This is a chronological list of revolts organized by peasants.
The history of peasant wars spans over two thousand years. A variety of factors fueled the emergence of the peasant revolt phenomenon, including: [2]
Later peasant revolts such as the Telangana Rebellion were also influenced by agrarian socialist ideologies such as Maoism. [3]
The majority of peasant rebellions ended prematurely and were unsuccessful. Peasants suffered from limited funding and lacked the training and organisational capabilities of professional armies. [4]
The list gives the name, the date, the peasant allies and enemies, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:
Date | Conflict | State | Peasants | Result | Image | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
209–206 BC | Anti-Qin revolts (including Dazexiang Uprising) | Qin dynasty | Peasants under several rebel leaders, including Chen Sheng, Wu Guang, Xiang Yu, and Liu Bang | Qin dissolution | [5] | |
205–186 BC | Great revolt of the Egyptians | Ptolemaic Kingdom | Native Egyptian peasants and soldiers under secessionist Pharaohs Hugronaphor and Ankhmakis | Suppression of the rebellion | [6] | |
17–25 | Lülin | Xin dynasty | Lülin rebels | Collapse of Xin dynasty; ascendancy of rebel leader Liu Xiu after infighting among Lülin forces | ||
17–27 | Red Eyebrows | Xin dynasty | Red Eyebrows rebels | Goal of the rebellion partially achieved, but eventual defeat of the movement by Liu Xiu | ||
172–173 | Bucolic War | Roman Empire | Egyptian peasants under Isidorus | Suppression of the rebellion | [7] | |
184–205 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | Han dynasty | Yellow Turban rebels | Suppression of the rebellion, though Han dynasty is severely weakened | [8] | |
185–205 | Heishan bandit movement | Han dynasty | Bandit confederacy of the Taihang Mountains Gongsun Zan's forces | Suppression of the rebellion, though Han dynasty is severely weakened | ||
3rd–5th century | Bagaudae | Roman Empire | Bagaudae Suebi | Gain control of some territory; end with the general collapse of the Roman Empire | ||
4th–late 5th century | Circumcellions | Roman Empire (until 435) Catholic Church (until 435) Vandal Kingdom (since 435) African landlords | Berber and Roman peasants Donatist authorities Rebellious Roman military under Gildo (in 398) | End of Roman Catholic rule in Africa, but suppression of the rebellion by Vandals and Arian authorities | [9] | |
611–619 | Anti-Sui rebellions | Sui dynasty | Peasants under several rebel leaders Defected military forces under several rebel generals, officials and nobles | Collapse of Sui dynasty; ascendancy of rebel leader Li Yuan after infighting among rebel forces | ||
841–843 | Stellinga Uprising | Saxon nobility Frankish military under Louis the German | Stellinga | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
859–860 | Rebellion of Ch'iu Fu | Tang dynasty | Chinese peasants and bandits under Ch'iu Fu | Suppression of the rebellion, though Tang dynasty is severely weakened | [10] | |
874–878 | Rebellion of Wang Xianzhi | Tang dynasty | Chinese peasants and bandits under Wang Xianzhi and Shang Junzhang | Suppression of the rebellion, though Tang dynasty is severely weakened | [11] | |
875–884 | Rebellion of Huang Chao | Tang dynasty | Chinese peasants and bandits under Huang Chao | Suppression of the rebellion, though Tang dynasty is severely weakened | [12] | |
928–932 | Basil the Copper Hand Rebellions | Byzantine Empire | Peasants under Basil the Copper Hand | Suppression of the rebellion | [13] | |
993–995 | Da Shu rebellion in Sichuan | Song dynasty | Peasants under Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun | Suppression of the rebellion | [14] | |
996 | Peasants' revolt in Normandy | Normandy under Rodulf of Ivry and Richard II, Duke of Normandy | Norman peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [15] | |
1277–1280 | Uprising of Ivaylo | Bulgarian nobility Byzantine Empire Golden Horde | Peasants under Ivaylo | Murder of Ivaylo | [16] | |
1323–1328 | Peasant revolt in Flanders | Kingdom of France | Flemish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1343–1345 | St. George's Night Uprising | Livonian Order Kingdom of Denmark | Estonian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [17] | |
1351–1368 | Red Turban Rebellion | Yuan dynasty Goryeo | Red Turban Armies of White Lotus members, Manichaeans and Chinese peasants | Fall of Yuan dynasty and retreat of the Mongols into Mongolia as the Northern Yuan dynasty; ascendancy of rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang after infighting among rebel forces | ||
