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Fibroblast growth factor 2, also known as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and FGF-β, is a growth factor and signaling protein encoded by the FGF2 gene. It binds to and exerts effects via specific fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) proteins, themselves a family of closely related molecules. Fibroblast growth factor protein was first purified in 1975; soon thereafter three variants were isolated: 'basic FGF' (FGF2); Heparin-binding growth factor-2; and Endothelial cell growth factor-2. Gene sequencing revealed that this group is the same FGF2 protein and is a member of a family of FGF proteins.
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are a family of cell signalling proteins produced by macrophages; they are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development in animal cells. Any irregularities in their function lead to a range of developmental defects. These growth factors typically act as systemic or locally circulating molecules of extracellular origin that activate cell surface receptors. A defining property of FGFs is that they bind to heparin and to heparan sulfate. Thus, some are sequestered in the extracellular matrix of tissues that contains heparan sulfate proteoglycans and are released locally upon injury or tissue remodeling.
Fibroblast growth factor 1, (FGF-1) also known as acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), is a growth factor and signaling protein encoded by the FGF1 gene. It is synthesized as a 155 amino acid polypeptide, whose mature form is a non-glycosylated 17-18 kDa protein. Fibroblast growth factor protein was first purified in 1975, but soon afterwards others using different conditions isolated acidic FGF, Heparin-binding growth factor-1, and Endothelial cell growth factor-1. Gene sequencing revealed that this group was actually the same growth factor and that FGF1 was a member of a family of FGF proteins.
INT-2 proto-oncogene protein also known as FGF-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF3 gene.
The fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) are, as their name implies, receptors that bind to members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of proteins. Some of these receptors are involved in pathological conditions. For example, a point mutation in FGFR3 can lead to achondroplasia.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) also known as CD332 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGFR2 gene residing on chromosome 10. FGFR2 is a receptor for fibroblast growth factor.
Keratinocyte growth factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF7 gene.
Fibroblast growth factor 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF10 gene.
Fibroblast growth factor 8(FGF-8) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF8 gene.
Fibroblast growth factor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF4 gene.
Fibroblast growth factor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF5 gene.
Fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) is a protein that is encoded by the Fgf18 gene in humans. The protein was first discovered in 1998, when two newly-identified murine genes Fgf17 and Fgf18 were described and confirmed as being closely related by sequence homology to Fgf8. The three proteins were eventually grouped into the FGF8 subfamily, which contains several of the endocrine FGF superfamily members FGF8, FGF17, and FGF18. Subsequent studies identified FGF18's role in promoting chondrogenesis, and an apparent specific activity for the generation of the hyaline cartilage in articular joints.
Fibroblast growth factor 14 is a biologically active protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF14 gene.
Fibroblast growth factor 13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF13 gene.
Fibroblast growth factor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF6 gene.
Fibroblast growth factor 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF12 gene.
Fibroblast growth factor 17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF17 gene.
Fibroblast growth factor 16 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FGF16 gene.
Fibroblast growth factor 22 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FGF22 gene.
Fibroblast growth factor 20 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FGF20 gene.
References
- ↑ Smallwood PM, Munoz-Sanjuan I, Tong P, Macke JP, Hendry SH, Gilbert DJ, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Nathans J (September 1996). "Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) homologous factors: new members of the FGF family implicated in nervous system development". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (18): 9850–7. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.9850S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.18.9850 . PMC 38518 . PMID 8790420.
- ↑ Verdier AS, Mattei MG, Lovec H, Hartung H, Goldfarb M, Birnbaum D, Coulier F (February 1997). "Chromosomal mapping of two novel human FGF genes, FGF11 and FGF12". Genomics. 40 (1): 151–4. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.4492. PMID 9070933.
- ↑ Itoh N, Ornitz DM (January 2008). "Functional evolutionary history of the mouse Fgf gene family". Dev. Dyn. 237 (1): 18–27. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.21388 . PMID 18058912. S2CID 5684356.
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