Anglican Church of Australia

Last updated

Anglican Church of Australia
Angl-Australia-Arms.svg
Arms


Anglican Church of Australia.svg

Flagbrou
Classification Protestant
Orientation Anglican
Scripture Holy Bible
Theology Anglican doctrine
Polity Episcopal
Primate Geoffrey Smith
Archbishop of Adelaide [1]
TerritoryAustralia
Independence1962
Members3,101,200 as of 2016 [2] 2016
Official website anglican.org.au

The Anglican Church of Australia, originally known as the Church of England in Australia and Tasmania, [3] is a Christian church in Australia and an autonomous church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. It is the second largest church in Australia after the Roman Catholic Church. [4]

Contents

For much of Australian history since the arrival of the First Fleet in January 1788, the church was the largest religious denomination. In recent times, however, Anglicanism in Australia has mirrored the steep decline in church membership and attendance experienced in many first-world, mostly post-modern nations.

The church is one of the largest providers of social welfare services in Australia.

History

When the First Fleet was sent to New South Wales in 1787, Richard Johnson of the Church of England was licensed as chaplain to the fleet and the settlement. In 1825 Thomas Scott was appointed Archdeacon of Australia under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Calcutta, Reginald Heber. William Grant Broughton, who succeeded Scott in 1829, was consecrated the first (and only) "Bishop of Australia" in 1836.

Richard Johnson, chaplain to the First Fleet Richard Johnson.jpg
Richard Johnson, chaplain to the First Fleet

In early Colonial times, the Church of England clergy worked closely with the governors. Richard Johnson, a chaplain, was charged by the governor, Arthur Phillip, with improving "public morality" in the colony, but he was also heavily involved in health and education. [5] Samuel Marsden (1765–1838) had magisterial duties, and so was equated with the authorities by the convicts. He became known as the "flogging parson" for the severity of his punishments. [6] Some of the Irish convicts had been transported to Australia for political crimes or social rebellion in Ireland, so the authorities were suspicious of Roman Catholicism for the first three decades of settlement and Roman Catholic convicts were compelled to attend Church of England services and their children and orphans were raised by the authorities as Anglicans. [7] [8]

The Church of England lost its legal privileges in the Colony of New South Wales by the Church Act of 1836 . Drafted by the reformist attorney-general John Plunkett, the act established legal equality for Anglicans, Roman Catholics and Presbyterians and was later extended to Methodists. [9]

The Church Missionary Society established a mission to Aboriginal people in 1832 in the Wellington Valley, New South Wales, but it ended in failure: indigenous people in the 19th century demonstrated a reluctance to convert to the religion of the colonists who were seizing their lands. [10]

In 1842 the Diocese of Tasmania was created. In 1847 the rest of the Diocese of Australia was divided into the four separate dioceses of Sydney, Adelaide, Newcastle and Melbourne. Over the following 80 years the number of dioceses increased to 25.

Sectarianism in Australia tended to reflect the political inheritance of Britain and Ireland. Until 1945, the vast majority of Roman Catholics in Australia were of Irish descent, causing the Anglo-Protestant majority to question their loyalty to the British Empire. [8] The Australian Constitution of 1901 provided for freedom of religion. Australian society was predominantly Anglo-Celtic, with 40% of the population being Anglican.

In the early years of the 20th century the Church of England transformed itself in its patterns of worship, in the internal appearances of its churches, and in the forms of piety recommended by its clergy. The changes represented a heightened emphasis on the sacraments and were introduced by younger clergy trained in England and inspired by the Oxford and Anglo-Catholic movements. The church's women and its upper and middle class parishes were most supportive, overcoming the reluctance of some of the men. The changes were widely adopted by the 1920s, making the Church of England more self-consciously "Anglican" and distinct from other Protestant churches. [11] [12] Controversy erupted, especially in New South Wales, between the politically liberal proponents of the Social Gospel, who wanted more Church attention to the social ills of society, and conservative elements. The opposition of the strong conservative evangelical forces within the Sydney diocese limited the liberals during the 1930s, but their ideas contributed to the formation of the influential post-World War II Christian Social Order Movement. [13]

It remained the largest Christian denomination until the 1986 census. After World War II, the ethnic and cultural mix of Australia diversified and Anglicanism gave way to Roman Catholicism as the largest denomination. The number of Anglicans attending regular worship began to decline in 1959 and figures for occasional services (baptisms, confirmations, weddings and funerals) started to decline after 1966. [10] In recent times, the Anglican and other Christian churches of Australia have been active in ecumenical activity. The Australian Committee for the World Council of Churches was established in 1946 by the Anglican and mainline Protestant churches. The movement evolved and expanded with Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches later joining and by 1994 the Roman Catholic Church was also a member of the national ecumenical body, the National Council of Churches in Australia.

Since 1 January 1962 the Australian church has been autocephalous and headed by its own primate. On 24 August 1981 the church officially changed its name from the Church of England in Australia and Tasmania to the Anglican Church of Australia. [14]

Although the Book of Common Prayer remains the official standard for Anglican belief and worship in Australia, An Australian Prayer Book (AAPB) was published in 1978 after a prolonged revision of liturgy. Another alternative service book, A Prayer Book for Australia (APBA), was published in 1995. [10]