1358 | Jacquerie | Kingdom of France | French peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1381 | Peasants' Revolt | Kingdom of England | English peasants | Suppression of the rebellion, though Plantagenet dynasty is weakened | ||
1382 | Harelle | Kingdom of France | French peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [18] | |
1428 | Shocho uprising | Ashikaga shogunate | Japanese peasants | Peasant debts cancelled. | ||
1437 | Transylvanian peasant revolt | Kingdom of Hungary | Transylvanian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1438 | Hallvard Graatops Revolt | Kalmar Union | Norwegian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1441 | Kakitsu uprising | Ashikaga shogunate | Do-ikki (leagues) of peasants and jizamurai | Peasant debts cancelled, Ashikaga shogunate is severely weakened. | [19] | |
1441 | Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions | Kalmar Union | Danish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1450 | Jack Cade's rebellion | Kingdom of England | English peasants | Suppression of the rebellion, though Lancaster dynasty is weakened and eventually overthrown during the Wars of the Roses. | [20] | |
1450–1451 | John and William Merfold's Uprising | Kingdom of England | English peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [21] | |
1453–1454 | Morea revolt of 1453–54 | Despotate of the Morea Ottoman Empire | Greek peasants under Manuel Kantakouzenos Albanians under Peter Bua Latin loyalists under John Asen Zaccaria | Suppression of the rebellion | [22] | |
1462–1472, 1485–1486 | War of the Remences | Catalan constitutionalists and nobility (1462–1472) Crown of Aragon (1485–1486) | Catalan peasants Royalists under John II of Aragon (1462–1472) | Goal of the rebellion largely achieved, Sentència de Guadalupe signed | [23] | |
1467–1469 | Galician Irmandiños Revolt | Kingdom of Galicia (Crown of Castile) | Galician peasants, led by Galician burgeoisie and part of the local lower nobility | Suppression of the rebellion by feudal armies | [24] | |
May 1476 | Niklashausen Peasant Revolt | Holy Roman Empire | German peasants led by Hans Böhm, who had a vision of the Virgin Mary, against the nobility and clergy of the Holy Roman Empire. | Böhm executed and pilgrimages to Niklashausen ceased | [25] | |
1478 | Carinthian Peasant Revolt | Holy Roman Empire | Carinthian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [26] | |
1482–1511 | Yamashiro ikki uprisings | Ashikaga shogunate Various samurai clans | Yamashiro ikki and later, lesser ikki Various samurai clans | Most ikki submit to the shogunate in 1493, though they achieved many of their aims and continued to retain autonomy until the gradual end of the movement | [27] | |
1487–1488 | Kaga Rebellion | Togashi clan | Ikkō-ikki Motoori clanYamagawa clan | Decisive victory for the Ikkō-ikki. | [28] | |
1488–1582 | Ikkō-ikki Uprisings | Several major samurai clans (including Oda clan and Tokugawa clan) Nichiren sect Tendai sōhei Jōdo-shū sōhei | Ikkō-shū peasant and ji-samurai leagues Jōdo Shinshū sōhei Mōri clan Azai clan Asakura clan | Destruction of most militant Ikkō-shū leagues; Jōdo Shinshū sect and remaining Ikkō-ikki submit to Toyotomi Hideyoshi | [29] | |
1490-1492 | Mukha rebellion | Kingdom of Poland | Orthodox ruthenian peasants Orthodox moldavian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1493–1517 | Bundschuh movement | Holy Roman Empire | German Peasants | All rebellions suppressed | ||
1498–1878 | Opryshky movement | Kingdom of Poland Holy Roman Empire | Ruthenian (Ukrainian) peasants Hutsul peasants | Suppression of the movement | ||
1511 | Friulian Revolt | Republic of Venice | Friulian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1514 | Poor Conrad Rebellion | Duchy of Württemberg | Württemberg peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [30] | |
1514 | György Dózsa Rebellion | Kingdom of Hungary | Hungarian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [31] | |
1515 | Slovene Peasant Revolt of 1515 | Holy Roman Empire | Slovene peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [32] | |
1515–1523 | Frisian peasant rebellion | Habsburg Netherlands | Arumer Zwarte Hoop Charles II, Duke of Guelders | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1516–1521 | Trần Cảo Rebellion | Lê dynasty | Vietnamese peasants under Trần Cảo and Trần Cung | Suppression of the rebellion, though Lê dynasty is severely weakened | [33] | |
