 Grozny synagogue. 1910. | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 0 | |
| Languages | |
| Hebrew (in Israel), Judeo-Tat, Russian | |
| Religion | |
| Judaism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Mountain Jews, Ashkenazi Jews. |
The Jewish Quarter of Grozny, located in a former quarter in the central part of the city of Grozny, in the Russian Chechen Republic.
The area where Jews lived was in the center of the northern part of Grozny. On the right bank of the Sunzha River, within the Akhmatovsky district. The main streets of the district are Moskovskaya and Viktor Kan-Kalika, former Subbotniks.
"Jewish quarter" was a district where the Jewish community traditionally lived, one of the old quarters of Grozny. [1] The first Mountain Jewish community moved to the area of the Grozny fortress in the second half of the 19th century from the trading village of Endirey in Dagestan. [2] [3] In pre-Soviet era, the Jewish quarter was called the Jewish suburb. [4]
The quarter was also called the Red Jewish settlement, the district was so called because the roofs of the houses in this district were traditionally covered with red tiles, in contrast to the Cossack houses, which were covered with straw. [5]
In 1869, Grozny was granted city status, and this affected the influx of new settlers into the district.
The main occupations of the community's residents were arable farming, gardening, cattle breeding, crafts, trade and leather tanning. In 1866, they owned 155 huts, 4 gardens and vineyards, and 27 shops. [6] . The district consisted of several quarters. Later, the Belikovsky Bridge was built, connecting the settlement with the central part of the city, which influenced the economic development of the area.
Nikolai Kharuzin (1865-1900), Russian ethnographer, wrote about the life of Jews in Grozny in his article, Across the Mountains of the North Caucasus. Travel Essays. Vestnik Evropy, No. 10. 1888:
What do you see when entering Grozny? You pass a bridge: on the bridge stands a group of Mountain Jews who moved to Grozny from the mountains; even though the Mountain Jews left Palestine from time immemorial (long before the birth of Christ), they have retained the typical features of their compatriots living in Poland and Russia; a dark yellow complexion and sad black eyes. Having lived many centuries in the mountains, the Jews have not lost the commercial spirit inherent in their compatriots, and now they control the trade of Grozny and Nalchik. Some of the Jews wear European costume, others - cherkeskas. But life in the mountains has nevertheless left its mark on them: many of them are excellent horsemen and fearless horsemen.
In 1893, large oil deposits were discovered in Grozny, which led to the rapid development of the city. Ashkenazi Jews from central Russia began to arrive in Grozny. The first prayer house was built in 1875, and in 1902 it was replaced by a large domed synagogue, built of brick, located between the Persian mosque and the Mitnikov bathhouse. As of 1883, Grozny had 2 synagogues. [8] The Ashkenazi synagogue was built in 1863, for Mountain Jews in 1865. [6] Around 1928, by decision of the Soviet government, the synagogue was closed during the period of religious persecution. Later, the synagogue building was occupied by a music school. [9]
The diaspora had its own separate quarter, which was destroyed during the Russian Civil War (1917–1922). Nevertheless, at this time, the Jewish colony of Grozny was expanding, and Jewish refugees from neighboring villages were flocking to the city. On the left side of the block was Kirov Park and the Baronovsky District, populated mainly by the Armenian diaspora, and on the right side of the block was an old tram line that ran through the entire block. [10]
Some facts from the life of the Jews of Grozny:
On Subbotniks Street (former Belikovskaya) was the educational institution School No. 22. In the late 1980s, the population of the district was about 4 thousand people. With the beginning of the first and second wars on the territory of Chechnya, almost the entire Jewish population left Grozny, emigrated to Israel and to cities in Russia, primarily to the cities of the North Caucasus, not affected by the war, such as Mozdok, Vladikavkaz, Pyatigorsk, Stavropol. [13]
Derbent, formerly romanized as Derbend, is a city in Dagestan, Russia, located on the Caspian Sea. It is the southernmost city in Russia, and it is the second-most important city of Dagestan. Derbent occupies the narrow gateway between the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus Mountains connecting the Eurasian Steppe to the north and the Iranian Plateau to the south; covering an area of 69.63 square kilometres (26.88 sq mi), with a population of roughly 120,000 residents.
Mountain Jews are the Mizrahi Jewish subgroup of the eastern and northern Caucasus, mainly Azerbaijan, and various republics in the Russian Federation: Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia, and Kabardino-Balkaria, and are the descendants of Persian Jews from Iran. Mountain Jews took shape as a community after Qajar Iran ceded the areas in which they lived to the Russian Empire as part of the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813.
The Tat people or Transcaucasian Persians are an Iranian people presently living within Azerbaijan and Russia. The Tats are part of the indigenous peoples of Iranian origin in the Caucasus.
Judeo-Tat or Juhuri is a Judeo-Persian dialect and the traditional language spoken by the Mountain Jews in the eastern Caucasus Mountains, especially Azerbaijan, parts of Russia and today in Israel. It belongs to the southwestern group of the Iranian division of the Indo-European languages, albeit with heavy influence from Hebrew. The words Juvuri and Juvuro translate as "Jewish" and "Jews".
Subbotniks is a common name for adherents of Russian religious movements that split from Sabbatarian sects in the late 18th century.
