2) of gross floor area, with 55 units. [2]

Lobby

The building's lobby was designed in a full Art Deco style, as Victor Hafner was not constrained by the need to conform the building's interior to those of nearby buildings. [19] [20] The lobby is reached from a doorway on the southernmost portion of the Fifth Avenue facade. [20] Various marbles are used, including what The New York Times described as "aurora rossa, samosa golden, American pavonazzo, bleu belge, numidian red and Belgian black". [15] The lobby is composed of three primary spaces: an entrance vestibule to the southeast, an S-shaped outer lobby, and an elevator lobby to the west. [19] [21]

The entrance vestibule has strips of veined gray marble, running diagonally toward the room's corners. The floor is surrounded by a rectangular band of white-and-black marble. The bottoms of the entrance vestibule's walls contain red-marble baseboards. Above those are black-marble wall panels with white veining, which are placed at regular intervals. Vertical aluminum battens hold these panels in place. [21] The ceiling is made of aluminum painted in a bronze color. [15] [20] Art Deco motifs, inspired by both natural and geometric patterns, are placed on the ceiling and walls. Illumination is provided by four aluminum grilles, one at each corner of the vestibule, which are decorated with curving foliate patterns. [19] [21]

A set of three swinging silver doors leads from the vestibule to the outer lobby. The doors contain symmetrical patterned designs, with three triangles at the top of each door and stepped patterns at the bottom. The outer lobby's travertine floor is surrounded by a black marble band and a deep-red marble band. The west and east walls contain reeded dark-marble pilasters. The walls contain wide horizontal bands of beige marble with white and brown veins, interspersed with narrower bands of brown marble with yellow veins. These bands are separated by aluminum battens. Stylized motifs are cast into the aluminum cornices above each wall. Lighting fixtures are placed behind the cornices. The outer lobby has a coved plaster ceiling with aluminum-leaf decorations. [21] Inlaid in the middle of the ceiling is a depiction of the Goelet swan, surrounded by geometric patterns. [19] [20]

The floors, walls, and ceiling of the elevator lobby are similar to those in the outer lobby, with a floral motif at the center of the ceiling. The elevator lobby contains three openings for elevators, as well as a staircase to the floors above. Each elevator opening is recessed from the wall surface and flanked by reeded dark-marble pilasters. The soffits of the elevator openings contain indirect lighting sources, which shine onto the cast-metal doors. The elevator doors themselves are decorated with stylized leaves atop vertical bands of white and yellow metal. The centers of the doors contain octagonal medallions, which depict a gazelle and two maidens. The elevator openings and the staircase are all topped by decorative octagonal medallions made of metal. [21] Each elevator cab has baked enamel wall panels, held in place by aluminum bands, as well as stylized aluminum motifs. [19] [21]

Retail space

The construction of Rockefeller Center made it difficult to forecast whether numerous small stores or a single large retailer would be more suitable for the site. [15] [19] 608 Fifth Avenue included features such as wide staircases and fire sprinklers, as well as a 17-foot-tall (5.2 m) ceiling in the rear of the first floor. [3] This allowed the retail space to be converted into a department store easily. [22] When the second story was built, it was cantilevered from the third-story slab instead of being supported by columns above the first floor, thus maximizing the first-floor retail space. [15] [16] In total, the retail space covers 44,000 square feet (4,100 m2). [23]

History

Ogden Goelet's mansion at 608 Fifth Avenue, designed by E.H. Kendall Mrs. Ogden Goelet Mansion (608 Fifth Avenue).jpg
Ogden Goelet's mansion at 608 Fifth Avenue, designed by E.H. Kendall

By the beginning of the 20th century, most of the area's mansions had given way to office and commercial buildings. When Ogden Goelet died in 1897, his widow inherited his property at 608 Fifth Avenue, while his brother Robert became the trustee, a role later passed to Robert's son Robert Walton Goelet. [9] In 1920, Robert Walton Goelet commissioned the construction of an art gallery at 606 Fifth Avenue, directly south of Ogden's estate. [9] [24] Ogden's widow Mary R. Goelet continued to live in the 608 Fifth Avenue mansion until 1926. [9]

Development

By the time Mary died in February 1929, the house had been unused for three years. [25] [26] By then, the construction of Rockefeller Center was ongoing in the area immediately surrounding the Goelet lots. [9] Rockefeller Center's developers allowed Robert Walton Goelet to keep the lots at 2–6 West 49th Street because the company considered his "interest and concern" to be a significant factor. However, Goelet could not yet develop the western part of his site due to an easement that a neighbor held on the land. [27] Goelet started selling the objects in the house in December 1929, [28] hosting four such sales. [9]