In 1985 the general synod of the Australian church passed a canon to allow the ordination of women as deacons. In 1992 the general synod approved legislation allowing dioceses to ordain women to the priesthood. Dioceses could choose to adopt the legislation. In 1992, 90 women were ordained in the Anglican Church of Australia and three others who had been ordained overseas were recognised. [15] After decades of debate women's ordination is rejected in a minority of dioceses.As of November 2024 only two (Sydney and North-West Australia) of the 23 dioceses have never ordained women as priests. A third diocese (Armidale) has ordained two women as priests but limited their service to the Anglican girls school and does not ordain women as priests for its churches. In 2008, Kay Goldsworthy was ordained as an assistant bishop for the Diocese of Perth, thus becoming the first woman consecrated as a bishop of the Anglican Church of Australia. [16] Sarah Macneil was elected in 2013 to be the first female diocesan bishop in Australia. [17] In 2014 she was consecrated and installed as the first female diocesan bishop in Australia (for the Diocese of Grafton in New South Wales). [18]

The church remains a major provider of education and welfare services in Australia. [19] It provides chaplains to the Australian Defence Force, hospitals, schools, industry and prisons. [10] Senior clergy such as Peter Jensen, former Archbishop of Sydney, have a high profile in discussions on a diverse range of social issues in contemporary national debates. [20] In recent times the church has encouraged its leaders to talk on such issues as indigenous rights; international security; peace and justice; and poverty and equity. [21] The current primate is Geoffrey Smith, Archbishop of Adelaide, who commenced in the role on 7 April 2020 [1] after Philip Freier stepped down on 31 March 2020. [22]

Like other religious groups, the church has come under criticism in light of cases of sexual abuse by clergy and others. [23] [24]

2022 split

On 16 August 2022, the church experienced a split when some conservatives formed the breakaway Diocese of the Southern Cross. It is led by a former Archbishop of Sydney, Glenn Davies. The split was principally caused over same sex marriage among other issues. [25] This diocese is backed by the current Archbishop of Sydney, Kanishka Raffel, and the Bishop of Tasmania, Richard Condie. [26] [27] In September 2022, the Diocese of Sydney voted to declare the church to be in a state of "deep breach of fellowship" as a result of the division. The diocese vowed to provide support for orthodox Anglicans both within the Anglican Church of Australia and the breakaway Diocese of the Southern Cross. [28]

Demographics

Major religious affiliations in Australia by census year AustralianReligiousAffiliation 2.svg
Major religious affiliations in Australia by census year
People who identified as Anglican as a percentage of the total Australian population at the 2011 census, divided geographically by statistical local area Australian Census 2011 demographic map - Australia by SLA - BCP field 2715 Christianity Anglican Persons.svg
People who identified as Anglican as a percentage of the total Australian population at the 2011 census, divided geographically by statistical local area

Since the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788, the Anglican Church of Australia had been the largest religious denomination until the 1986 census, [30] after which Roman Catholics outnumbered Anglicans by an increasing margin. The percentage of Anglican affiliation peaked in 1921 at 43.7%,[ citation needed ] and the number of persons indicating Anglican affiliation in an Australian census peaked in 1991 at 4,018,779. [31]

In the 2011 census, 3,679,907 people nominated their religious affiliation as Anglican. [32] Ten years later, the total was 2,496,273 – a decline of almost one-third, 32 per cent. Those figures represented 17.1% and 9.8% respectively of the census populations, a decline of 42%. [33] In 2016, the Journal of Anglican Studies stated that of approximately 3.1 million with an Anglican affiliation, the number of active baptised members was 437,880 [34] [2] – about 14%. The steep decline in church membership and attendance has mirrored the experience in many first-world, mostly post-modern nations. [34]

Percentage of respondents stating religious affiliation as Anglican in Australian censuses
State / territory% 2021 [35]  % 2016 [36]  % 2011 [32]  % 2006 [37]  % 2001 [38]
Australian Capital Territory 8.210.814.716.718.5
New South Wales 11.915.520.021.823.8
Northern Territory 6.08.411.412.314.7
Queensland 11.315.318.920.422.5
South Australia 7.210.012.613.715.2
Tasmania 14.420.426.029.332.4
Victoria 6.59.012.313.615.3
Western Australia 10.114.318.820.422.6
Total Australia9.813.317.118.720.7

One explanation for the reduced prevalence of Anglicanism relates to changes in Australia's immigration patterns. Before the Second World War, the majority of immigrants to Australia had come from the United Kingdom – though most of Australia's Roman Catholic immigrants had come from Ireland. After World War II, Australia's immigration program diversified and more than 6.5 million migrants arrived in Australia in the 60 years after the war, including more than a million Roman Catholics.[ citation needed ]

Unlike other churches, the Anglican Church of Australia does not publish churchwide attendance statistics. [39] In 2011, the National Church Life Survey estimated that 155,000 Australians attended an Anglican church weekly, down from 191,600 in 1991. [40] However, the church does tabulate figures on clergy, which are used to allocate diocesan representation at General Synod. In 2015, there were 2,441 active bishops, priests and deacons in the church, up from 2,340 in 1991. [39]

Structure

The Australian church consists of twenty-three dioceses arranged into five provinces (except for Tasmania) with the metropolitical sees in the states' capital cities. Anglican clergy are concentrated in Australia's major cities, with the five metropolitical dioceses accounting for 64 per cent of active clergy. When adding the mixed urban and rural dioceses of Canberra and Goulburn, Newcastle, Northern Territory and Tasmania, urban areas account for 79 per cent of active clergy. [39] The evangelical Diocese of Sydney is by far the largest diocese: in 2011, its 58,300 weekly attenders [41] accounted for 37.6 per cent of the Anglican Church's weekly attendance, and in 2015, the diocese's 688 active clergy accounted for 28.1 per cent of the active clergy across the church. [39]

Broughton Publishing is the church's national publishing arm. [42]