The history of the Jews in Azerbaijan dates back many centuries. Today, Jews in Azerbaijan mainly consist of three distinct groups: Mountain Jews, the most sizable and most ancient group; Ashkenazi Jews, who settled in the area during the late 19th-early 20th centuries, and during World War II; and Georgian Jews who settled mainly in Baku during the early part of the 20th century.
Qırmızı Qəsəbə is a village and municipality in the Quba District of Azerbaijan. As of 2010, it had a population of 3,598, mostly Jews. It is widely believed to be the world's only population centre exclusively made up of Jewish people outside of Israel and the United States, and is likewise considered to be the last surviving shtetl.
Nyugdi is a rural locality in Derbentsky District of the Republic of Dagestan, Russia.
Mountain Jews in Israel, also known as the Juhurim, refers to immigrants and descendants of the immigrants of the Mountain Jewish communities, who now reside within the state of Israel.
Judeo-Tat literature is the literature of the Mountain Jews in the Juhuri language.
Khanzhalkala (Khanzhal-Kala), also known as Khanjal-Kala is an abandoned Lezgin aul in the Magaramkentsky District of Dagestan. The name comes from Judeo-Tat and means "fortress of the dagger". It was protected not only by the steep slopes of the mountain on which it was located, but also by its fortress walls. It was abolished in 1968.
The Jewish community in Derbent, in the Russian Republic of Dagestan, is the oldest in the North Caucasus and dates back to the 7th century. A large influx of Jewish immigrants occurred during the Russian Civil War (1917-1923). Most Derbent Jews immigrated from the mountain and steppe villages of the northern Caucasus.
The Jewish community in Makhachkala are Jews who have ever lived on the territory of modern Makhachkala, a city in the Russian Republic of Dagestan. During the Persian campaign in 1722 in Makhachkala was a camp for the troops of the Russian Emperor Peter I. Mountain Jews and Ashkenazi Jews were allowed to settle there.
The Jewish community in Buynaksk, in the Republic of Dagestan, is one of the oldest in the North Caucasus. After Dagestan was annexed to Russian Empire, many fortresses were built, around which cities later grew. One of them was Temir-Khan-Shurá, which was renamed Buynaksk in 1922. In 1850, in addition to military personnel, Russians and Armenians traders and several families of Mountain Jews artisans already lived here. Until the February Revolution of 1917, Mountain Jews and Ashkenazi Jews together constituted most of the city's population. Under the Soviet Union and in post-Soviet Russia, the Jewish community in Buynaksk primarily consists of Mountain Jews.
Ilya Sherebetovich Anisimov was a Russian ethnographer, ethnologist, engineer, author of an ethnography study on Mountain Jews. He was the first of the Mountain Jews descent who received higher education in the schools of the Russian Empire. Anisimov is the author of the famous work (Russian: Кавказские евреи-горцы - "Caucasian Mountain Jews." Ilya Anisimov was a member of the Baku branch of the Society for the Promotion of Culture among the Jews of Russia.
The Jewish community in Kizlyar, located in the Russian Republic of Dagestan, primarily consisted of Mountain Jews, a distinct Jewish group with their own language and customs, originating from the Caucasus region. Some Ashkenazi Jews, those who lived in the city of Kizlyar were the ones who mostly went into exile there. Jews have lived in Kizlyar since the times of the Russian Empire.
The Grozny Synagogue was an Ashkenazi Orthodox Jewish synagogue located in the city of Grozny in the Chechen Republic, in the North Caucasus of Russia. In 1929 the synagogue was closed and later rebuilt and used for secular purposes.
The Jewish Community in Nalchik are the Jews who have ever lived in the territory of modern-day Nalchik, the city in Kabardino-Balkaria. The Jewish community is one of the oldest in the North Caucasus, in Russia. Jews settled here as early as the beginning of the 19th century. Most of the first settlers came from Zasulak Kumykia, part of modern-day Dagestan. By the mid-19th century, Mountain Jews were concentrated in the Jewish Quarter, near the Nalchik fortress, not far from the city center. In the 19th century, Nalchik had two synagogues, the first of which opened in 1848. In the first years after the Russian Revolution of 1917, Jewish organizations actively developed in the city and even a newspaper was published. Mountain Jews received autonomy, which was liquidated in 1938.
The Jewish Community in Kislovodsk are the Jews who have ever lived in the territory of modern-day Kislovodsk, the city in Stavropol Krai, in the North Caucasus region of Russia. Kislovodsk was one of the cities in the North Caucasus with a large Jewish community. In 1890, a synagogue and a rabbi's house were opened in Kislovodsk on Kuibyshev Street, which was later requisitioned by the Soviet authorities. According to the census of 1912, 16 people of Jewish nationality lived in Kislovodsk, 6 women and 10 men. The total population as of January 1 of that year was 13,758 people. There are opinions that these figures were clearly underestimated, since by that time there were two prayer houses, and two Jewish cemeteries operated in Kislovodsk.
The Jewish Community in Pyatigorsk are the Jews who have ever lived in the territory of modern-day Pyatigorsk, the city in Stavropol Krai, in the North Caucasus region of Russia. Jews settled in Pyatigorsk at the beginning of the 19th century. At that time, Jews settled in the area of the Market Square, now this is the area of the Lower Market.
Media related to Jewish Quarter of Grozny at Wikimedia Commons