1519–1659 | Celali rebellions | Ottoman Caliphate | Turkmen peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [34] | |
1524–1525 | German Peasants' War | Swabian League | German peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1524–1533 | Dalecarlian Rebellions | Sweden | Dalarna peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1525 | Palatine Peasants' War | Electoral Palatinate | Palatine peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1534 | Skipper Clement's Rebellion | Christian III Kingdom of Denmark | Danish Peasants under Skipper Clement Christian II | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1540 | Peasant's Rebellion in Telemark | Denmark–Norway | Norwegian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1542–1543 | Dacke War | Sweden | Småland peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [35] | |
1549 | Kett's Rebellion | Kingdom of England | English peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1573 | Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt | Holy Roman Empire | Slovene peasants Croatian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [36] | |
1594–1637 | Croquant rebellions | Kingdom of France | French peasants | Suppression of all rebellions | ||
1596–1597 | Cudgel War | Sweden | Finnish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [37] | |
1606–1607 | Bolotnikov Rebellion | Tsardom of Russia | Russian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1626–1636 | Peasants' War in Upper Austria | Electorate of Bavaria | Austrian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [38] | |
1630–1633 | Peasant Uprising in Podhale | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | Polish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [39] | |
1630–1645 | Rebellion of Li Zicheng | Ming dynasty (1630–1644) Qing Dynasty (1644–1645) | Peasants under Li Zicheng, Gao Guiying and other generals of the Shun dynasty | Collapse of Ming dynasty, but suppression of the rebellion by Qing dynasty | ||
1630–1647 | Rebellion of Zhang Xianzhong | Ming dynasty (1630–1644) Qing Dynasty (1644–1647) | Peasants and bandits under Zhang Xianzhong | Collapse of Ming dynasty, but suppression of the rebellion by Qing dynasty | [40] | |
1635 | Second Slovene peasants' revolt | Holy Roman Empire | Peasants under a scattered leadership of various leaders | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1637–1638 | Shimabara Rebellion | Tokugawa shogunate Dutch Empire | Christian peasants and rōnin | Suppression of the rebellion | [41] | |
1639 | Revolt of the va-nu-pieds | Kingdom of France | Normandy peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1640 | Corpus de Sang | Principality of Catalonia | Catalan harvesters | Revolt successful. Start of the Reapers' War; eventual defeat of Catalonia | ||
1651 | Kostka-Napierski Uprising | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | Polish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [42] | |
1652 | Guo Huaiyi Rebellion | Dutch East India Company Aboriginal Taiwanese | Chinese peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1653 | Swiss peasant war of 1653 | Republic of the Swiss | Swiss peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [43] | |
1664-1665 | Varenytsia Uprising | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | Ukrainian peasants Kalnyk Cossack regiment under Vasyl Varenytsia and Ivan Sulymka Zaporozhian Cossacks under Ivan Sirko | Suppression of the rebellion | [44] | |
1667–1671 | Stepan Razin Rebellion | Tsardom of Russia | Russian peasants Don Cossacks | Suppression of the rebellion | [45] | |
1669–1670 | Peasant Rebellion in Podhale | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | Polish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [46] | |
1704 | Kuridža's Rebellion | Republic of Venice | Orthodox peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1705–1706 | Bavarian People's Uprising | Habsburg Monarchy | Bavarian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1707–1708 | Bulavin Rebellion | Tsardom of Russia | Russian peasants Don Cossacks | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1713 | Slovene peasant revolt in Tolmin | Holy Roman Empire | Peasants under a scattered leadership of various leaders, including Ivan Miklavčič | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1730–1769 | Peasant revolts for the restoration of the Lê dynasty and land reforms | Trịnh lords Nguyễn lords | Vietnamese peasants Lê dynasty | Suppression of the rebellions and eventual collapse of Lê dynasty, but start of Tây Sơn Revolt | ||