The house and adjacent art gallery were demolished in March 1930. [29] [30] Plans for a commercial building were filed with the New York City Department of Buildings the same month. [31] By that May, Goelet was still deciding between two different plans for a 15-story building. Though both options included office space above a two-story retail area, only one of the options provided space for a showroom. [32] In November 1930, the East River Savings Bank gave Goelet a $1 million mortgage for the project. [33] [34] The plans for the current 10-story commercial building were announced the next month. [3] At the beginning of 1931, Fifth Avenue was experiencing high demand for storefront space, with only 12 of 224 stores being unoccupied. 608 Fifth Avenue, along with 500 Fifth Avenue and the Empire State Building, were expected to add a combined 11 stores. [35] [36] In June 1930, Robert Walton Goelet hosted a ceremony to give craftsmanship awards to 23 workers who were involved in the project. [37]

Early years

View of the Fifth Avenue facade 5th Av Oct 2020 71.jpg
View of the Fifth Avenue facade

The building was completed by 1932 but, due to a lack of interest from large tenants, the ground-floor space was divided into smaller units. [38] Within the area bounded by Sixth and Fifth Avenues between 48th and 51st Streets, the Goelet Building was among the few plots that was not owned outright by Rockefeller Center's developers by the end of 1932. [39] According to contemporary photographs of 608 Fifth Avenue, the ground floor was first occupied by several small stores. [15] These included brokers Cowan & Co., [40] restaurant operator Susan C. Palmer, [41] the Tecla Pearl Company, [42] and a Manufacturers Hanover Corporation bank branch. [43] The earliest office tenants included jewelry firm Theodore A. Kohn & Son Galleries, [44] photography studios Underwood & Underwood, [45] and several gem dealers. [46] The Kohn Galleries also hosted art exhibitions in its offices. [47] Goelet had his offices in the tenth-floor penthouse. [4]

In 1935, Robert W. Goelet bought Charles J. Coulter's house at 6 West 49th Street for $82,000, initially to preserve the Goelet Building's exposure to natural light. [48] [49] The next year, Goelet filed plans for a western annex on that site. [18] [50] E. H. Faile designed the annex, while the Starrett Corporation received the general construction contract. The four-story annex was built as an extension of the Goelet Building, with all access being through the main building, but it could also be arranged as its own structure, with provisions for the installation of separate elevators and stairs. [50] Banks Custom Tailors leased most of the second-floor retail space in 1937, [51] and J.S. Bache & Co. moved into a portion of the second story the same year. [52] At the end of the decade, jewelers Rimler and Horning took a large portion of the retail space. [53] The building's tenants in the 1940s included watch dealers Louis Manheimer & Brothers [54] and gem importers Lieberman & Bienenfeld. [55] After Manufacturers Hanover announced its intention to relocate its bank branch in 1941, [56] men's store John David Inc. leased the bank's three-story former space in 1945. [57] John David continued to occupy the building through for the next two decades. [15]

Tenants during the 1950s included the Jewelry Industry Council, [58] wool-trade group Woolens and Worsteds of America, [59] the Institute of Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers, [60] and airline Avianca. [61] Diamond dealers Eichberg Co. [62] and the Colombian Tourist Board also leased offices in the early 1960s. [63] The Space Design Group redesigned one of the building's offices for Pakistan International Airlines in 1962, decorating the offices with green-and-blue wall tiles sprayed with cork, as well as green-and-white onyx chips embedded in the concrete floor. [64] The Fifth Avenue Association, a local civic group, recognized the Pakistan International Airlines office as the area's "best storefront alteration" during 1962–1963. [65] The Korein family acquired the building and its underlying land during the 1960s. [66]

Swiss Center Building

608 Fifth Avenue became the Swiss Center Building in 1964 when fourteen Swiss-owned enterprises formed a coalition to "foster commercial, cultural, travel and financial activities identified with Switzerland". [67] The companies signed a 17-year lease for the structure with options for a 45-year extension. [67] Following that announcement, Robert Goelet signed a lease for space in another building, relocating from 608 Fifth Avenue. [68] Lester Tichy was hired to redesign both the interior and exterior of the first and second floors. [18] Former Swiss president Friedrich Wahlen dedicated the new Swiss Center on June 23, 1966, [69] [70] during a citywide "Swiss Week". [71] The ground-floor tenants were replaced by offices for the Swiss National Tourist Office, Swiss Bank Corporation, and Swissair. [67] By 1970, the Swiss Center Restaurant had opened within the building at 4 West 49th Street; [72] the eatery was sponsored by the Swiss government. [73]

