Apalone

Apalone Temporal range: Late Miocene - recent, 12–0  Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possible Eocene and Late Cretaceous occurrence
Spiny softshell turtle, Apalone spinifera
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Family:	Trionychidae
Subfamily:	Trionychinae
Genus:	Apalone Rafinesque, 1832
Species
3 recognized species, see article.
Synonyms
Mesodeca Rafinesque, 1832 Platypeltis Fitzinger, 1835 Glalypeltis Cope, 1860 ( ex errore ) Callinia Gray, 1869 Euamyda Stejneger, 1944 PlatyrettisKirsch, 1944 ( ex errore ) [1]

Apalone is a genus of turtles in the family Trionychidae. The three species of Apalone are native to freshwater habitats in North America; they are the only living softshell turtles from the Americas (other American softshell turtles are only known from fossil remains). ^[2]

Geographic range

Most Apalone species are restricted to the United States, though the range of the spiny softshell, A. spinifera, extends into southern Canada and northern Mexico.

Fossil evidence suggests that Apalone may have reached as far south as Costa Rica during the Pliocene. ^[2]

Taxonomy

Apalone is a fairly new classification, resurrected by Meylan in 1987, ^[3] assigned to North American species of the genus Trionyx . They are still listed as Trionyx in some texts. (Trionyx now refers specifically to certain softshell species found mainly in Africa.)

Molecular phylogenetic studies generally suggest that Apalone is most closely related to the highly endangered Asian genus Rafetus , with the two genera most likely diverging during the Late Eocene. The ancestral Apalone most likely crossed from Asia into North America via Beringia, taking advantage of the warm climate during the Eocene. ^{[4] [5]}

Species

The following three species are recognized as being valid. ^[6]

• Apalone ferox (Schneider, 1783) – Florida softshell turtle - South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama
• Apalone mutica (Lesueur, 1827) – smooth softshell turtle - United States, east of the Rocky Mountains
• Apalone spinifera (Lesueur, 1827) – spiny softshell turtle - Canada (southern Ontario and Quebec), most of the United States, and northeastern Mexico.

Nota bene : A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Apalone.

Fossil taxa

One definitive fossil species is also known, A. amorense Valdes, Bourque & Vitek, 2017 from the late Miocene (late Clarendonian) of Florida (Alachua Formation). ^[7]

In addition, two other potential fossil species, generally placed in "Trionyx" sensu lato, may belong to Apalone: Apalone latus (Gilmore, 1919) from the Campanian-aged Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada and Apalone leucopotamica (Cope, 1891) from the late Eocene-aged Cypress Hills Formation of Saskatchewan. These two species are much older than any other remains assigned to Apalone, and even predate the presumed divergence of the genus based on molecular phylogenies. However, none of these have been rigorously tested, and the placement of these genera within Apalone may just be a result of homoplasy. ^{[2] [7]}

Sexual dimorphism

Turtles of the genus Apalone exhibit marked sexual dimorphism. In carapace length, females grow to about twice the size of males. In males, the claws on the front feet are longer than those on the back feet, but in females, the claws on the back feet are longer. In males, the stout tail extends well beyond the posterior edge of the carapace, but in females, the relatively thinner tail barely reaches the edge of the carapace. ^[8]

Behavior

Apalone turtles are fast swimmers that chase down their prey in water. They feed mainly on fish. They also like the comfort of sand as their bedding.

References

1. Fritz, Uwe; Havaš, Peter (2007). Checklist of Chelonians of the World. Dresden: Museum für Tierkunde Dresden.
2. Vitek, Natasha S.; Joyce, Walter G. (2015). "A Review of the Fossil Record of New World Turtles of the Clade Pan-Trionychidae". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 56 (2): 185–244. doi:10.3374/014.056.0204. ISSN   0079-032X. S2CID   86006102.
3. Meylan PA (1987). "The phylogenetic relationships of soft-shelled turtles (family Trionychidae)". Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist.186: 1-101.
4. Le, Minh; Duong, Ha T.; Dinh, Long D.; Nguyen, Truong Q.; Pritchard, Peter C. H.; McCormack, Timothy (2014-09-01). "A phylogeny of softshell turtles (Testudines: Trionychidae) with reference to the taxonomic status of the critically endangered, giant softshell turtle, Rafetus swinhoei". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 14 (3): 279–293. Bibcode:2014ODivE..14..279L. doi:10.1007/s13127-014-0169-3. ISSN   1618-1077.
5. Thomson, Robert C.; Spinks, Phillip Q.; Shaffer, H. Bradley (2021-02-16). "A global phylogeny of turtles reveals a burst of climate-associated diversification on continental margins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (7): e2012215118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11812215T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2012215118 . PMC   7896334 . PMID   33558231.
6. "Apalone ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
7. Valdes, Natalí; Bourque, Jason; Vitek, Natasha (2017-10-08). "A new soft-shelled turtle (Trionychidae, Apalone) from the Late Miocene of north-central Florida". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 55 (6): 117–138. doi:10.58782/flmnh.mclw7941. ISSN   2373-9991.
8. Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN   0-307-13666-3. (SOFTSHELL TURTLES—family Trionychidae, p. 30).

Further reading

• Rafinesque CS (1832). "Description of two new genera of Soft Shell Turtles of North America". Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge1: 64–65. (Apalone, new genus, p. 64).

External links

• Genus Apolone at The Reptile Database
• Tortoise.org Apalone entry
• Spiny Softshell Turtle - Apalone spinifera Species account from the Iowa Reptile and Amphibian Field Guide