1743 | Dalecarlian rebellion | Sweden | Swedish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1765 | Strilekrigen | Denmark–Norway | Norwegian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1767-1770 | Klishchyn Uprising | Russian Empire | Ukrainian peasants Zhovnynsk Cossacks | Suppression of the rebellion | [47] | |
1768–1769 | Koliivshchyna | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Russian Empire | Haidamaka movement Orthodox ruthenian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1769–1788 | Tây Sơn Revolt | Nguyễn lords (until 1776) Nguyễn Ánh's forces (since 1776) Trịnh lords (until 1786) Siam (in 1785) Lê dynasty (1786–1788) Qing Dynasty (1787–1788) | Tây Sơn dynasty | Goal of the rebellion achieved; reunification of Vietnam and introduction of land reforms under Tây Sơn dynasty | ||
1773–1775 | Pugachev's Rebellion | Russian Empire | Russian peasants Ural Cossacks Bashkirs | Suppression of the rebellion | [48] | |
1780–1783 | Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II | Spain | Quechua and Aymara peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [49] | |
1784 | Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan | Austrian Empire | Romanian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [50] | |
1786–1787 | Lofthusreisingen | Denmark–Norway | Norwegian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1786–1787 | Shays' Rebellion | United States | American farmers | Suppression of the rebellion, constitutional reform | ||
1789-1793 | Turbaii Uprising | Russian Empire | former Myrhorod Cossacks Ukrainian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion, self government abolished | [51] | |
1790 | Saxon Peasants' Revolt | Saxony | Saxon peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [52] | |
1791–1794 | Whisky Rebellion | United States | American farmers | Suppression of the rebellion, whiskey tax is repealed shortly after | ||
1793–1796 | War in the Vendée | French Republic | Catholic and Royal Army Chouan rebels Émigrés Great Britain | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1793–1804 | Chouannerie | French Republic | Chouan rebels Catholic and Royal Army Émigrés Great Britain | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1794 | Kościuszko Uprising | Russian Empire Kingdom of Prussia Polish loyalists | Polish nationalist nobility Polish peasants Polish Jacobins | Suppression of the rebellion | [53] | |
1794–1804 | White Lotus Rebellion | Qing Dynasty | White Lotus rebels | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1798 | Peasants' War | French Republic | Low countries peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [54] | |
1800–1802 | Lærdal Rebellion | Denmark–Norway | Norwegian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [55] | |
1803 | Cherkasy Uprising of 1803 | Russian Empire | Ukrainian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [56] | |
1807–1820 | Jean-Baptiste Perrier's rebellion | Republic of Haiti | Haitian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1809 | Tyrolean Rebellion | French Empire Bavaria Saxony Napoleonic Italy | Tyrolean peasants Austria | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1809 | Gottscheer Rebellion | First French Empire | Gottschee German peasants Slovene peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1811 | Klågerup riots | Sweden | Swedish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1813-1835 | Karmaliuk uprisings | Russian Empire | Ukrainian peasants Polish peasants Jewish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [57] | |
1819 | Chuguev uprising | Russian Empire | military settlers of the Chuguev Regiment Ukrainian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [58] | |
1826–1854 | Peasant uprisings during the reign of Nicholas I of Russia | Russian Empire | Russian peasants | About 556 small-scale rural uprisings took place during Nicholas' reign. All were suppressed, but contributed to the Russian Emperor's reluctance to end the serfdom in Russia. | [59] | |
1826 | Ohramievchi uprising | Russian Empire | Ukrainian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [60] | |
1832–1835 | Cabanada | Empire of Brazil | Restorationist peasants | Rebellion subdued after the premature death of former Emperor Pedro I | ||
1834–1835 | Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–35) | Egypt Eyalet | Arab peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [61] | |