49th Street facade 5th Av Jul 2021 59.jpg
49th Street facade

In the early 1980s, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) and the American Society of Interior Designers examined the Swiss Center Building's lobby as part of a citywide survey of historic interiors. A volunteer for the survey described the lobby as "one of the richest Art Deco spaces anywhere". [74] The LPC first considered the building and its lobby for New York City landmark status in 1983. [18] [75] The building's then-owner Sarah Korein objected, as she wanted to expand the building by several stories once the Swiss Center's lease expired in 1996. [15] Despite this, 608 Fifth Avenue and its interior were designated as official city landmarks in 1992; the LPC noted in its reports that "the owner and long-term lessee are not opposed to the designation". [14] [76] Jewelry retailer Mikimoto occupied a large retail space on the ground floor until 1995. [77] Two years later, Garrison & Siegel renovated the lower floors to their original design. [7] [78]

RFR and Vornado operation

The leasehold was sold to RFR Holding, a company held by German investors, in 1998 for about $22 million, though Korein retained ownership of the land. [79] [80] Aby Rosen of RFR planned to renovate the building for $1.5 million. Although the building was fully occupied, Rosen wished to seek higher rents; at the time, average rents at 608 Fifth Avenue were around $45 per square foot ($480/m2), compared with $55 per square foot ($590/m2) for similar Midtown buildings. [80] Switzerland Tourism continued to operate an office in the building, [81] as did confectionery Minamoto Kitchoan. [82] Clothing company Lacoste opened a store at 608 Fifth Avenue in 2003, [83] and Japanese jeweler Niwaka opened a store in 2006. [23] [84] Lacoste expanded its store into the Niwaka space in 2011. [85] [86] This was part of a southward expansion of retail on Fifth Avenue in the early 2010s. [87]

Vornado Realty Trust assumed RFR's mortgage in 2013 and paid $8.5 million that RFR owed on the mortgage. At that point, the Korein family still owned the land under 608 Fifth Avenue. [88] [89] The next year, clothing retailer Topshop announced that it would lease the retail space [90] [91] for $15 million, replacing the Lacoste store. [23] However, the Topshop store closed in 2020 because Topshop went bankrupt. [66] In June 2020, Vornado gave up its lease on the building. [66] [92] The deal generated $70 million for Vornado, which at the time was experiencing financial losses due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. [93] By 2021, the empty storefront was being used to advertise HBO Max's release of the film No Sudden Move ; [94] it also hosted New York Fashion Week the same year. [95] Fashion retailer Aritzia leased a 33,000-square-foot (3,100 m2) storefront at the building in mid-2022. [96] [97]

Reception

Robert Goelet felt that "the building had to be one of beauty and of durability in addition to being modern". [22] Christopher Gray, writing for The New York Times in 1990, referred to 608 Fifth Avenue as "one giant Art Moderne cigarette case of marble". [15] Joseph Giovannini, another Times writer, listed 608 Fifth Avenue's lobby in 1984 as part of a walking tour of the "city's best lobbies". [98] The New Yorker architectural critic Lewis Mumford sarcastically described 608 Fifth Avenue as "an excellent period reproduction — Modernique, 1925", regarding it as little more than a parody of the earlier Childs Restaurant building. [6] Robert A. M. Stern, in his book New York 1930, called the building "a luxuriously detailed but bastardized interpretation of the International Style". [13] In 2017, architectural historian Anthony W. Robins wrote that the Goelet Building's lobby was "one of New York's best-kept Deco secrets". [19]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rockefeller Center</span> Skyscraper complex in Manhattan, New York

Rockefeller Center is a complex of 19 commercial buildings covering 22 acres (89,000 m2) between 48th Street and 51st Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The 14 original Art Deco buildings, commissioned by the Rockefeller family, span the area between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue, split by a large sunken square and a private street called Rockefeller Plaza. Later additions include 75 Rockefeller Plaza across 51st Street at the north end of Rockefeller Plaza, and four International Style buildings on the west side of Sixth Avenue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">30 Rockefeller Plaza</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

30 Rockefeller Plaza is a skyscraper that forms the centerpiece of Rockefeller Center in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, United States. Completed in 1933, the 66-story, 850 ft (260 m) building was designed in the Art Deco style by Raymond Hood, Rockefeller Center's lead architect. 30 Rockefeller Plaza was known for its main tenant, the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), from its opening in 1933 until 1988 and then for General Electric until 2015, when it was renamed for its current owner, Comcast. The building also houses the headquarters and New York studios of television network NBC; the headquarters is sometimes called 30 Rock, a nickname that inspired the NBC sitcom of the same name. The tallest structure in Rockefeller Center, the building is the 28th tallest in New York City and the 65th tallest in the United States, and was the third tallest building in the world when it opened.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fred F. French Building</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

