| Anaerococcus | |
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| Genus: | Anaerococcus Ezaki et al. 2001 |
| Type species | |
| Anaerococcus prevotii (Foubert & Douglas 1948) Ezaki et al. 2001 | |
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Anaerococcus is a genus of bacteria. Its type species is Anaerococcus prevotii . [1] These bacteria are Gram-positive and strictly anaerobic. [2] [3] [4] The genus Anaerococcus was proposed in 2001. [2] [4] Its genome was sequenced in August 2009. The genus Anaerococcus is one of six genera classified within the group GPAC (Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci). [5] These six genera (Peptostreptococcus, Peptoniphilus, Parvimonas, Finegoldia, Murdochiella, and Anaerococcus) are found in the human body as part of the commensal human microbiota. [6] [7] [5]
It is commonly found in the human microbiome and is associated with various infections. [8] Most of the species in this genus can be found among microbes of the skin, human vagina, nasal cavity, oral cavity and feces, often as a pathogen found in ovarian abscesses, chronic wounds and vaginal discharge. [9] Moreover, some of the species can be isolated from foot ulcers and knee arthritis. [2] It can be present in urinary tract infections, chronic ulcers, pleural empyema, blood infections, and soft tissue infections. It is involved in polymicrobial infections. [10] Strains of Anaerococcus were found in the armpit microbiota suggesting some species in this genus could play a role in axillary odor. [10] [11]
The genus Anaerococcus are non motile bacteria who can not form spores. [4] [12] [2] Depending on the species the arrangement can be different. The most common arrangements within this genus are pairs, tetrads, short chains and irregular formations. [10] [4] Their cells size can differ from 0.6μm to 0.9μm. [10] However, when they are grown using enrinched blood agar their size can go from 0.5μm to 2μm. [10] In this genus, there are more than one major cellular fatty acids: C18:1, C16:1, C18 and C16. [12] Most species in this genus are indole-negative and coaguase-negative. [10] In general, the species of Anaerococcus presents susceptibility to penicillins but are resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin and clindamycin. [9]
The genus Anaerococcus are classified as saccharolytic bacteria. [2] [13] Its species can be arranged from weakly saccharolytic (ex. A. prevotii, A. lactolyticus) to strongly saccharolytic (ex. A. hydrogenalis). [13] This genus can ferment carbohydrates weakly. [6] The major sources of energy use in the metabolism of Anaerococcus are peptones and aminoacids. [4] [10] The three major sugars fermented within this genus are glucose, mannose, fructose and sucrose. [12] [4] After fermenting the sugars, Anaerococcus produce weak acids as their metabolic end product. [13] Within these metabolic end products, this genus ca produce butyric acid, lactic acid, and some propionic and succinic acid. [12] Nonetheless, the major metabolite produced by Anaerococcus is butyrate. [13] [10] [2]
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [1] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [14]
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Incertae sedis:
Until recently, the genus Anaerococcus have 14 known species. [21] [9] Six of the species were initially classified in the genus Peptostreptococcus but then based on their characteristics were re-classified in the new genus Anaerococcus: A. hydrogenalis, A. lactolyticus, A. octavius, A. prevotii, A. tetradius, and A. vaginalis. [5] [2] Throughout the years, the specie who has been more commonly found on the body within this genus is A. prevotii. [9]
Contrary to most of the species in the genus, Anaerococcus octavius was not related to human infections. [9] Nevertheless, recently a new case revealed A. octavius can cause bacteremia. [9] Even though it is uncommon, Anaerococcus octavius can be the cause for human infections. [9] Other studies have found A. octavius as part of the nasal, skin and vaginal normal flora. [9] [4] This bacteria can ferment ribose, glucose, and mannose. [4]
A. prevotii is normally found in vaginal discharge, human plasma and some types of abscesses - such as ovarian, peritoneal sacral and/or lung abscesses. [9] [6] Anaerococcus prevotii is part of the normal flora in the skin, oral cavity and the gut. [6] Studies has shown Anaerococcus prevotii presents resistance to Ceftazidime, Clindamycin, Levofloxacin. [9] Unlike the other species, A. prevotii can not ferment glucose. [22]
A. vaginalis was first recovered from vaginal discharges and ovarian abscesses although this bacteria can also be found in pressure ulcers and diabetic foot. [4] [9] Some strains from this species can be indole-positive. [4]
A. provencensis was isolated from a cervical abscess. [23] This species can ferment lactose, unlike A. tetradius, A. prevotii, and A. octavius. [23] The first analysis made on Anaerococcus provencensis showed it is susceptible to penicillin G, imipenem, amoxillin, metronidazole, cefotetan and vancomycin. [23]
A. senegalensis is one of the few species in the genus whose genome has been sequenced. [2] The genome has a size of 1,790,835 bp. [2] Analysis did not show presence of a plasmid. [2] Initially, Anaerococcus senegalensis was found in the fecal flora of a healthy person. [2]
A.rubiinfantis was discovered from a stool sample taken from an infant with severe acute malnutrition in Senegal. [24] Based on a genomic analysis, Anaerococcus rubiinfantis has high antibiotic susceptibility. [24] For that reason this bacteria can be treated with common oral antibiotics. [24] A.rubiinfantis have catalase activity, which is not common from an anaerobic bacteria. [24]
A. marasmi was first found in 2016 from a stool sample on a child with marasmus. [21] Just like A. rubiinfantis, Anaerococcus marasmi is catalase positive. [21] A. marasmi can grow in a range of pH between 6.5 and 8. [21] Moreover, A. marasmi has a high 16S rRNA sequence similarity (97.6%) with A. prevotii [21]
A. urinomassiliensis was isolated from a urine sample of a male adolescent with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and autoimmune hepatitis. [25] It took 10 days of anaerobic incubation to observe growth from this bacteria. [25] Anaerococcus urinomassiliensis does not have either oxidase or catalase activity. [25]