1835–1840 | Cabanagem | Empire of Brazil | Indigenous, mestizo and black peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1838–1841 | Balaiada | Empire of Brazil | Peasants and African slaves | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1839–1845 | Anti-Rent War | United States New York (state) | Upstate tenant farmers | initially suppressed by the state militia, rebel anti-rent leaders arrested though they were either pardoned or not sentenced, anti-renters continued to rebel decades after the trials, the Antirenter party was formed and tenant rights were granted. | ||
1844 | Piquet uprising | Republic of Haiti | Piquets (Haitian peasants) under Acaau | Piquet movement leaders integrated into government, but goals not achieved | [62] | |
1846 | Acaau's second rebellion | Republic of Haiti | Haitian peasants under Acaau | Suppression of the rebellion | [63] | |
1846 | Galician Peasant Uprising of 1846 | Austrian Empire | Galician peasants | De facto suppression of the rebellion, although it was both sparked and extinguished by the Austrian authorities and eventually led to abolition of serfdom in Galicia and Lodomeria two years later. | [64] | |
1847-1915 | Caste War of Yucatán | Mexico Guatemala British Honduras | Maya peasants of the Yucatán Peninsula | Temporary establishment of Chan Santa Cruz state; eventually suppression of the rebellion | [65] | |
1850–1864 | Taiping Rebellion | Qing Dynasty | Taiping Heavenly Kingdom | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1855 | Kiev Cossacks insurrection | Russian Empire | Kyiv "Cossacks" Ukrainian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [66] | |
1856 | "To Tavria for freedom" movement | Russian Empire | Ukrainian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [66] | |
1851–1868 | Nian Rebellion | Qing Dynasty | Nian militias | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1858 | Mahtra War | Russian Empire | Estonian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [67] | |
1861 | Bezdna unrest | Russian Empire | Russian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [68] | |
1862 | Great Peasant Uprising of 1862 | Joseon Dynasty | Korean peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1869 | Tambun Rebellion | Dutch East Indies | Farmer of Tambun | Suppression of the rebellion | [69] | |
1884 | Chichibu Incident | Japan | Japanese peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1886 | Peasant rebellion in Ciomas | Dutch East Indies | Farmer of Ciomas | Suppression of the rebellion | [70] | |
1888 | Peasant Revolt in Banten | Dutch East Indies | Bantenese peasants and ulamas | Suppression of the rebellion | [71] | |
1892 | Jerez uprising | Spain | Regional fieldworkers | Suppression of the rebellion | [72] | |
1894–1895 | Donghak Peasant Revolution | Japan Joseon Dynasty | Korean peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1896–1897 | War of Canudos | First Brazilian Republic | Canudos inhabitants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1899–1900 | Peasant unrest in Bulgaria | Principality of Bulgaria | Bulgarian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1905-1906 | Sorochyntsi revolt | Russian Empire | Ukrainian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [73] | |
1905–1908 | Maji Maji Rebellion | German East Africa | Matumbi people, Ngoni people, and other Tanganyikans | Suppression of the rebellion | [74] | |
1907 | 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt | Kingdom of Romania | Romanian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1910 | Kileler uprising | Kingdom of Greece | Farmers of Thessaly | Initial suppression of the rebellion, followed by the arrested declared innocent and some minor measures in favor of the peasants being taken the next year; Actual requests of the peasants began being fulfilled in 1923. | [75] | |
1911 | Peasant rebellion in eastern Henan | Qing dynasty | Yellow Way Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [76] [77] | |
1912-1916 | Contestado War | First Brazilian Republic | Farmers and lumberjacks | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1913 | Peasant revolt in Northern Shaanxi | Republic of China | Chinese poppy farmers and bandits under a sect leader | Spread of the revolt; poppy plant eradication campaign stopped | [78] | |
1914 | Peasant Revolt in Albania | Principality of Albania Catholic Militia | Muslim peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1916 | Urkun | Russian Empire | Kyrgyz and Kazakh peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [79] | |