The Fred F. French Building is a skyscraper at 551 Fifth Avenue on the northeast corner with 45th Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Designed by H. Douglas Ives along with John Sloan and T. Markoe Robertson of the firm Sloan & Robertson, it was erected in 1927. The building is named for Fred F. French, owner of the Fred F. French Companies, for whom the structure was commissioned.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">General Electric Building</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York City

The General Electric Building, also known as 570 Lexington Avenue, is a skyscraper at the southwestern corner of Lexington Avenue and 51st Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The building, designed by Cross & Cross and completed in 1931, was known as the RCA Victor Building during its construction. The General Electric Building is sometimes known by its address to avoid confusion with 30 Rockefeller Plaza, which was once known as the GE Building.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1271 Avenue of the Americas</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

1271 Avenue of the Americas (formerly known as the Time & Life Building) is a 48-story skyscraper on Sixth Avenue, between 50th and 51st Streets, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Designed by architect Wallace Harrison of Harrison, Abramovitz, and Harris, the building was developed between 1956 and 1960 as part of Rockefeller Center.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">660 Fifth Avenue</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

660 Fifth Avenue is a 41-story office building on the west side of Fifth Avenue between 52nd and 53rd Streets in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The office tower was designed by Carson & Lundin and built for its developer Tishman Realty and Construction from 1955 to 1957.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tiffany and Company Building</span> Commercial building in Manhattan, New York, U.S.

The Tiffany and Company Building, also known as the Tiffany Building and 401 Fifth Avenue, is an eight-story commercial building at Fifth Avenue and 37th Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The structure was designed in the Renaissance Revival style by Stanford White of McKim, Mead & White. It was built from 1903 to 1905 as the flagship store of jewelry company Tiffany & Co. The building is a New York City designated landmark and a National Historic Landmark.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">500 Fifth Avenue</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

500 Fifth Avenue is a 60-story, 697-foot-tall (212 m) office building on the northwest corner of Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The building was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon in the Art Deco style and constructed from 1929 to 1931.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">712 Fifth Avenue</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

712 Fifth Avenue is a 650-foot-tall (200 m) skyscraper at 56th Street and Fifth Avenue in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Constructed from 1987 to 1990, it was designed by SLCE Architects and Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates. The skyscraper's base includes the Coty Building at 714 Fifth Avenue and the Rizzoli Bookstore building at 712 Fifth Avenue, both of which are New York City designated landmarks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British Empire Building</span> Building in Rockefeller Center, New York City

The British Empire Building, also known by its address 620 Fifth Avenue, is a commercial building at Rockefeller Center in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Completed in 1933, the six-story structure was designed in the Art Deco style by Raymond Hood, Rockefeller Center's lead architect. The British Empire Building, along with the nearly identical La Maison Francaise to the south and the high-rise International Building to the north, comprise a group of retail-and-office structures known as the International Complex. La Maison Francaise and the British Empire Building are separated by Channel Gardens, a planted pedestrian esplanade running west to the complex's Lower Plaza.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Socony–Mobil Building</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

The Socony–Mobil Building, also known as 150 East 42nd Street, is a 45-story, 572-foot-tall (174 m) skyscraper in the Murray Hill and East Midtown neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City. It occupies the block bounded by 41st Street, 42nd Street, Lexington Avenue, and Third Avenue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">La Maison Francaise (Rockefeller Center)</span> Building in Rockefeller Center, New York City

La Maison Francaise, also known by its address 610 Fifth Avenue, is a commercial building at Rockefeller Center in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Completed in 1933, the six-story structure was designed in the Art Deco style by Raymond Hood, Rockefeller Center's lead architect. La Maison Francaise, along with the nearly identical British Empire Building and the high-rise International Building to the north, comprise a group of retail-and-office structures known as the International Complex. La Maison Francaise and the British Empire Building are separated by Channel Gardens, a planted pedestrian esplanade running west to the complex's Lower Plaza.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Construction of Rockefeller Center</span> Construction project in New York City (1931–1974)

The construction of the Rockefeller Center complex in New York City was conceived as an urban renewal project in the late 1920s, spearheaded by John D. Rockefeller Jr. to help revitalize Midtown Manhattan. Rockefeller Center is on one of Columbia University's former campuses and is bounded by Fifth Avenue to the east, Sixth Avenue to the west, 48th Street to the south, and 51st Street to the north. The center occupies 22 acres (8.9 ha) in total, with some 17 million square feet of office space.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">10 Rockefeller Plaza</span> Building in Manhattan, New York