Indigenous ministry

The National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Anglican Council (NATSIAC) appoints two Indigenous bishops for national work with indigenous people: the National Aboriginal Bishop (currently Chris McLeod) is based in South Australia (as an assistant bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Adelaide); while the National Torres Strait Islander Bishop (currently vacant) is based at Thursday Island, Queensland (as an assistant bishop of the Anglican Diocese of North Queensland). Gloria Shipp was the first woman elected Chair of NATSIAC. [43]

Society, arts and culture

Welfare and education

Anglicans have played a prominent role in welfare and education since Colonial times, when First Fleet chaplain Richard Johnson was credited by one convict as "the physician both of soul and body" during the famine of 1790 and was charged with general supervision of schools. [5] Today the church remains a significant provider of social welfare with organisations working in education, health, missionary work, social welfare and communications. Welfare organisations include Anglicare and Samaritans. [19] The Anglicare network comprises 9000 volunteers beyond paid staff, who assisted some 940,000 Australians in 2016 in areas such as emergency relief, aged care, family support and assistance for the homeless. [44]

There are around 145 Anglican schools in Australia, providing for more than 105,000 children. [19] Church schools range from low-fee, regional and special needs schools to high-fee leading independent schools such as Geelong Grammar (whose alumni include Charles III and Rupert Murdoch) and The Kings School in Sydney. Anglican Schools Australia is the national schools network of the general synod.

Architecture

St John the Baptist Church, Reid, built in the 1840s, is the oldest building within Canberra's city precinct St johns church in reid canberra.jpg
St John the Baptist Church, Reid, built in the 1840s, is the oldest building within Canberra's city precinct

The first Church of England edifice was built in the colony of New South Wales in 1793. [45] Today, most towns in Australia have at least one Christian church. One of Australia's oldest Anglican churches is St James' Church in Sydney, built between 1819 and 1824. The historic church was designed by Governor Macquarie's architect, Francis Greenway – a former convict – and built with convict labour. The church is set on a sandstone base and built of face brick with the walls articulated by brick piers. [46] Sydney's Anglican cathedral, St Andrew's, was consecrated in 1868 from foundations laid in the 1830s. Largely designed by Edmund Thomas Blacket in the Perpendicular Gothic style reminiscent of English cathedrals. Blacket also designed St Saviour's Cathedral in Goulburn, based on the Decorated Gothic style of a large English parish church and built between 1874 and 1884. [47]

St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne, from a foundation stone laid in 1880, is a Melbourne landmark. It was designed by the distinguished English architect William Butterfield in Gothic Transitional. [48]

Tasmania is home to a number of significant colonial Anglican buildings including those located at Australia's best preserved convict era settlement, Port Arthur. According to 19th century notions of prisoner reform, the Model Prison incorporates a grim chapel, into which prisoners in solitary confinement were shepherded to listen (in individual enclosures) to the preacher's Sunday sermon – their only permitted interaction with another human being. [49] Adelaide, the capital of South Australia has long been known as the City of Churches and its St Peter's Anglican Cathedral is a noted city landmark. [50]

The oldest building in the city of Canberra is the picturesque St John the Baptist Church in Reid, consecrated in 1845. This church long predates the city of Canberra and is not so much representative of urban design as it is of the Bush chapels which dot the Australian landscape and stretch even into the far Outback.

A number of notable Victorian era chapels and edifices were also constructed at church schools across Australia. Along with community attitudes to religion, church architecture changed significantly during the 20th century.

Ordination of women

Since 1985 the church has permitted the ordination of women on a diocesan basis. The first woman to be ordained was Marion Macfarlane, ordained to the "Female Diaconate" in 1884 in the Diocese of Melbourne. [51] In 1992, the first women were ordained as priests, initially in the Diocese of Perth and then around the country. [52] In 2008, the Diocese of Perth consecrated the first female bishop, the Rt Revd Kay Goldsworthy. [53] In 2014, the Diocese of Grafton consecrated and installed the first female diocesan bishop, the Rt Revd Sarah Macneil. Bishop Kay Goldsworthy became the second female diocesan bishop when she was enthroned as bishop of Gippsland [54] then in 2018 she was installed as Archbishop of Perth. The dioceses of Sydney, North West Australia and formerly The Murray did not ordain women as priests. [55] In 2017, the Diocese of The Murray ordained its first female deacon, becoming the last diocese to ordain women to the diaconate. [56] In August 2017, the Anglicans of Western Australia elected the Anglican Church of Australia's first female archbishop, Kay Goldsworthy. [57] In a statement representing a conservative and complementarian view, Bishop Gary Nelson said that Archbishop Goldsworthy "would not be recognised in her new role" as the metropolitan for the province. [58]

In June 2023 the Synod of The Murray voted to allow the ordination of women as priests [59] and on 12 August 2023, Bishop Keith Dalby ordained three women and one man to the priesthood.

Of the 23 Anglican dioceses in Australia, only two have never ordained women to the priesthood: the Diocese of Sydney and the Diocese of North West Australia. The Diocese of Armidale does not generally ordain women to the priesthood but two women were ordained priest for the Anglican girls school. [60]

Same-sex unions and LGBT clergy

In the Seventeenth Session of the General Synod of the Anglican Church of Australia in 2017, the Anglican Church passed a motion recognising "that the doctrine of our church, in line with traditional Christian teaching, is that marriage is an exclusive and lifelong union of a man and a woman, and further, recognises that this has been the subject of several General Synod resolutions over the past fifteen years". [61] In 2018, the then-Primate of Australia and Archbishop of Melbourne, Philip Freier, released an ad clerum reiterating the current position that clergy cannot perform a same-sex marriage. [62] In 2020, the church's highest court, the Appellate Tribunal, ruled that a diocese may authorise the blessing of persons in same-sex unions. [63] [64] [65] At the same time, the church does not have an official stance on homosexuality itself. [66]