1917–1921 | Makhnovshchina | South Russia Soviet Russia | Ukrainian peasants and workers | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1918 | Livny Uprising | Soviet Russia | Russian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1918 | Arsk Uprising | Soviet Russia | Tatar peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1918 | Sheksna uprising | Soviet Russia | Russian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1918 | Anti-Hetman uprising | Ukrainian state | Ukrainian peasants Ukrainian directorate supporters | Abdication of Hetman Skoropadskyj Restoration of the Ukrainian People's Republic Preliminary peace agreement between Ukraine and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | [80] | |
1919 | Chapan rebellion | Soviet Russia | Russian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1919 | Khotyn uprising | Kingdom of Romania | Ukrainian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1919–1922 | Rebellion of "Chu the Ninth" (Ming pretender) | Republic of China | Yellow Way Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [81] | |
1920 | Pitchfork uprising | Soviet Russia | "Black Eagle" peasant rebels | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1920 | Croatian Peasant Rebellion | Yugoslavia | Croatian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1920–1922 | Tambov Rebellion | Soviet Russia | Russian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1920–1926 | Spirit Soldier rebellions of eastern Sichuan and western Hubei | Republic of China | Spirit Soldier rebels, allied warlord forces | Stalemate: Large Spirit Soldier armies are destroyed, but movement persists | [82] [83] [84] | |
1921 | Peasant Rebellion of Sorokino | Soviet Russia | Russian peasants and White Army veterans | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1921 | Malabar rebellion | India | Indian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [85] | |
1924 | Rebellion of "Wang the Sixth" (Ming pretender) | Republic of China | Wang's followers | Suppression of the rebellion | [81] | |
1924 | Tatarbunary uprising | Kingdom of Romania | Ukrainian peasants Ukrainian bolsheviks | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1925 | Rebellion of Chu Hung-teng (Ming pretender) | Republic of China | Heavenly Gate Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [86] | |
1927 | Autumn Harvest Uprising | Republic of China | Hunan Soviet | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1928–1929 | Red Spears' uprising in Shandong | Republic of China | Red Spear Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [87] | |
1928-1940 | Revolts against soviet collectivisation | Soviet Union | Soviet peasants | Suppression of the revolts | ||
1932 | Salvadoran peasant massacre | El Salvador | Salvadoran peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1932 | Lesko uprising | Poland | Polish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [88] | |
1932 | Peasant uprising against poppy-tax collection in Su County | Republic of China Kuomintang members and allied gentry | Chinese poppy farmers and gentry under Wang Xiaobai and Ma Fengshan | Suppression of the rebellion | [89] | |
1932 | Peasant uprising against poppy-tax collection in Lingbi County | Republic of China | Chinese poppy farmers under Tian Xuemin | Goal of the rebellion achieved | [90] | |
1936 | Miyun District rebellion | East Hebei Autonomous Council Empire of Japan | Yellow Sand Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [91] [92] | |
1943 | Peasant revolt in Unra | Empire of Japan | Farmers of Unra | Suppression of the rebellion | [93] | |
1944 | Peasant revolt in Beichuan County | Republic of China | Chinese poppy farmers of Xiaoyuan and Houyuan | Goal of the rebellion achieved | [94] | |
1944 | Peasant uprising in Indramayu | Empire of Japan | Indramayu Peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [95] | |
1946–1951 | Tebhaga movement | Bengal landlords | Bengal peasants (All India Kisan Sabha) Communist Party of India | Goal of the rebellion partially achieved | [96] | |
1946–1951 | Telangana Rebellion | Razakars Hyderabad landlords Hyderabad State | Hyderabad peasants (Andhra Mahasabha) Communist Party of India | Goal of the rebellion achieved | [97] | |
1947–1954 | Hukbalahap Rebellion | Philippines | Filipino peasants (Hukbalahap) | Suppression of the rebellion | [98] | |
1949 | Nankar Rebellion | Pakistan Various Bengali Zamindars | Communist Party and Peasants Association | Goal of the rebellion achieved | [99] | |
1950 | Cazin rebellion | Yugoslavia | Yugoslavian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [100] | |