10 Rockefeller Plaza is a 16-story building located on Rockefeller Plaza between 48th and 49th Streets in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Completed in 1940, the building is part of Rockefeller Center and, like the rest of the complex, was built in the Art Deco style.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Building (Rockefeller Center)</span> Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York

The International Building, also known by its addresses 630 Fifth Avenue and 45 Rockefeller Plaza, is a skyscraper at Rockefeller Center in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Completed in 1935, the 41-story, 512 ft (156 m) building was designed in the Art Deco style by Raymond Hood, Rockefeller Center's lead architect. The main tower is set back from Fifth Avenue and includes two 6-story wings to the east, known as Palazzo d'Italia and International Building North. The wings flank an entrance plaza that contains Lee Lawrie's Atlas statue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saks Fifth Avenue flagship store</span> Department store flagship in Manhattan, New York

The Saks Fifth Avenue flagship store is a department store in Midtown Manhattan, New York City on Fifth Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets. The original 10-story structure at 611 Fifth Avenue has served as the flagship store of Saks Fifth Avenue since its completion in 1924. The store also occupies part of 623 Fifth Avenue, a 36-story tower completed in 1990.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">689 Fifth Avenue</span> Office building in Manhattan, New York

689 Fifth Avenue is a commercial building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, at the northeast corner of Fifth Avenue and 54th Street. The building was designed by Warren and Wetmore and constructed from 1925 to 1927.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rockefeller Apartments</span> Residential building in Manhattan, New York

The Rockefeller Apartments is a residential building at 17 West 54th Street and 24 West 55th Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Designed by Wallace Harrison and J. André Fouilhoux in the International Style, the Rockefeller Apartments was constructed between 1935 and 1936. The complex was originally designed with 138 apartments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">647 Fifth Avenue</span> Commercial building in Manhattan, New York

647 Fifth Avenue, originally known as the George W. Vanderbilt Residence, is a commercial building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is along the east side of Fifth Avenue between 51st Street and 52nd Street. The building was designed by Hunt & Hunt as part of the "Marble Twins", a pair of houses at 645 and 647 Fifth Avenue. The houses were constructed between 1902 and 1905 as Vanderbilt family residences. Number 645 was occupied by William B. Osgood Field, while number 647 was owned by George W. Vanderbilt and rented to Robert Wilson Goelet; both were part of the Vanderbilt family by marriage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">200 Madison Avenue</span> Office building in Manhattan, New York

200 Madison Avenue is a 25-story office building in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It is along the west side of Madison Avenue between 35th and 36th Streets. Designed by Warren and Wetmore, it was built from 1925 to 1926.

