Anaerococcus

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Anaerococcus
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Bacillota
Class:
Clostridia
Order:
Clostridiales
Family:
Peptoniphilaceae
Genus:
Anaerococcus

Ezaki et al. 2001
Species

Anaerococcus is a genus of bacteria. Its type species is Anaerococcus prevotii . [1] These bacteria are Gram-positive and strictly anaerobic. [2] [3] [4] The genus Anaerococcus was proposed in 2001. [2] [4] Its genome was sequenced in August 2009. The genus Anaerococcus is one of six genera classified within the group GPAC (Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci). [5] These six genera (Peptostreptococcus, Peptoniphilus, Parvimonas, Finegoldia, Murdochiella, and Anaerococcus) are found in the human body as part of the commensal human microbiota. [6] [7] [5]

Contents

It is commonly found in the human microbiome and is associated with various infections. [8] Most of the species in this genus can be found among microbes of the skin, human vagina, nasal cavity, oral cavity and feces, often as a pathogen found in ovarian abscesses, chronic wounds and vaginal discharge. [9] Moreover, some of the species can be isolated from foot ulcers and knee arthritis. [2] It can be present in urinary tract infections, chronic ulcers, pleural empyema, blood infections, and soft tissue infections. It is involved in polymicrobial infections. [10] Strains of Anaerococcus were found in the armpit microbiota suggesting some species in this genus could play a role in axillary odor. [10] [11]

Physiology

The genus Anaerococcus are non motile bacteria who can not form spores. [4] [12] [2] Depending on the species the arrangement can be different. The most common arrangements within this genus are pairs, tetrads, short chains and irregular formations. [10] [4] Their cells size can differ from 0.6μm to 0.9μm. [10] However, when they are grown using enrinched blood agar their size can go from 0.5μm to 2μm. [10] In this genus, there are more than one major cellular fatty acids: C18:1, C16:1, C18 and C16. [12] Most species in this genus are indole-negative and coaguase-negative. [10] In general, the species of Anaerococcus presents susceptibility to penicillins but are resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin and clindamycin. [9]

Metabolism

The genus Anaerococcus are classified as saccharolytic bacteria. [2] [13] Its species can be arranged from weakly saccharolytic (ex. A. prevotii, A. lactolyticus) to strongly saccharolytic (ex. A. hydrogenalis). [13] This genus can ferment carbohydrates weakly. [6] The major sources of energy use in the metabolism of Anaerococcus are peptones and aminoacids. [4] [10] The three major sugars fermented within this genus are glucose, mannose, fructose and sucrose. [12] [4] After fermenting the sugars, Anaerococcus produce weak acids as their metabolic end product. [13] Within these metabolic end products, this genus ca produce butyric acid, lactic acid, and some propionic and succinic acid. [12] Nonetheless, the major metabolite produced by Anaerococcus is butyrate. [13] [10] [2]

Species

Until recently, the genus Anaerococcus have 14 known species. [14] [9] Six of the species were initially classified in the genus Peptostreptococcus but then based on their characteristics were re-classified in the new genus Anaerococcus: A. hydrogenalis, A. lactolyticus, A. octavius, A. prevotii, A. tetradius, and A. vaginalis. [5] [2] Throughout the years, the specie who has been more commonly found on the body within this genus is A. prevotii. [9]

Anaerococcus octavius

Contrary to most of the species in the genus, Anaerococcus octavius was not related to human infections. [9] Nevertheless, recently a new case revealed A. octavius can cause bacteremia. [9] Even though it is uncommon, Anaerococcus octavius can be the cause for human infections. [9] Other studies have found A. octavius as part of the nasal, skin and vaginal normal flora. [9] [4] This bacteria can ferment ribose, glucose, and mannose. [4]

Anaerococcus prevotii

A. prevotii is normally found in vaginal discharge, human plasma and some types of abscesses - such as ovarian, peritoneal sacral and/or lung abscesses. [9] [6] Anaerococcus prevotii is part of the normal flora in the skin, oral cavity and the gut. [6] Studies has shown Anaerococcus prevotii presents resistance to Ceftazidime, Clindamycin, Levofloxacin. [9] Unlike the other species, A. prevotii can not ferment glucose. [15]