During a meeting, the House of Bishops stated that they "accept the weight of 1998 Lambeth Resolution 1.10 and the 2004 General Synod resolutions 33, 59 and 61–64 as expressing the mind of this church on issues of human sexuality ... and understand that issues of sexuality are subject to ongoing conversation". A former primate, Peter Carnley, supported the blessing of same-sex relationships and supported "recognition of lifelong friendships between two homosexuals which would give them the same legal status as a heterosexual married couple". [67] [68] A spokesman for Phillip Aspinall, the Archbishop of Brisbane, stated that "In effect it is an undertaking not to ordain, license, authorise or appoint persons whom the bishop knows to be in a sexual relationship outside of marriage." [69] At the same time, Archbishop Aspinall stated that he personally does not take an official position. [70] Despite what the spokesman said, however, an Anglican priest came out as gay in 2005 in Melbourne. [71] In the Diocese of Perth, "there are gay and lesbian clergy serving in the priesthood." [72] Archbishop Roger Herft, as a diocesan bishop, "support[ed] blessing gay unions". [73] In 2012, a bishop "appoint[ed] a gay priest in a same-sex partnership to a Gippsland parish." [74] The Anglican Diocese of Sydney, the largest of the country, has expressed its opposition to same-sex unions and has been involved in the Anglican realignment as a member of the Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans. [75] However, many clergy and bishops support same-sex unions. The Wangaratta and Ballarat dioceses have voted to support the blessing of same-sex civil unions. [76] [77] The dioceses of Wangaratta and Newcastle have approved of blessing rites for same-sex marriages. [78] [79] Blessings for same-sex unions are also permitted in the Diocese of Brisbane. [80] In 2012, the Diocese of Gippsland appointed an openly partnered gay priest. [81] [82] In 2013, the Diocese of Perth voted in favour of recognising same-sex unions. [83] Archbishop Roger Herft vetoed the Perth motion. [84] In 2015, the Bishop of Wangaratta endorsed same-sex marriage legislation and some diocesan clergy offered to perform gay marriages when allowed to do so. [85] [86] In the Diocese of Grafton, former bishop Sarah Macneil took an affirming stance. [87] Bishop Greg Thompson of the Diocese of Newcastle had taken a stance in favour of gay rights. [88]

In 2015, an arm of the Anglican Church in Southern Queensland voted in favour of same-sex civil unions. [89] [90] Also, Bishop Kay Goldsworthy appointed an openly gay and partnered priest to another post. [91] In response, the Sydney synod passed a resolution criticising the actions of the Dioceses of Gippsland and Wangaratta, and declaring a break "of collegiality and fellowship" with the dioceses. [92] In 2016, the Bishop of Ballarat declared his support for same-sex marriage. [93] In April 2016, a parish in the Diocese of Perth blessed the union of a same-sex couple. [94] At its general synod in 2017, a resolution was passed criticising the Scottish Episcopal Church for its acceptance of same-sex marriage as well as an additional resolution calling for the church in Australia "to have a series of conversations on its understanding of sexuality". [95] Also in 2017, the Diocese of Perth in Western Australia elected Bishop Kay Goldsworthy as its archbishop. Goldsworthy said that she supports an "inclusive" approach to same-sex marriage. [96] "Archbishop Goldsworthy revealed that she had voted Yes in the same-sex marriage survey." [58] In 2022, Goldsworthy ordained an openly gay man in a civil partnership in Perth. [97]

Regarding transgender issues, there are dioceses and congregations with serving transgender clergy. In 2017, Archbishop Phillip Aspinall asked for "prayerful support" for the Revd Josephine Inkpin who had transitioned and come out as a transgender woman. [98] "The Archbishop of Brisbane Dr Phillip Aspinall supported Dr Inkpin and passed on her statement to clergy in July 2017, along with his wish that 'unhelpful speculation' might be avoided." [99] Inkpin continues to serve in the Brisbane diocese. [100] She shared that the bishops and leaders of the Diocese of Brisbane "have assisted in arrangements for enabling [her] public recognition of gender." Inkpin, who is married to the Revd Penny Jones, one of the first female priests ordained in Australia, is the first openly transgender priest in Australia. [101] The State Library of Queensland interviewed Inkpin and her wife about the intersection of gender, faith, religion and identity for their "Dangerous Women" podcast. [102]

Controversy over LGBT issues caused a split from the church in 2022: a former Archbishop of Sydney, Glenn Davies, alongside two congregations, left the Anglican Church of Australia to form the newly-formed Diocese of the Southern Cross which is affiliated to the conservative Global Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans (GAFCON). [103] [104] The split was endorsed by the Bishop of Tasmania, Richard Condie and the Archbishop of Sydney Kanishka Raffel, but was described as "dangerous for the Church" by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby. [105] [106]

Provinces and dioceses

St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne seen from Flinders Street station St pauls, melbourne.jpg
St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne seen from Flinders Street station

The whole church is led by the primate, Geoffrey Smith, Archbishop of Adelaide. The provinces and dioceses are listed with each diocese's bishop or archbishop:

Map of dioceses

KEY to province colours  New South Wales  Victoria  Queensland  Western Australia  South Australia  Extraprovincial

A number of former dioceses have been merged into the current diocese or have formed other Anglican churches:

Ecumenical relations

The church is a member of the Christian Conference of Asia.