References

    Citations

    1. "Swiss Center (Goelet) Building". Emporis . Archived from the original on January 3, 2020.
    2. 1 2 3 "608 5 Avenue, 10020". New York City Department of City Planning. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
    3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Building Designed for Future Needs – Goelet Business Edifice on Fifth Avenue Planned for Long Serviceability – Marble Facade Finish – Second Floor Hangs From Cantilever Girders – In Rockefeller Development Block". The New York Times. December 7, 1930. p. RE1. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
    4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1992 , p. 4.
    5. Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1992 , p. 9.
    6. 1 2 3 Gray, Christopher (July 25, 2010). "The History of 3 Midtown Neighbors". The New York Times. p. RE9. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
    7. 1 2 White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 327. ISBN   978-0-19538-386-7.
    8. Bridges, William (1811). Map of the city of New York and island of Manhattan :with explanatory remarks and references /. T&J Swords. hdl:2027/nnc2.ark:/13960/t6ww9pp9g. OCLC   40023003.
    9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1992 , p. 2.
    10. Rider, F.; Cooper, F.T.; Hopkins, M.A. (1916). Rider's New York City and Vicinity, Including Newark, Yonkers and Jersey City: A Guide-book for Travelers, with 16 Maps and 18 Plans, Comp. and. H. Holt. pp. 198–199. Archived from the original on August 22, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
    11. The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography . Vol. 35. 1930. p.  417 via HathiTrust.
    12. History of the Chemical Bank, 1823–1913. Country life Press. 1913. p. 104. Archived from the original on August 22, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
    13. 1 2 3 4 5 Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrick; Mellins, Thomas (1987). New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars . New York: Rizzoli. p. 531. ISBN   978-0-8478-3096-1. OCLC   13860977.
    14. 1 2 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1992 , p. 1.
    15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Gray, Christopher (December 16, 1990). "Streetscapes: The Goelet Building; A Facade Rich in Marble". The New York Times. p. R7. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
    16. 1 2 3 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1992 , p. 3.
    17. "Victor L Hafner, an Architect, 54; Navy Veteran of 2 World Wars Die—Once Warned Vatican on Dome of St. Peter's". The New York Times. April 28, 1947. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    18. 1 2 3 4 5 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1992 , p. 5.
    19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Robins, Anthony W. (2017). New York Art Deco: A Guide to Gotham's Jazz Age Architecture. Excelsior Editions. State University of New York Press. p. 111. ISBN   978-1-4384-6396-4. OCLC   953576510.
    20. 1 2 3 4 Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1992 , p. 3.
    21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1992 , p. 4.
    22. 1 2 "Good Craftsmanship Praised by Goelet – Was Important Factor, He Says, in Construction of New Edifice of 608 Fifth Avenue". The New York Times. June 14, 1931. p. RE1. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
    23. 1 2 3 "608 Fifth Avenue | TRD Research". Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
    24. Field, H.E.; Watson, F. (1920). The Arts. Hamilton Easter Field. p. 9. Archived from the original on August 22, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
    25. "Mrs. Ogden Goelet Buried From Home – Services in Fifth Avenue House at Her Wish, Though Unoccupied for Three Years – Bishop Stires Officiates – Only Relatives and Close Friends Present – Crowds Stop for Funeral in Shopping District". The New York Times. February 26, 1929. p. 20. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
    26. "Mrs. Goelet's Funeral Held at 5th Ave. Home: Old Mansion at 49th St., Long Closed, Re-opened at Services for Owner Crowds Hall on Sidewalk Sermon Preached by Rev. Dr. Stires; Relatives Attend". New York Herald Tribune. February 26, 1929. p. 23. ProQuest   1111418198.
    27. Okrent, Daniel (2003). Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center . London: Penguin Book. p. 97. ISBN   978-0-14-200177-6.
    28. "Goelet Furnishings Sold – Antiques and Rugs Bring $12,000 at First Day's Auction". The New York Times. November 14, 1929. p. 27. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
    29. "Wreckers Claim Goelet House in Fifth Avenue: Home Built in 1888 Gives Way to Ten-Story Office Building". New York Herald Tribune. March 2, 1930. p. E1. ProQuest   1113138698.
    30. "Goelet Home Being Razed; Old Fifth Av. Residence to Be Replaced by Office Building". The New York Times. March 2, 1930. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
    31. "Goelet Estate Plans New Midtown Building". The New York Times. March 7, 1936. p. 31. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
    32. "Goelet Building Plans – Two Types of Commercial Structure Considered for Fifth Av. Corner". The New York Times. May 18, 1930. p. S10. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
    33. "Goelet Borrows $1,000,000 on New Building: Bank Arranges Financing on Southwest Corner of Fifth Ave. at 49th Street". New York Herald Tribune. November 1, 1930. p. 30. ProQuest   1113727934.
    34. "Manhattan Mortgages". The New York Times. November 1, 1930. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
    35. "Few Shops Vacant on Fifth Avenue; Survey Discloses Only Twelve Stores Available in the Business Blocks". The New York Times. February 8, 1931. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