Anaerococcus vaginalis

A. vaginalis was first recovered from vaginal discharges and ovarian abscesses although this bacteria can also be found in pressure ulcers and diabetic foot. [4] [9] Some strains from this species can be indole-positive. [4]

Anaerococcus provencensis

A. provencensis was isolated from a cervical abscess. [16] This species can ferment lactose, unlike A. tetradius, A. prevotii, and A. octavius. [16] The first analysis made on Anaerococcus provencensis showed it is susceptible to penicillin G, imipenem, amoxillin, metronidazole, cefotetan and vancomycin. [16]

Anaerococcus senegalensis

A. senegalensis is one of the few species in the genus whose genome has been sequenced. [2] The genome has a size of 1,790,835 bp. [2] Analysis did not show presence of a plasmid. [2] Initially, Anaerococcus senegalensis was found in the fecal flora of a healthy person. [2]

Anaerococcus rubiinfantis

A.rubiinfantis was discovered from a stool sample taken from an infant with severe acute malnutrition in Senegal. [17] Based on a genomic analysis, Anaerococcus rubiinfantis has high antibiotic susceptibility. [17] For that reason this bacteria can be treated with common oral antibiotics. [17] A.rubiinfantis have catalase activity, which is not common from an anaerobic bacteria. [17]

Anaerococcus marasmi

A. marasmi was first found in 2016 from a stool sample on a child with marasmus. [14] Just like A. rubiinfantis, Anaerococcus marasmi is catalase positive. [14] A. marasmi can grow in a range of pH between 6.5 and 8. [14] Moreover, A. marasmi has a high 16S rRNA sequence similarity (97.6%) with A. prevotii [14]

Anaerococcus urinomassiliensis

A. urinomassiliensis was isolated from a urine sample of a male adolescent with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and autoimmune hepatitis. [18] It took 10 days of anaerobic incubation to observe growth from this bacteria. [18] Anaerococcus urinomassiliensis does not have either oxidase or catalase activity. [18]

Related Research Articles

An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require molecular oxygen for growth. It may react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present. In contrast, an aerobic organism (aerobe) is an organism that requires an oxygenated environment. Anaerobes may be unicellular or multicellular. Most fungi are obligate aerobes, requiring oxygen to survive. However, some species, such as the Chytridiomycota that reside in the rumen of cattle, are obligate anaerobes; for these species, anaerobic respiration is used because oxygen will disrupt their metabolism or kill them. The sea floor is possibly one of the largest accumulation of anaerobic organisms on our planet, where microbes are primarily concentrated around hydrothermal vents. These microbes produce energy in absence of sunlight or oxygen through a process called chemosynthesis, whereby inorganic compounds such as hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide or ferrous ions are converted into organic matter.

<i>Peptostreptococcus</i> Genus of bacteria

Peptostreptococcus is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive, non-spore forming bacteria. The cells are small, spherical, and can occur in short chains, in pairs or individually. They typically move using cilia. Peptostreptococcus are slow-growing bacteria with increasing resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Peptostreptococcus is a normal inhabitant of the healthy lower reproductive tract of women.

<i>Bacteroides fragilis</i> Species of bacterium

Bacteroides fragilis is an anaerobic, Gram-negative, pleomorphic to rod-shaped bacterium. It is part of the normal microbiota of the human colon and is generally commensal, but can cause infection if displaced into the bloodstream or surrounding tissue following surgery, disease, or trauma.

Prevotella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria.