Relation with the Anglican realignment

The Anglican Diocese of Sydney has been a leading name in the Anglican realignment, since they first opposed the sexuality policies of the Episcopal Church of the United States and the Anglican Church of Canada. Archbishop Peter Jensen attended the first Global Anglican Future Conference, in June 2008, in Jerusalem, and was the chairman of GAFCON. The Anglican Diocese of Sydney and the Anglican Diocese of North West Australia have declared themselves in full communion with the Anglican Church in North America, started in June 2009, which represents Anglican realignment in United States and Canada. [107] [108]

The Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans was launched in Australia on 26 March 2015, in a conference held in Melbourne that reunited 460 members, including 40 from New Zealand, and was attended by Archbishop Eliud Wabukala, from the Anglican Church of Kenya, their international chairman, Archbishop Stanley Ntagali, from the Anglican Church of Uganda, and Archbishop Glenn Davies, from the Anglican Diocese of Sydney. The then archdeacon of the Anglican Diocese of Melbourne, now bishop Richard Condie, of the Anglican Diocese of Tasmania, became chairman of FCA Australia. [109]

The Anglican Church of Australia passed a motion at their General Synod on 7 September 2017, condemning the Scottish Episcopal Church decision to approve same-sex marriage as "contrary to the doctrine of our church and the teaching of Christ", and declaring itself in "impaired communion" with the province. It also expressed "support for those Anglicans who have left or will need to leave (...) because of its redefinition of marriage and those who struggle and remain", and presented their prayers for the return of SEC "to the doctrine of Christ in this matter" and the restoration of the impaired communion.

The Anglican Church of Australia was represented at GAFCON III, held in Jerusalem on 17–22 June 2018, by a 218 members delegation, which included Archbishop Glenn Davies of Sydney and bishops Richard Condie of Tasmania, Gary Nelson of North West Australia and Ian Palmer of Bathurst. [110] [111]

In 2022 the Diocese of the Southern Cross, established as a company, became the first Anglican diocese in Australia to form outside the Anglican Church of Australia. [112] [113]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Church of Ireland</span> Anglican church in Ireland

The Church of Ireland is a Christian church in Ireland, and an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion. It is organised on an all-Ireland basis and is the second-largest Christian church on the island after the Roman Catholic Church. Like other Anglican churches, it has retained elements of pre-Reformation practice, notably its episcopal polity, while rejecting the primacy of the pope.

Since the 1990s, the Anglican Communion has struggled with controversy regarding homosexuality in the church. In 1998, the 13th Lambeth Conference of Anglican bishops passed a resolution "rejecting homosexual practice as incompatible with Scripture". However, this is not legally binding. "Like all Lambeth Conference resolutions, it is not legally binding on all provinces of the Communion, including the Church of England, though it commends an essential and persuasive view of the attitude of the Communion." "Anglican national churches in Brazil, South Africa, South India, New Zealand and Canada have taken steps toward approving and celebrating same-sex relationships amid strong resistance among other national churches within the 80 million-member global body. The Episcopal Church in the U.S. has allowed same-sex marriage since 2015, and the Scottish Episcopal Church has allowed same-sex marriage since 2017." In 2017, clergy within the Church of England indicated their inclination towards supporting same-sex marriage by dismissing a bishops' report that explicitly asserted the exclusivity of church weddings to unions between a man and a woman. At General Synod in 2019, the Church of England announced that same-gender couples may remain recognised as married after one spouse experiences a gender transition. In 2023, the Church of England announced that it would authorise "prayers of thanksgiving, dedication and for God's blessing for same-sex couples."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anglican Diocese of Sydney</span> Diocese in the Anglican Church of Australia

The Diocese of Sydney is a diocese in Sydney, within the Province of New South Wales of the Anglican Church of Australia. The majority of the diocese is evangelical and low church in tradition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anglican Church of Canada</span> Church organization in Canada

The Anglican Church of Canada is the province of the Anglican Communion in Canada. The official French-language name is l'Église anglicane du Canada. In 2022, the Anglican Church counted 294,931 members on parish rolls in 1,978 congregations, organized into 1,498 parishes. The 2021 Canadian census counted 1,134,315 self-identified Anglicans, making the Anglican Church the third-largest Canadian church after the Catholic Church and the United Church of Canada.

The Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia, formerly the Church of the Province of New Zealand, is a province of the Anglican Communion serving New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, and the Cook Islands. Since 1992 the church has consisted of three tikanga or cultural streams: Aotearoa, New Zealand, and Polynesia. The church's constitution says that, among other things, it is required to "maintain the right of every person to choose any particular cultural expression of the faith". As a result, the church's General Synod has agreed upon the development of the three-person primacy based on this three tikanga system; it has three primates, each representing a tikanga, who share authority.

The Anglican Church of Southern Africa, known until 2006 as the Church of the Province of Southern Africa, is the province of the Anglican Communion in the southern part of Africa. The church has twenty-five dioceses, of which twenty-one are located in South Africa, and one each in Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia and Saint Helena.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anglican Church of Mexico</span> Anglican province in Mexico

The Anglican Church of Mexico, originally known as Church of Jesus is the Anglican province in Mexico and includes five dioceses. Although Mexican in origin and not the result of any foreign missionary effort, the Church uses the colors representing Mexico as well as those of the United States-based Episcopal Church in its heraldic insignia or shield, recognizing a historical connection with that US church which began with obtaining the apostolic succession.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anglican Diocese of Perth</span> Diocese of the Anglican Church of Australia

The Anglican Diocese of Perth is one of the 23 dioceses of the Anglican Church of Australia. The constitution of the Diocese of Perth was passed and adopted in 1872 at the first synod held in Western Australia. In 1914, the Province of Western Australia was created and the diocesan bishop of Perth became ex officio metropolitan bishop of the new province and therefore also an archbishop.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anglican Diocese of Tasmania</span> Diocese of the Anglican Church of Australia

The Anglican Diocese of Tasmania includes the entire Tasmanian state of Australia and is an extraprovincial diocese of the Anglican Church of Australia.