    36. Dailey, John A. (February 8, 1931). "Fifth Avenue Still Leading Shopping Center: Few Stores Are Available North of Forty-Second St., Recent Survey Indicates $3,750 Foot Top Rental Shoe Healers Predominate, There Being 28 Such Shops". New York Herald Tribune. p. E1. ProQuest   1114167981.
    37. "Good Craftsmanship Praised by Goelet; Was Important Factor, He Says, in Construction of New Edifice of 608 Fifth Avenue". The New York Times. June 14, 1931. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
    38. "Fifth Av. Chances in Midtown Section – New Foreign Units for Rockefeller Frontage – Jewelry Firm in Goelet Building – Union Club Moving Plans Northward Expansion of Trade Shown by Recent Building and Leasing Activity". The New York Times. June 12, 1932. p. RE1. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
    39. "Rockefeller Buys Last Lots For Site – Purchase of Six From Fox Rounds Out Holdings of Center to Carry Out Full Project – 31-Story Building Planned – Complete Architectural Balance Is Assured – Price of Sixth Av. Property Not Disclosed". The New York Times. December 9, 1932. p. 23. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
    40. "Real Estate News and Transactions in the New York City and Suburban Field Reviewed: Apparel Dealer Leases Larger Midtown Space Kruger Firm Gets Quarters 5 Times as Large as Old in Rockefeller Area". New York Herald Tribune. August 30, 1933. p. 28. ProQuest   1221960853.
    41. "Large Midtown Quarters Taken By Restaurant: Chicago Operator Will Pay Rent Exceeding $200,000 in Roekefeller Center Zone". New York Herald Tribune. September 30, 1932. p. 33. ProQuest   1221305266.
    42. "Tecla Pearl Co. Leases Space on Fifth Avenue: Jewelry Firm Takes Quarters Near Rockefeller Center". New York Herald Tribune. October 23, 1933. p. 30. ProQuest   1221366096.
    43. "Hanover Opens Branch Today". The New York Times. November 13, 1934. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
    44. "$3,690,000 Is Loaned on 7th Av. Buildings; Garment Center Capitol, Inc., Obtains Extension of Mortgage Placed Ten Years Ago". The New York Times. June 1, 1932. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
    45. "Real Estate News and Transactions in City and Country: Photographers Rent Quarters On 5th Avenue Underwood & Underwood Take Portrait Studio in New Goelet Building". New York Herald Tribune. July 21, 1933. p. 30. ProQuest   1221351104.
    46. "Oil Firm Rents New Offices in Midtown Area: Pennzoil Company Leases in Rockefeller Center; Gem Importers Move". New York Herald Tribune. February 6, 1936. p. 34. ProQuest   1243470679.
    47. "Two Stores Plan Art Exhibitions; Contemporary American Work Will Be Shown at Altman's for Next 12 Days". The New York Times. June 10, 1935. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
    48. "Operators Resell Flats on Heights; Two Broadway Terrace Houses Bring Cash Over Mortgage in Investment Sale". The New York Times. February 15, 1935. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
    49. "Robert Goelet Buys Building In 49th Street: Takes C. J. Coulter House Adjoining 5th Av. Corner for Light Protection". New York Herald Tribune. February 15, 1935. p. 32. ProQuest   1245306435.
    50. 1 2 "Goelet Estate Plans New Midtown Building". The New York Times. March 7, 1936. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
    51. "Custom Tailors Rent Big Unit On 5th Avenue: Banks Organization Takes Space at 49th Street; City Plans New Court". New York Herald Tribune. October 1, 1937. p. 37. ProQuest   1240445159.
    52. "J. S. Bache Opens New Office". Wall Street Journal. May 3, 1937. p. 4. ISSN   0099-9660. ProQuest   129820042.
    53. "Real Estate News in City and Suburbs: Building Firm Rents Quarters In East 48th St A. J. Robinson Co. Takes Midtown Floor; Many Other Leases Are Closed Even Big Suites Are Leased". New York Herald Tribune. February 17, 1939. p. 33. ProQuest   1244707327.
    54. "Bickford's Rents 505 5th Ave. Unit; Store Will Be Modernized as a New Outlet for Chain of Restaurants". The New York Times. March 21, 1940. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
    55. "Gem Importer Leases Suites In 5th Avenue: Lieberman-Bienenfeld, Inc. Takes Midtown Offices; Bentkamp Rents Space". New York Herald Tribune. March 9, 1940. p. 27. ProQuest   1335119628.
    56. "State Banking Changes; Central Hanover Would Move Branch in Midtown". The New York Times. July 12, 1941. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
    57. "John David Leases Fifth Ave. Corner". The New York Times. August 1, 1945. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
    58. "Airline Takes Space in 230 Park Avenue". The New York Times. March 29, 1950. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    59. "New Trade Group to Promote Wool; Growers and Manufacturers Map Drive to Increase Domestic Sales". The New York Times. July 15, 1958. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    60. Bradley, John A. (February 26, 1956). "Business Sought by Boiler Trade; Heating-Cooling Council Is Formed by More Than Thirty Manufacturers". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    61. "15th Airline Gets Space on Fifth Ave.; Avianca Is Latest, Taking 2 Stores at No. 608 -Other Rental Deals". The New York Times. June 4, 1958. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
    62. "Space Is Leased at 608 Fifth Ave.; Diamond Dealers to Take Quarters July 1 -- Other Rental Deals Closed". The New York Times. May 5, 1960. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