<i>Porphyromonas</i> Genus of bacteria

Porphyromonas is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, obligately anaerobic and non-motile genus from the family Porphyromonadaceae. There were 16 different Porphyromonas species documented as of 2015, which reside in both animal and human reservoirs. It was discovered more recently that Porphyromonas also exist in the environment, albeit to a lesser extent. This genus is notably implicated in the modulation of oral cavity, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract disease states. It is suggested that Porphyromonas either operate as benign bacteria pertinent to host immunity or are potential pathobionts that opportunistically provoke diseased states when homeostasis is disrupted. Despite its characterization not being fully elucidated due to sparse research, various studies report the prevalence of this genus at 58.7% in healthy states compared with 41.3% in diseased states.

Anaerobic infections are caused by anaerobic bacteria. Obligately anaerobic bacteria do not grow on solid media in room air ; facultatively anaerobic bacteria can grow in the presence or absence of air. Microaerophilic bacteria do not grow at all aerobically or grow poorly, but grow better under 10% carbon dioxide or anaerobically. Anaerobic bacteria can be divided into strict anaerobes that can not grow in the presence of more than 0.5% oxygen and moderate anaerobic bacteria that are able of growing between 2 and 8% oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria usually do not possess catalase, but some can generate superoxide dismutase which protects them from oxygen.

Alistipes is a Gram-negative genus of rod-shaped anaerobic bacteria in the phylum Bacteroidota. When members of this genus colonize the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, they provide protective effects against colitis, and cirrhosis [citations needed]. However, this genus can also cause dysbiosis by contributing to anxiety, chronic fatigue syndrome, depression, and hypertension. Showcasing priority effects in microbiome assembly, when infant GI tracts have bacteria of the species Staphylococcus but not the species Faecalibacterium, Alistipes species become less capable of colonization. Alistipes, typically benign in the gut, can sometimes trigger infections like intra-abdominal abscesses and bloodstream infections, emphasizing the fine line between symbiosis and disease. This underscores the significance of comprehending their impact on human health within microbial ecosystems.

Lautropia mirabilis is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, motile bacterium of the genus Lautropia and family Burkholderiaceae, isolated from the mouth of children who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

Peptostreptococcus anaerobius is a species of bacteria belonging to the Peptostreptococcus genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive, non-spore forming bacteria. The cells are small, spherical, and can occur in short chains, in pairs or individually. Peptostreptococcus are slow-growing bacteria sometimes resistance to antimicrobial drugs. P. anaerobius is intrinsically resistant to sodium polyethanol sulfonate (SPS), a component found in many types of blood culture media.

Peptoniphilus is a genus of bacteria in the phylum Bacillota (Bacteria).

Finegoldia is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria. They are anaerobic cocci of the class Clostridia, with Finegoldia magna being the type species. F. magna was formerly known, along with several other Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPACs), as Peptostreptococcus magnus, but was moved into its own genus in 1999. The name is in honor of Sydney M. Finegold, an American microbiologist, while magna is Latin for large. It is an opportunistic human pathogen that normally colonizes skin and mucous membranes. It is often seen in biofilms on chronic ulcers such as in diabetic foot or decubitus ulcers. Most surveys have found it to be susceptible to penicillins, carbapenems and metronidazole, though resistant strains have been identified. Resistance to clindamycin is common and has been seen in over 10% of isolates in the US. One review stated that "the combination of diminished antimicrobial susceptibility, its prevalence, and the described virulence factors gives F. magna a special position among the GPAC."

Christensenella is a genus of non-spore-forming, anaerobic, and nonmotile bacteria from the family Christensenellaceae. They are also part of the order Clostridiales, the class Clostridia and the phylum Firmicutes. Phylogenetic analyzes of 16S rRNA gene sequences are used to describe this family. Due to the recent discovery of the Christensenellaceae family, it was not given importance until a few years ago. This is why very little is known about its ecology and how it may be associated with host factors and other microbiota. However, recent studies establish that members of this family, with exceptions, may be associated with a healthy phenotype for humans. The species C. minuta has been published and validated, and C. timonensis and C. massiliensis have been proposed as novel species of the genus Christensenella, all isolated from human feces.

Parvimonas micra is a Gram positive anaerobic coccus which is frequently isolated from dental plaque in patients with chronic periodontitis. It is the only species in its genus, and is a common constituent of mixed anaerobic infections such as intra-abdominal abscess. It has rarely been implicated as a sole pathogen in septic arthritis, osteomyelitis and discitis associated with recent dental procedures.