The Anglican realignment is a movement among some Anglicans to align themselves under new or alternative oversight within or outside the Anglican Communion. This movement is primarily active in parts of the Episcopal Church in the United States and the Anglican Church of Canada. Two of the major events that contributed to the movement were the 2002 decision of the Diocese of New Westminster in Canada to authorise a rite of blessing for same-sex unions, and the nomination of two openly gay priests in 2003 to become bishops. Jeffrey John, an openly gay priest with a long-time partner, was appointed to be the next Bishop of Reading in the Church of England and the General Convention of the Episcopal Church ratified the election of Gene Robinson, an openly gay non-celibate man, as Bishop of New Hampshire. Jeffrey John ultimately declined the appointment due to pressure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kay Goldsworthy</span> Anglican Archbishop of Perth

Kay Maree Goldsworthy is an Australian bishop of the Anglican Church of Australia. She is the current archbishop of Perth in the Province of Western Australia. Upon her installation as archbishop, on 10 February 2018, she became the first female archbishop in the Anglican Church of Australia. Previously, she served as diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Gippsland in the south-eastern Australian state of Victoria.

The Global Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans is a communion of conservative Anglican churches that formed in 2008 in response to ongoing theological disputes in the worldwide Anglican Communion. Conservative Anglicans met in 2008 at the Global Anglican Future Conference, creating the Jerusalem Declaration and establishing the Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans (FCA), which was rebranded as GAFCON in 2017.

The ordination of women in the Anglican Diocese of Sydney is restricted to the diaconate. The diocese rejects the ordination of women as priests and bishops.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion</span> Women becoming Anglican clergy

The ordination of women in the Anglican Communion has been increasingly common in certain provinces since the 1970s. Several provinces, however, and certain dioceses within otherwise ordaining provinces, continue to ordain only men. Disputes over the ordination of women have contributed to the establishment and growth of progressive tendencies, such as the Anglican realignment and Continuing Anglican movements.

The Movement for the Ordination of Women (MOW) was the name used by organisations in England and Australia that campaigned for the ordination of women as deacons, priests and bishops in the Anglican Communion.

The Anglican Church of Canada is the third largest church in Canada, after the Roman Catholic Church and the United Church of Canada. After many years of debate, the first blessing of a same-sex partnership took place in 2003, by the Diocese of New Westminster, in Vancouver. This was not considered a marriage ceremony, but rather a blessing of "permanent and faithful commitments" between persons of the same sex.

Peter Derrick James Stuart is a British-born Anglican bishop in the Anglican Church of Australia. He has served as the bishop of the Diocese of Newcastle since 2 February 2018. He previously served as an assistant bishop in the diocese from 2009 to 2018.

Sarah Macneil is a retired Anglican bishop in Australia. She was the Bishop of Grafton in the Anglican Church of Australia. She was consecrated and installed as bishop on 1 March 2014, becoming the first woman in Australia to lead a diocese.

The Church of Confessing Anglicans Aotearoa/New Zealand (CCAANZ) is an evangelical Anglican denomination in New Zealand. It is not a member of the Anglican Communion as recognised by the current Archbishop of Canterbury, but is recognised by the Global Anglican Future Conference (GAFCON). The church consists of 20 parishes, some of which consist of clergy and church members who left the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia after it allowed bishops to authorise blessings of same-sex marriages, and some of which were newly established at the time of the formation of the church.

Clarence Edgar Bester is a South African-born Australian bishop in the Anglican Church of Australia. He has served as the 11th Bishop of Wangaratta since February 2020.