    63. "Floor Is Leased at 235 E. 42d St.; Pfizer Building Space Is Taken by Law Firm -- Other Rental Deals". The New York Times. March 31, 1961. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    64. "Airline to Occupy Exotic Quarters; Pakistan Carrier to Employ Native Motifs in Office". The New York Times. April 15, 1962. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    65. Fowler, Glenn (April 19, 1964). "Bankers Trust, Regency Hotel ' Win Top Honors in Competition". The New York Times. p. R1. ProQuest   115785366.
    66. 1 2 3 "Vornado Hands Over 608 Fifth Avenue to Korein Family". The Real Deal New York. June 1, 2020. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    67. 1 2 3 "Building on 5th Ave. to Be Swiss Center". The New York Times. May 3, 1964. p. 123. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
    68. "2 Tenants Signed at 777 Third Ave.; Robert Goelet and a New Ad Agency Lease Quarters". The New York Times. July 28, 1964. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    69. "Swiss Center Will Open On Fifth Avenue Today". The New York Times. June 23, 1966. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    70. "Swiss Offers to Aid Peace". New York Daily News. June 24, 1966. p. 71. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022 via newspapers.com.
    71. "City to Mark Swiss Week". New York Daily News. June 20, 1966. p. 511. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022 via newspapers.com.
    72. Claiborne, Craig (September 4, 1970). "Superb Swiss Restaurants". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    73. Brock, Carol (January 14, 1976). "Trio of treats with foreign flavor". New York Daily News. p. 366. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022 via newspapers.com.
    74. Miller, Bryan (February 18, 1982). "Volunteers Tracking Down New York's Significant Interiors". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    75. Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1992 , p. 5.
    76. Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1992 , p. 1.
    77. Meadus, Amanda (May 1, 1995). "Mikimoto Moves Up on Fifth Avenue". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 169, no. 83. p. 22. ProQuest   1498771092.
    78. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; Dolkart, Andrew S.; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.). Guide to New York City Landmarks (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 117. ISBN   978-0-470-28963-1.
    79. Ravo, Nick (August 12, 1998). "Metro Business – Swiss Center Lease Is Sold". The New York Times. p. B9. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
    80. 1 2 Croghan, Lore (July 13, 1998). "A new watchdog takes over the Swiss Center building". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 14, no. 28. p. 22. ProQuest   219185124.
    81. "Travel Advisory; The Swiss Celebrate A Heidi Centennial". The New York Times. May 27, 2001. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    82. Fabricant, Florence (July 26, 2000). "Food Stuff; Fruity Japanese Treats". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    83. Moin, David (August 8, 2003). "Lacoste Corners Fifth Avenue". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 186, no. 28. p. 11. ProQuest   1434259359.
    84. Tarquinio, J. Alex (January 30, 2008). "Foreign Retailers Follow Their Shoppers to New York". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 5, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    85. "LACOSTE expands retail presence at 608 Fifth Ave. to 9,955 s/f; RFR is property owner". NYREJ. March 21, 2011. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    86. "Lacoste building flagship at RFR's 608 Fifth Ave". Real Estate Weekly. March 2, 2011. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022 via Free Online Library.
    87. Levere, Jane L. (September 4, 2012). "The Heart of Fifth Avenue Shopping Is Edging to the South". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    88. Clarke, Katherine (June 9, 2017). "Meet the family that's got Aby Rosen over a barrel at Lever House". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
    89. Barbarino, Al (February 11, 2013). "Vornado Scoops Ground Lease at Art Deco Gem Swiss Center". Commercial Observer. Archived from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
    90. Gurfein, Laura (February 5, 2014). "Topshop to Open Its Largest Stateside Store on Fifth Avenue". Racked NY. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    91. Conti, Samantha (February 5, 2014). "Topshop Signs Lease for Fifth Ave. Flagship". WWD. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    92. "Vornado Walks Away from Manhattan's 608 Fifth Ave". Commercial Real Estate Direct. June 2, 2020. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    93. "Vornado Sees $306M Loss on Fifth Ave & Times Square Retail JV". The Real Deal New York. July 21, 2020. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    94. Sachmechi, Natalie (July 22, 2021). "Owners redeploy empty storefronts as ad space". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 37, no. 28. p. 14. ProQuest   2560348860. Archived from the original on October 8, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
    95. Davenport, Emily (July 15, 2021). "New York Fashion Week to come to Fifth Avenue this year". amNewYork. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
    96. "Aritzia Signs 15K SF Lease in Flatiron". The Real Deal. July 20, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2023.
    97. Baird-Remba, Rebecca (June 16, 2022). "Aritzia Relocates Fifth Avenue Flagship on the Same Block". Commercial Observer. Retrieved April 18, 2023.
    98. Giovannini, Joseph (March 9, 1984). "The Great Indoors – A Stroll Around City's Best Lobbies". The New York Times. p. C1. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2020.

    Sources