Oscillospiraceae, also commonly called Ruminococcaceae, is a family of bacteria in the class Clostridia. All Oscillospiraceae are obligate anaerobes. However, members of the family have diverse shapes, with some rod-shaped and others cocci.

Peptoniphilus gorbachii is a Gram-positive and anaerobic bacterium from the genus Peptoniphilus which has been isolated from a human abscess from Los Angeles in the United States.

Bacteroides caccae is a saccharolytic gram-negative bacterium from the genus Bacteroides. They are obligate anaerobes first isolated from human feces in the 1980s. Prior to their discovery, they were known as the 3452A DNA homology group. The type strain is now identified as ATCC 43185.

Christensenella hongkongensis is a species of clinically relevant gram-positive coccobacilli, first isolated from patients in Hong Kong and Canada in 2006. Although the species remains relatively rare, it has a high mortality rate of up to 50%. Christensenella is thought to be broadly distributed globally, as it has been isolated from patient blood cultures around the world including Hong Kong, South Korea, New Zealand, Canada, Sweden, France and Italy. Fewer than 15 cases of C. hongkongensis have been observed worldwide.

Anaerococcus hydrogenalis is a bacterium from the family Peptoniphilaceae. It is present in vaginal discharges and ovarian abscesses. Presence of Anaerococcus hydrogenalis in the gut metabolism and their coline consumption has been associated to cardiovascular diseases. Contrary to most of the species in this genus, Anaerococcus hydrogenalis is indole-positive. Also, some strains in this specie can produce urease.

Anaerococcus murdochii is a bacterium from the family Peptoniphilaceae. A. murdochii has been reported from skin and wound infections. Resistance or reduced susceptibility to several antibiotics, such as colistin sulphate, clindamycin and kanamycin A or penicillin has been reported.

Anaerococcus nagyae is a bacterium from the family Peptoniphilaceae. It was first found in a blood culture from a patient with ischemia and influenza. The cells of Anaerococcus nagyae are arranged in pairs. Although it can weakly ferment mannose, studies has shown this anaerobic bacteria can not ferment glucose and raffinose. A. nagyae is resistant to colistin, but it is susceptible to vancomycin and kanamycin.

