National Museum of Health and Medicine

Last updated
National Museum of Health
and Medicine
(founded as the Army Medical Museum)
NMHM 20111006c.jpg
The new NMHM facility,
which opened on September 15, 2011.
USA Maryland location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Location within Maryland
Usa edcp location map.svg
Red pog.svg
National Museum of Health and Medicine (the United States)
Established1862 (new building, 2011)
Location2500 Linden Lane, Silver Spring, Maryland
Coordinates 39°0′32″N77°3′14″W / 39.00889°N 77.05389°W / 39.00889; -77.05389
Type Medicine, Military medicine
Visitors40,000–50,000 annually
Public transit access WMATA Metro Logo.svg      Forest Glen
Website medicalmuseum.health.mil

The National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM) is a museum in Silver Spring, Maryland, near Washington, D.C. [1] The museum was founded by U.S. Army Surgeon General William A. Hammond as the Army Medical Museum (AMM) in 1862; [2] it became the NMHM in 1989 and relocated to its present site at the Army's Forest Glen Annex in 2011. [3] An element of the Defense Health Agency [4] (DHA), the NMHM is a member of the National Health Sciences Consortium. [5]

Contents

History

The Army Medical Museum and Library building housed the Army Medical Museum from 1887 to 1947 - and again from 1962 to 1969, when the building was razed. Army Medical School.jpg
The Army Medical Museum and Library building housed the Army Medical Museum from 1887 to 1947 – and again from 1962 to 1969, when the building was razed.

19th century

The AMM was established during the American Civil War [3] as a center for the collection of specimens for research in military medicine and surgery. [6] In 1862, Hammond directed medical officers in the field to collect "specimens of morbid anatomy...together with projectiles and foreign bodies removed" and to forward them to the newly founded museum for study. [6] The AMM's first curator, John H. Brinton, visited mid-Atlantic battlefields and solicited contributions from doctors throughout the Union Army. During and after the war, AMM staff took pictures of wounded soldiers showing the effects of gunshot wounds as well as results of amputations and other surgical procedures. The information collected was compiled into six volumes of The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion , published between 1870 and 1883. [6]

20th century

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, AMM staff engaged in various types of medical research. They pioneered in photomicrographic techniques, established a library and cataloging system which later formed the basis for the National Library of Medicine (NLM), and led the AMM into research on infectious diseases while discovering the cause of yellow fever. They contributed to research on vaccinations for typhoid fever, and during World War I, AMM staff were involved in vaccinations and health education campaigns, including major efforts to combat sexually transmissible diseases. [6]

The former NMHM building (actually the basement of the AFIP building) on the Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC) garrison, Washington, D.C., where it was housed from 1971 to 2011. NationalMuseumOfHealthAndMedicine.jpg
The former NMHM building (actually the basement of the AFIP building) on the Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC) garrison, Washington, D.C., where it was housed from 1971 to 2011.

By World War II, research at the AMM focused increasingly on pathology. In 1946 the AMM became a division of the new Army Institute of Pathology (AIP), which became the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) in 1949. The AMM's library and part of its archives were transferred to the National Library of Medicine when that institution was created in 1956. The AMM became the Medical Museum of the AFIP in 1949, the Armed Forces Medical Museum in 1974, and the NMHM in 1989. [6] During its peak years on the National Mall in the 1960s, every year the museum saw "as many as 400,000 to 500,000 people coming through". But after its moves to increasingly obscure and out-of-the-way sites, it fell into a period of relative neglect. By the 1990s, it was attracting only between 40,000 and 50,000 visitors a year. [7]

In 1989, C. Everett Koop (in his last year as Surgeon General) commissioned the "National Museum of Health and Medicine Foundation", a private, nonprofit organization to explore avenues for its future development and revitalization, intending to ultimately returning its collection to a venue on the National Mall. [8] Proposed was “a site on land that is located east of and adjacent to the Hubert H. Humphrey Building (100 Independence Avenue, Southwest, in the District of Columbia)”. [9] In 1993, a draft bill authored by Sen. Edward Kennedy proposed $21.8 million for moving the existing collection to a new facility to be constructed on that site. That bill, however, was never introduced owing to political difficulties including objections from Constance Breuer—widow of Marcel Breuer, architect of the Humphrey Building—who objected to the view obstruction that the proposed construction would entail. A letter from the Department of Defense to Koop in the mid-1990s, expressed hope that the NMHM exhibits would "one day be provided the appropriate and prominent home they deserve back at the National Mall in the new National Health Museum". The DoD backed away from contributing to funding a new museum. [10] The foundation was superseded by a new organization, dedicated to creating a National Health Museum, that focused on public health education. Although the effort for a physical museum appears to be defunct, [11] the museum maintains a virtual presence. [12]