References

  1. 1 2 "Archbishop Geoffrey Smith elected Primate of the Anglican Church of Australia". Anglican Communion News Service. Anglican Communion Office. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  2. 1 2 Gledhill, Ruth (2016). "Anglican membership figures could be out by millions". www.christiantoday.com. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  3. ↑ "The Church of England in Australia and Tasmania". www.findandconnect.gov.au. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
  4. ↑ "Census vs Attendance (2001)". National Church Life Survey.
  5. 1 2 K. J. Cable. "Johnson, Richard (1753–1827)". Johnson, Richard (1753? – 1827) Biographical Entry – Australian Dictionary of Biography Online. Adbonline.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  6. ↑ A. T. Yarwood. "Marsden, Samuel (1765–1838)". Marsden, Samuel (1765–1838) Biographical Entry – Australian Dictionary of Biography Online. Adbonline.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  7. ↑ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Australia". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  8. 1 2 "The Catholic Community in Australia". Catholic Australia. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  9. ↑ T. L. Suttor. "Plunkett, John Hubert (1802–1869)". Plunkett, John Hubert (1802–1869) Biographical Entry – Australian Dictionary of Biography Online. Adbonline.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Archived 9 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ Hilliard, David (February 1986). "The Transformation of South Australian Anglicanism, c.1880–1930". Journal of Religious History . 14 (1): 38–56. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9809.1986.tb00454.x.
  12. ↑ Withycombe, Robert (June 1990). "The Anglican Episcopate in England and Australia in the Early Twentieth Century: Towards a Comparative Study". Journal of Religious History. 16 (2): 154–172. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9809.1990.tb00657.x.
  13. ↑ Mansfield, Joan (June 1985). "The Social Gospel and the Church of England in New South Wales in the 1930s". Journal of Religious History. 13 (4): 411–433. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9809.1985.tb00446.x.
  14. ↑ When did the Church of England become the Anglican Church of Australia? Archived 11 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ "Anglican Church of Australia website". Archived from the original on 14 October 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2010.
  16. ↑ Davies, Matthew (11 April 2008). "Australia appoints first woman bishop". Episcopalchurch.org. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
  17. ↑ "Australia: Sarah Macneil appointed first female diocesan bishop". 18 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  18. ↑ "Australia's first woman diocesan bishop consecrated" . Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  19. 1 2 3 About Australia: Religious Freedom Archived 6 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ↑ "Anglican Archbishop of Sydney: Peter Jensen :: Sunday Profile". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  21. ↑ Archived 27 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ "Anglican Church of Australia's Board of Electors to hold fresh election for primate". Anglican Communion News Service. Anglican Communion Office. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  23. ↑ Rowland Croucher. "'God Wants You To Love Me' (Sexual Abuse in the Anglican Church) | John Mark Ministries". Jmm.aaa.net.au. Retrieved 10 July 2013.[ permanent dead link ]
  24. ↑ Amelia Bentley (24 April 2009). "Priest admits sex abuse of altar boys". Brisbane Times. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  25. ↑ Baker, Jordan. "Anglican church splits: conservatives form Australian breakaway". Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  26. ↑ Baker, Jordan. "Anglican church splits: conservatives form Australian breakaway". Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  27. ↑ "Anglican Bishop defends support for 'anti-gay' rebel church". Herald Sun . 17 August 2022.
  28. ↑ Porter, Muriel (23 September 2022). "Sydney diocese declares 'breach of fellowship' with Australian Church". Church Times .
  29. ↑ "Cultural diversity". 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2008. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 7 February 2008. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  30. ↑ Greg Sheridan; God is Good for You; Allen & Unwin; 2018, p. 25.
  31. ↑ "Census characteristics of Australia: 1991 census of population and housing" (PDF). Australian Bureau of Statistics . 1991. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  32. 1 2 "Australia: 2011 census all persons QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  33. ↑ "Australia: 2021 census all persons QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  34. 1 2 Muñoz, Daniel (May 2016). "North to South: A Reappraisal of Anglican Communion Membership Figures". Journal of Anglican Studies . 14 (1): 71–95. doi: 10.1017/S1740355315000212 . ISSN   1740-3553.
  35. ↑ "Australia: 2021 census all persons QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  36. ↑ "2016 census all persons QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics . 2024. Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  37. ↑ "Australia: 2006 census all persons QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  38. ↑ "Australia: 2001 census all persons QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 21 October 2024.
  39. 1 2 3 4 Reilly, Colin (2017). "A little compendium of Australian Anglican diocesan statistics" (PDF). Bishop Perry Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  40. ↑ Powell, Ruth (2017). "Australia". Growth and Decline in the Anglican Communion: 1980 to the Present. Oxford, U.K.: Routledge. p. 197.
  41. ↑ Gupta, Raj (30 December 2013). "Anecdotes and Statistics". SydneyAnglicans.net. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  42. ↑ "Contact Us". Broughton Publishing. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  43. ↑ "First woman elected Chair of Anglican national indigenous body". Anglican Communion News Service. 8 October 2012.
  44. ↑ Greg Sheridan, God is Good for You, Allen & Unwin 2018, p. 26.
  45. ↑ Archived 17 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  46. ↑ "Heritage Branch Website – Online Database". Heritage.nsw.gov.au. 27 June 2013. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  47. ↑ "History". Goulburncathedral.org.au. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  48. ↑ Archived 6 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ↑ "Australian Convict Site & Attractions near Hobart Tasmania". Port Arthur. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  50. ↑ Welcome | St Peter's Cathedral Archived 23 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  51. ↑ "Notes of the month". Church of England Messenger and Ecclesiastical Gazette for the Diocese of Melbourne and Ballarat (Vic. : 1876 - 1889). 5 March 1884. p. 3. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  52. ↑ "Twenty years of female Anglican priests". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 March 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  53. ↑ "Kay Goldsworthy to become new Anglican Bishop of Gippsland". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 19 March 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  54. ↑ www.eastgippslanddesign.com.au. "Kay Goldsworthy | Anglican Diocese of Gippsland". www.gippsanglican.org.au. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  55. ↑ "Are women able to be priests in the Anglican Church of Australia?". Anglican Church of Australia. Retrieved 28 April 2016.[ permanent dead link ]