1952–1960 | Mau Mau Uprising | Kenya Colony | Kikuyu farmhanders | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1958 | Rebellion at Fuzhou, Jiangxi | China | Dacheng sects | Suppression of the rebellion | [101] | |
1958 | Rebellion at Yongjing | China | Rural rebels | Suppression of the rebellion | [102] | |
1959–1965 | Escambray Rebellion | Cuba | Cuban peasants Batista loyalists DRE United States | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1959 | Peasant rebellion at Sizhuang, Henan | China | "Regiment of Spirit Soldiers" | Suppression of the rebellion | [102] | |
1960 | Rebellion at Yongnian County | China | New Star Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [103] | |
1968–1969 | Agbekoya | Nigeria | Yoruba peasants | Goal of the rebellion achieved | ||
1969 | Rebellion at Changchun | China | Nine Palaces Way | Suppression of the rebellion | [104] | |
1969 | Rebellion at Shuangyang County | China | Mount Wutai sect | Suppression of the rebellion | [104] | |
1970s | 1970s peasant revolts in Thailand | Thailand | Thai peasants | Peasant leaders assassinated | ||
1975–1991 | Uprisings in Tigray and Eritrea; part of the Ethiopian Civil War | Ethiopia | Tigrayan and Eritrean peasants | Derg overthrown; Eritrean independence | [105] | |
1994 | Zapatista uprising | Mexico | Mexican indigenous peasants | Ceasefire |
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The Great Fear was a general panic that took place between 22 July to 6 August 1789, at the start of the French Revolution. Rural unrest had been present in France since the worsening grain shortage of the spring. Fuelled by rumours of an aristocrats' "famine plot" to starve or burn out the population, both peasants and townspeople mobilised in many regions.
The Khmelnytsky Uprising, also known as the Cossack–Polish War, or the Khmelnytsky insurrection, was a Cossack rebellion that took place between 1648 and 1657 in the eastern territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which led to the creation of a Cossack Hetmanate in Ukraine. Under the command of hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, the Zaporozhian Cossacks, allied with the Crimean Tatars and local Ukrainian peasantry, fought against Commonwealth's forces. The insurgency was accompanied by mass atrocities committed by Cossacks against prisoners of war and the civilian population, especially Poles, Jews and Roman Catholic and Ruthenian Uniate clergy, as well as savage reprisals by loyalist Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, the voivode of Ruthenian descent of the Ruthenian Voivodeship.
The Peasants' War was a peasant revolt in 1798 against the French occupiers of the Southern Netherlands, a region which now includes Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Germany. The French had annexed the region in 1795 and control of the region was officially ceded to the French after the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797. The revolt is considered part of the French Revolutionary Wars.
The Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II was an uprising by cacique-led Aymara, Quechua, and mestizo rebels aimed at overthrowing Spanish colonial rule in Peru. The causes of the rebellion included opposition to the Bourbon Reforms, an economic downturn in colonial Peru, and a grassroots revival of Inca cultural identity led by Túpac Amaru II, an indigenous cacique and the leader of the rebellion. While Amaru II was captured and executed by the Spanish in 1781, the rebellion continued for at least another year under other rebel leaders. Amaru II's rebellion was simultaneous with the uprising of Túpac Katari in colonial-era Upper Peru.
The Guo Huaiyi rebellion was a peasant revolt by Chinese farmers against Dutch rule in Taiwan in 1652. Sparked by dissatisfaction with heavy Dutch taxation on them but not the aborigines and extortion by low-ranking Dutch officials and servicemen, the rebellion initially gained ground before being crushed by a coalition of Dutch soldiers and their aboriginal allies. It is considered the most important uprising against the Dutch during the 37-year period of their colonisation of Taiwan.
The Galician Peasant Uprising of 1846, also known as the Galician Rabacja, Galician Slaughter, or the Szela uprising, was a two-month uprising of impoverished Austrian Galician[a] peasants that led to the suppression of the szlachta uprising and the massacre of szlachta in Galicia, in the Austrian Partition zone, in early 1846. The uprising, which lasted from February to March, primarily affected the lands around the town of Tarnów.