2011 move

Due to the closure of Walter Reed Army Medical Center, National Museum of Health and Medicine relocated—for the tenth time—to U.S. Army Garrison-Forest Glen in Silver Spring, Montgomery County, Maryland. [13]

Authority over the Forest Glen garrison was transferred from WRAMC to Fort Detrick in October 2008. The NMHM closed its exhibits [14] on April 3, 2011, and reopened in a new building on September 15, 2011. On October 1, 2015, the NMHM became part of the Defense Health Agency. [4]

Holdings

Major collections

The NMHM embodies five collections consisting of about 25 million artifacts, including 5,000 skeletal specimens, 8,000 preserved organs, [15] 12,000 items of medical equipment, an archive of historic medical documents, and collections related to neuroanatomy and developmental anatomy. The museum's most famous artifacts relate to President Abraham Lincoln and his assassination on April 14, 1865, by John Wilkes Booth. [16]

A typical display case at the museum. Clockwise from top right: the skeleton of Able, a rhesus macaque who was among the first primates ever to be sent to space; a box containing the tumor that killed Ulysses S. Grant, sectioned; a hand-cranked surgical saw used for cutting through bone in amputations, etc.; and a gilded skull, the first item in the museum's catalogue - original owner unknown. National Museum of Health & Medicine Display Case.jpg
A typical display case at the museum. Clockwise from top right: the skeleton of Able, a rhesus macaque who was among the first primates ever to be sent to space; a box containing the tumor that killed Ulysses S. Grant, sectioned; a hand-cranked surgical saw used for cutting through bone in amputations, etc.; and a gilded skull, the first item in the museum's catalogue – original owner unknown.

On display is a copy by sculptor Avarel Fairbanks of Lincoln's life mask and hands made by Leonard Volk in 1860, the bullet fired from the Deringer pistol which ended the president's life, the probe used by the U.S. Army Surgeon General to locate the bullet during autopsy, pieces of Lincoln's hair and skull, and the autopsy surgeon's shirt cuff, stained with Lincoln's blood. [17] [18] In 2010, the heirs of American pathologist Thomas Harvey (1912–2007) transferred all of his holdings constituting the remains of Albert Einstein's brain to the NMHM, including 14 photographs of the whole brain (which is now in fragments) never before revealed to the public. [19] [20] Also on display is a small portion of Booth's spine, [21] surgically removed to dislodge the bullet that killed him after his escape from justice ended at Port Royal, Virginia, fired from Union soldier Boston Corbett.

Museum collections include:

Major exhibitions

Museum exhibition Galleries feature several permanent exhibits alongside several rotating displays. [27]

In this category, the museum houses a notable holding brought directly from the Middle East, “Trauma Bay II, Balad, Iraq”. The exhibit features a section of the actual emergency room tent used at Balad, Iraq, from 2003 to 2007. These operating theaters throughout Iraq have posting survival rates topping 95%. Arrangements were made to ship these items from Iraq when a visiting US Congressional delegation was moved by the stories they had heard. [28]

Past exhibits include; [34] [35]

Programs offered

Flier for October 8, 2011 NMHM Science Cafe. Med Mus Science Cafe - Turell 20111008c.jpg
Flier for October 8, 2011 NMHM Science Café.

The museum offers programs on topics in medical, scientific, and historical subjects. It is for children and adults.