  56. ↑ "First woman deacon in The Murray". Church Times UK. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  57. ↑ "Anglican Church elects Australia's first female Archbishop". ABC News. 29 August 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  58. 1 2 "'God would oppose' the new female leader says WA bishop". The West Australian. 15 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  59. ↑ Officer, Media (6 June 2023). "Murray Diocese votes to allow ordination of women priests". Guardian. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  60. ↑ Taylor, Jenan (19 August 2022). "Young Anglicans unaware of opposition to women priests in some dioceses". The Melbourne Anglican. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  61. ↑ "Minutes of the fourth day of the Seventeenth General Synod of the Anglican Church of Australia held in Synod Hall, Wandiny Room, Novotel Twin Waters Resort, Maroochydore on Thursday 7 September 2017" (PDF). Anglican Church of Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  62. ↑ "AD Clerum Changes to the Marriage Law". Scribd. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  63. ↑ "Australian tribunal clears way for same-sex marriage blessings". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  64. ↑ "'A sign that God loves you and we welcome you': Anglican diocese allows blessings of same-sex marriages". www.abc.net.au. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  65. ↑ "Wangaratta's same-sex wedding blessing "valid", Australia's highest Church court rules". www.anglicannews.org. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  66. ↑ "Anglican Church around the world". 15 July 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  67. ↑ Eddington, Bill (1 July 2001). "In Brief... Ordination of Gay Priests Defining Issue for Anglicans in Australia". United Church of God. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  68. ↑ "Lateline – 25/02/2004: Archbishop Peter Carnley suggests lifelong friendships over gay marriage". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  69. ↑ ""Gay clergy banned in Australia", The Church of England Newspaper, 22 April 2012, p. 7". Geoconger.wordpress.com. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  70. ↑ Attard, Monica. "The Primate of the Anglican Church of Australia, Dr Phillip Aspinall". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  71. ↑ Zwartz, Barney (8 March 2005). "Gay priest calls for greater acceptance". The Age. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  72. ↑ Herft, Roger (8 October 2013). "Synod motion – human sexuality" (PDF). perth.anglican.dort. Anglican Diocese of Perth. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  73. ↑ "Anglicans look for leader with a healing touch". The Sydney Morning Herald. 29 February 2004. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
  74. ↑ Porter, Muriel (16 June 2014). "Bishop whose heart 'lay with the alien and the outsider'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  75. ↑ Porter, Muriel. "Sydney Anglicans and the threat to world Anglicanism". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  76. ↑ Morgan, Shana (25 June 2018). "Church says blessings should be for same-sex love too". The Border Mail. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  77. ↑ Ford, Alex (5 November 2018). "Motion to bless gay weddings passed at Anglican synod". The Courier. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  78. ↑ Morgan, Shana (31 August 2019). "Love vote: Gay couple to be the first blessed by church after marriage". The Border Mail. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  79. ↑ "Newcastle Anglicans support gay marriage". 7NEWS.com.au. 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  80. ↑ The Dean's Weekly Update, 30 June 2022 (#114), 29 June 2022, retrieved 26 August 2022
  81. ↑ ABC Gippsland. "Bishop defends gay priest appointment". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  82. ↑ "Anglican spat over gay priest". 23 February 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  83. ↑ "Perth Anglicans vote to recognise same-sex relationships". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  84. ↑ "Archbishop rejects formal recognition of same-sex relationships". ABC News. 29 October 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  85. ↑ "Bush bishop supports same-sex marriage". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  86. ↑ Dow, Aisha (19 November 2012). "Gays to wed at St Matthew's?" . Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  87. ↑ Porter, Muriel. "First woman diocesan for Australia consecrated". Church Times. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  88. ↑ "Is the Australian Anglican Church in the Throes of Schism? – Virtueonline – The Voice for Global Orthodox Anglicanism" . Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  89. ↑ "Same-sex marriage: Arm of Anglican Church supports civil unions in Queensland". Courier Mail. Couriermail. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  90. ↑ "Anglican leader backs Qld same-sex unions bill". ABC News. 26 October 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  91. ↑ McCarthy, Joanne (22 February 2016). "Gay clergy 'tensions' before Anglican conference". Newcastle Herald. Archived from the original on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  92. ↑ "Sydney Synod focuses on same-sex marriage". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  93. ↑ "Ballarat's Anglican Bishop declares support for same-sex marriage". ABC News. 15 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  94. ↑ "Anglican priest running LGBTI parish service in Perth". ABC News. 8 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  95. ↑ "Australian Anglicans criticises Scottish Church for departing from teachings of Christ". Premier Christian Radio. 8 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  96. ↑ "Perth's new Anglican archbishop supports gay marriage". The West Australian. 29 August 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  97. ↑ "Same-sex relationships to be debated at next Australian General Synod". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  98. ↑ "Archbishop's statement on sex-change priest". Anglican Ink 2017. 24 July 2017. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  99. ↑ "Meet Australia's First Transgender Priest". The Sydney News. 23 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  100. ↑ "Statement on gender transformation from Dr Jo Inkpin". Anglican Ink 2017. 24 July 2017. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  101. ↑ "Meet Australia's first transgender priest". ABC News. 23 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  102. ↑ CC BY icon-80x15.png This Wikipedia article incorporates CC BY 4.0 licensed text from: "Dangerous Women Podcast. Episode 4". State Library of Queensland. State Library of Queensland. 2 October 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  103. ↑ Baker, Jordan (16 August 2022). "Australian Anglican church splits as conservatives form breakaway". The Sydney Morning Herald .
  104. ↑ Porter, Muriel (16 August 2022). "Gafcon forms new diocese in Australia — and is welcomed by the Archbishop of Sydney". Church Times .
  105. ↑ "Anglican Bishop defends support for 'anti-gay' rebel church". Herald Sun . 17 August 2022.
  106. ↑ Baker, Jordan (6 October 2022). "Anglican schism dangerous for the church, says Archbishop of Canterbury". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  107. ↑ We see them and embrace them, 28 October 2009
  108. ↑ Diocese of NW Australia recognizes ACNA as "a member church of the Anglican Communion", Anglican Church League Website, 5 October 2014
  109. ↑ Russell Powell. "FCA underway". Sydneyanglicans.net. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
  110. ↑ "GAFCON III largest pan-Anglican gathering since Toronto Congress of 1963, Anglican Ink, 20 June 2018". Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  111. ↑ Australian Diocesan Bishops speak on the Gafcon 2018 conference statement, Anglican Church League, 23 June 2018.
  112. ↑ Porter, Muriel (16 August 2022). "Gafcon forms new diocese in Australia — and is welcomed by the Archbishop of Sydney". Church Times . Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  113. ↑ Smith Geoffrey, "A statement from the Primate of the Anglican Church of Australia on the launch of the company, the Diocese of The Southern Cross", Anglican Church of Australia, 18 August 2022

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.