References

  1. ↑ Parte, A.C. "Anaerococcus" . Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Lagier JC, El Karkouri K, Nguyen TT, Armougom F, Raoult D, Fournier PE (March 2012). "Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Anaerococcus senegalensis sp. nov". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 6 (1): 116–25. Bibcode:2012SGenS...6..116L. doi:10.4056/sigs.2415480. PMC   3359877 . PMID   22675604.
  3. ↑ Song Y, Finegold SM (2011-01-01). "Peptostreptococcus, Finegoldia, Anaerococcus, Peptoniphilus, Veillonella , and Other Anaerobic Cocci". In Versalovic J, Carroll KC, Funke G, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Warnock DW (eds.). Manual of Clinical Microbiology (10th ed.). American Society of Microbiology. pp. 803–816. doi:10.1128/9781555816728.ch48. ISBN   978-1-55581-463-2 . Retrieved 2020-08-02.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ezaki T, Kawamura Y, Li N, Li ZY, Zhao L, Shu S (July 2001). "Proposal of the genera Anaerococcus gen. nov., Peptoniphilus gen. nov. and Gallicola gen. nov. for members of the genus Peptostreptococcus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 51 (Pt 4): 1521–1528. doi: 10.1099/00207713-51-4-1521 . PMID   11491354.
  5. 1 2 3 Veloo AC, de Vries ED, Jean-Pierre H, van Winkelhoff AJ (April 2016). "Anaerococcus nagyae sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens". Anaerobe. 38: 111–115. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.11.009. PMID   26639871.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Labutti K, Pukall R, Steenblock K, Glavina Del Rio T, Tice H, Copeland A, et al. (September 2009). "Complete genome sequence of Anaerococcus prevotii type strain (PC1)". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 1 (2): 159–65. doi:10.4056/sigs.24194. PMC   3035230 . PMID   21304652.
  7. ↑ Veloo AC, Elgersma PE, van Winkelhoff AJ (June 2015). "Anaerococcus degenerii sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens". Anaerobe. 33: 71–5. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.02.002. PMID   25680238.
  8. ↑ "BacMap" . Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Cobo F, Navarro-Marí JM (February 2020). "First description of Anaerococcus octavius as cause of bacteremia". Anaerobe. 61: 102130. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102130. PMID   31765706. S2CID   208298004.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Murphy EC, Frick IM (July 2013). "Gram-positive anaerobic cocci--commensals and opportunistic pathogens". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 37 (4): 520–53. doi: 10.1111/1574-6976.12005 . PMID   23030831.
  11. ↑ Fujii, Takayoshi; Shinozaki, Junko; Kajiura, Takayuki; Iwasaki, Keiji; Fudou, Ryosuke (July 2014). "A newly discovered Anaerococcus strain responsible for axillary odor and a new axillary odor inhibitor, pentagalloyl glucose". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 89 (1): 198–207. Bibcode:2014FEMME..89..198F. doi: 10.1111/1574-6941.12347 . PMID   24784923.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Ezaki, Takayuki; Ohkusu, Kiyofumi (2015), "Anaerococcus", Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria, American Cancer Society, pp. 1–5, doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00712, ISBN   978-1-118-96060-8
  13. 1 2 3 4 Ezaki, Takayuki; Li, Na; Kawamura, Yoshiaki (2006), Dworkin, Martin; Falkow, Stanley; Rosenberg, Eugene; Schleifer, Karl-Heinz (eds.), "The Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci", The Prokaryotes: Volume 4: Bacteria: Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, New York, NY: Springer US, pp. 795–808, doi:10.1007/0-387-30744-3_26, ISBN   978-0-387-30744-2
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Tall ML, Pham TP, Bellali S, Ngom II, Delerce J, Lo CI, et al. (May 2020). "marasmi sp. nov., a new bacterium isolated from human gut microbiota". New Microbes and New Infections. 35: 100655. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100655. PMC   7082211 . PMID   32211195. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101252, PMID   38799826,  Retraction Watch . If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{ expression of concern |...}} with {{ expression of concern |...|intentional=yes}}.)
  15. ↑ Song Y, Liu C, Finegold SM (June 2007). "Peptoniphilus gorbachii sp. nov., Peptoniphilus olsenii sp. nov., and Anaerococcus murdochii sp. nov. isolated from clinical specimens of human origin". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 (6): 1746–52. doi:10.1128/JCM.00213-07. PMC   1933094 . PMID   17428937.
  16. 1 2 3 Pagnier I, Croce O, Robert C, Raoult D, La Scola B (June 2014). "Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Anaerococcus provenciensis sp. nov". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 9 (3): 1198–210. Bibcode:2014SGenS...9.1198P. doi:10.4056/sigs.5501035. PMC   4149013 . PMID   25197492.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Tidjani Alou M, Khelaifia S, Michelle C, Andrieu C, Armstrong N, Bittar F, et al. (August 2016). "Anaerococcus rubiinfantis sp. nov., isolated from the gut microbiota of a Senegalese infant with severe acute malnutrition". Anaerobe. 40: 85–94. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.06.007. PMID   27328611.
  18. 1 2 3 Morand A, Cornu F, Tsimaratos M, Lagier JC, Cadoret F, Fournier PE, Raoult D (September 2016). "Anaerococcus urinomassiliensis sp. nov., isolated from a urine sample of a 17-year-old boy affected by autoimmune hepatitis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis". New Microbes and New Infections. 13: 56–8. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2016.06.001. PMC   4933030 . PMID   27408746. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101253, PMID   38799835,  Retraction Watch . If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace {{ expression of concern |...}} with {{ expression of concern |...|intentional=yes}}.)
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