Location and hours

The museum is located at 2500 Linden Lane in Silver Spring, Maryland, one mile outside the District of Columbia. [46] It requires a photo ID for all adult visitors and is open to the public. [47] It is open from 10 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. every day except Christmas (when it is closed), and admission is free. [48]

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. ↑ "Historic Medical Sites in the Washington, DC Area – National Museum of Health and Medicine". nih.gov.
  2. ↑ "Whonamedit – dictionary of medical eponyms". whonamedit.com.
  3. 1 2 "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Frequently Asked Questions". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  4. 1 2 "3 US Organizations Set To Join Defense Health Agency".
  5. ↑ "National Museum of Health & Medicine – Washington, D.C. – Battlefield Healthcare and Human Anatomy Are Among Themes on Permanent Exhibition at Army Research Center". city-data.com.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): History". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  7. ↑ Tanouye, Erik, “National Mall Running Out of Space: Federal Planners Want No More Museums in the 2-mile Strip”, Hearst News Service , February 12, 1998.
  8. ↑ Abse, Nathan, “Push Is On for New Medical Museum as Old Collection Is Modernized”, Washington Post , December 16, 1997.
  9. ↑ This spot is at Third Street and Independence Avenue SW. See: 108 Stat. 2852 Public Law 103-337 – Oct. 5, 1994 (c) Rule of Construction.
  10. ↑ Abse (1997), Op. cit.
  11. ↑ "National Health Museum (Atlanta: tax, cities, annex) – Georgia (GA) – City-Data Forum". www.city-data.com.
  12. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2019-01-18. Retrieved 2019-01-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ↑ Palk, Justin M. (2008). "Fort Detrick to take over Forest Glen". www.fredericknewspost.com. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  14. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): National Medical Museum Celebrates 150th Anniversary with Grand Opening Celebration, New Exhibits in New Maryland Home". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  15. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Our Collections". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  16. ↑ "Lincoln: The Final Casualty of the War: Medicine During the Civil War | n m h M". Archived from the original on 2010-03-13. Retrieved 2010-03-05.
  17. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): "His wound is mortal; it is impossible for him to recover" – The Final Hours of President Abraham Lincoln". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  18. 1 2 Archived 2007-07-02 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ↑ Falk, Dean, Frederick E. Lepore, and Adrianne Noe (2012), “The cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein: a description and preliminary analysis of unpublished photographs”, Brain ; 135: 11.
  20. ↑ Balter, Michael, "Rare photos show that Einstein's brain has unusual features", The Washington Post , 27 November 2012, p. E6.
  21. ↑ Schlichenmeyer, Terri (August 21, 2007). "Missing body parts of famous people". CNN. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
  22. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Historical Collections: History". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  23. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Anatomical Collections". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  24. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Otis Historical Archives: Image Reproductions". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  25. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Human Developmental Anatomy Center". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  26. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Neuroanatomical Collections". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  27. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Our Exhibits: Current Exhibits". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  28. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Trauma Bay II, Balad, Iraq: Congressional delegation visiting the U.S. Air Force base". Medicalmuseum.health.mil. 2019-08-05. Retrieved 2022-08-13.
  29. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Normal Human Anatomy". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  30. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Traumatic Brain Injury". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  31. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): An Extraordinary Enterprise: Medical Effects of the Civil War". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  32. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Effects of Canister Shot in the Civil War: Skull of a soldier of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteers". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  33. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Walt Whitman's Soldiers". www.medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  34. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Past Exhibits". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  35. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Virtual Exhibits". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  36. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): To Bind Up the Nation's Wounds". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  37. ↑ "Evolution of the Microscope". 29 January 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-01-29.
  38. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): The Billings Microscope Collection". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  39. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Galleries". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  40. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Trauma Bay II, Balad, Iraq". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  41. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Resolved: Advances in Forensic Identification of U.S War Dead". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  42. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Events: Upcoming Events". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  43. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Past Events". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  44. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Education". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  45. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Brain Awareness Week at NMHM". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  46. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Directions to the Museum: From New York and the north". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  47. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine". Yelp. 28 September 2015.
  48. ↑ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): Planning Your Visit: Admission". Medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 2019-06-19.

Further reading

Julia B. Rosenbaum. "What Means This Carnage?": Civil War Soldiers' Bodies, Recuperative Projects, and the Army Medical Museum." The Art Bulletin 105, no. 4 (December 2023): pages 64–87. doi : 10.1080/00043079.2023.2215671

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