Tiberius was Byzantine co-emperor from 659 to 681. He was the son of Constans II and Fausta, who was elevated in 659, before his father departed for Italy. After the death of Constans, Tiberius' brother Constantine IV, ascended the throne as senior emperor. Constantine attempted to have both Tiberius and Heraclius removed as co-emperors, which sparked a popular revolt, in 681. Constantine ended the revolt by promising to accede to the demands of the rebels, sending them home, but bringing their leaders into Constantinople. Once there, Constantine had them executed, then imprisoned Tiberius and Heraclius and had them mutilated, after which point they disappear from history.
The Miao Rebellion of 1795–1806 was an anti-Qing uprising in Hunan and Guizhou provinces, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor and Jiaqing Emperor. It was catalyzed by tensions between local populations and Han Chinese immigrants. Bloodily suppressed, it served as the antecedent to the much larger uprising of Miao Rebellion (1854–73).
A communist revolution is a proletarian revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism. Depending on the type of government, the term socialism can be used to indicate an intermediate stage between capitalism and communism and may be the goal of the revolution, especially in Marxist–Leninist views. The idea that a proletarian revolution is needed is a cornerstone of Marxism; Marxists believe that the workers of the world must unite and free themselves from capitalist oppression to create a world run by and for the working class. Thus, in the Marxist view, proletarian revolutions need to happen in countries all over the world.
The Baise Uprising was a short-lived uprising organized by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in northwestern Guangxi around the city of Baise. It officially began on December 11, 1929, and lasted until late 1931. The uprising established the Seventh Red Army and a soviet over a number of counties in the You River valley. It drew support from a pre-existing movement of Zhuang peasants led by Wei Baqun, and focused on land redistribution in the area it controlled. After a brief but costly attempt to capture Guangxi's major cities, the soviet was suppressed and surviving soldiers made their way to Jiangxi. Today, it is most famous for the role played by Deng Xiaoping, who was the CCP Central Committee's leading representative in Guangxi during the Uprising. Deng was strongly criticized, both during the Cultural Revolution and by modern historians, for the uprising's swift defeat and his decision to abandon the retreating Seventh Red Army.
The Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong was an uprising of several allied Chinese warlord armies under the leadership of Zhang Zongchang in 1929. The rebels wanted to regain their former territories in Shandong from Liu Zhennian, the man who had defected from Zhang to the Nationalist government in Nanjing during the Northern Expedition. After some initial successes, the rebels were defeated due to the indiscipline of their forces. In the end, the uprising failed to topple Liu Zhennian's rule over eastern Shandong, but resulted in high civilian casualties and widespread destruction at the hands of both sides in the conflict.
The Red Spear Society staged a major uprising in 1928–1929 against the rule of Liu Zhennian, the Nationalist government-aligned warlord ruler of eastern Shandong province in Republican China. Motivated by their resistance against high taxes, rampant banditry and the brutality of Liu's private army, the Red Spear peasant insurgents captured large areas on the Shandong Peninsula and were able to set up a proto-state in Dengzhou county. Despite this, the whole insurgency was eventually crushed by Liu in late 1929.
Red Spears' uprising in Shandong may refer to several rebellions by the Red Spear Society throughout the history of the Republic of China (1912–1949). Some of the most notable ones were:
The Spirit Soldier rebellions of 1920–1926 were a series of major peasant uprisings against state authorities and warlords in the Republic of China's provinces of Hubei and Sichuan during the Warlord Era. Following years of brutal suppression, civil war, and excessive taxation, the rural population of central China was restive, and susceptible to militant salvationist movements. One spiritual group, the so-called Spirit Soldiers, promised the peasants that they could gain protection from modern weaponry through protective magic. Tens of thousands consequently rallied to join the Spirit Soldiers, and successfully revolted in the mountainous and isolated areas of Hubei and Sichuan. At its height, the Spirit Soldier movement numbered over 100,000 fighters, and controlled about forty counties.
The Spirit Soldier rebellion of 1959 was an anti-Communist peasant uprising at Sizhuang County, Henan. One of several rebellions which occurred in Henan due to the catastrophic Great Leap Forward implemented by the Chinese government, it lasted for twenty days in February 1959 and was one of the largest rural rebellions in China during the 1950s.
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