Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses

Last updated

Megavirales
Virus classification
Group:
Group I (dsDNA)
Families[ citation needed ]

Ascoviridae
Asfarviridae
Iridoviridae
Marseilleviridae
Megaviridae (syn. Mimiviridae)
Pandoraviridae
Phycodnaviridae
Pithoviridae
Poxviridae

Contents

The nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses(NCLDV) are a proposed order of dsDNA viruses, notable for containing the Megavirales or giant viruses. [1] [2] There are nine families of NCLDVs that all share certain genomic and structural characteristics; however, it is uncertain whether the similarities of the different families of this group have a common viral ancestor. [3] One feature of this group is a large genome and the presence of many genes involved in DNA repair, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Typically, viruses with smaller genomes do not contain genes for these processes. Most of the viruses in this family also replicate in both the host's nucleus and cytoplasm, thus the name nucleocytoplasmic.

There are 47 NCLDV core genes currently recognised. These include four key proteins involved in DNA replication and repair: the enzymes DNA polymerase family B, the topoisomerase II A, the FLAP endonuclease and the processing factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Other proteins include DNA dependent RNA polymerase II and transcription factor II B.

Ascoviridae

Members of the family Ascoviridae come in different shapes. Some can be rod-shaped, while others are oval. They measure up to 130 nm wide and 400 nm long. Theses viruses have circular double stranded DNA that have a length of about 100–200 kilobase pairs. They infect lepidopteran insect larvae and can infect through parasitoid wasps. Once they infect they replicate and cause death in insect pest. This allows them to control insect populations. [4] Ascoviridae can have up to 180 genes in its genome. The replication of this virus takes place in the nucleus of the host cell. When it replicates, it causes the nucleus to increase in size and eventually burst. After, the virion starts to form and spread. [5]

Asfarviridae

A member of the family Asfarviridae is a known as an asfarvirus. This virus is the cause of African swine fever. Some of the symptoms for this flu include fever, high pulse, fast breathing, and it can cause death. These symptoms can be similar to those from hog cholera, the difference is that the African swine flu can not be cured. There is no vaccine developed to fight this virus. [6]

Iridoviridae

The Iridoviridae have linear double stranded DNA genomes up to 220 kilobases long and can code for about 211 proteins. The capsid of this virion is icosahedral shaped and can be up to 350 nm wide. The replication cycle of this virus begins in the nucleus of the host and end in the cytoplasm. Some viruses of this family are often found infecting amphibians while other are found in insect and crustaceans. [7]

Marseilleviridae

The Marseilleviridae viruses have double stranded DNA genomes that are about 372 kilobases long. Members of the family can have about 457 open reading frames (ORFs) in its genome. The host organisms are amoebae. Once it infects, viral replication takes place in the cytoplasm.[ citation needed ] It was found that the genome of the family Marseilleviridae codes for about 28 different proteins. [8]  The capsid of the marseillevirus is about 250 nm wide with a geometry shape of an icosahedral. The replication of this virus usually occurs near the nucleus once it infects the amoeba. Once the virus infects it can cause a shape change in the host’s nucleus. [9]

Megaviridae

The Megaviridae contains some of the largest viruses ever discovered. They have linear double stranded DNA genomes with the length of 1,259,197 base pairs, which is larger than some small bacteria. Within in this genome 1,100 proteins are coded. 74.76% of the base pairs are represented by thymine and adenine. The Megaviridae virus can be found infecting acanthamoeba or other protozoan clades.  Once the virus infects the host, the replication cycle takes place in the cytoplasm. Within the genome, DNA repair enzymes can be found. These are used when the DNA is harmed such as when it is exposed to ionizing radiation or UV light. [10]

Traditionally these viruses have been grouped into a family Mimiviridae. Later it appeared that the viruses of the Organic Lake Phycodna Group (OLPG) are more related to Mimiviruses than to Phycodnaviruses. For this reason it has been proposed adding them to legacy Mimiviridae as new subfamily Mesomimivirinae in order to form the more comprehensive family Megaviridae. However, the term Mimiviridae nowadays is used sensu lato synonymous with Megaviridae. [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]

Pandoraviridae

Pandoraviridae Discovered in 2013 from a coastal water sample in Chile. It is mostly found infecting amoebae. It has a length of 1 micrometer long and .5 micrometer wide. Its genome can be up to 2.5 million base pairs long. [17] The replication of this virus take place in the cytoplasm. Like other giant viruses, it affect the host’s nucleus and can take up to 15 hours to start infecting. [18] Although it is found in water, it does not affect humans, it may actually help us by increasing the production of oxygen in aquatic environments. [19]  

Phycodnaviridae

The Phycodnaviridae are icosahedral in shape with a double-stranded DNA molecule. Some members of this family can have a linear double stranded DNA while others have a circular double stranded DNA. The genome has been found to be up to 560 kilobases in length. Up to 50% of the DNA can be represented by guanine or cytosine. This virus is known to infect algae, which means it is found in the ocean. [20]

Pithoviridae

The Pithoviridae have only two known representatives. These viruses infects amoebas and can survive in low temperatures. For years this virus was believed to be frozen, but due to climate change it has begun to show up again. [21]  This is a double stranded DNA virus with its size being 610 kilobases long. The genome is estimated to code for 476 open reading frames. The viron is rod shaped with a length of 1,100 nm long and 500 nm in diameter. [22]

Poxviridae

The Poxviridae have a linear double-stranded DNA molecule that can have a length of up to 230 kilobases. The replication of these viruses takes place in the cytoplasm. Smallpox, cowpox, and other pox viruses belong to this family. [23]  

Mininucleoviridae

A new family has been proposed - Mininucleoviridae - for a family of large viruses that replicate in crustacea. [24] Members of this proposed family include Carcinus maenas virus 1, Dikerogammarus haemobaphes virus 1 and Panulirus argus virus 1.

Unclassified viruses

Cedratvirus
Choanovirus
Dinodnavirus
Faustovirus
Kaumoebavirus
Klothovirus casanovai
Medusavirus
Megaklothovirus horridgei
Meelsvirus
Mollivirus
Namao virus
Orpheovirus
Pacmanvirus
Pandoravirus
Platanovirus
Tupanvirus

Phylogenetics

The Pithovirus , Iridovirus and Marseillevirus appear to form a clade. [25]

The origin of the NCLDVs may predate that of their eukaryotic hosts. [26]

See also

Related Research Articles

A DNA virus is a virus that has DNA as its genetic material and replicates using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The nucleic acid is usually double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) but may also be single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). DNA viruses belong to either Group I or Group II of the Baltimore classification system for viruses. Single-stranded DNA is usually expanded to double-stranded in infected cells. Although Group VII viruses such as hepatitis B contain a DNA genome, they are not considered DNA viruses according to the Baltimore classification, but rather reverse transcribing viruses because they replicate through an RNA intermediate. Notable diseases like smallpox, herpes, and the chickenpox are caused by such DNA viruses.

<i>Mimivirus</i> genus of viruses

Mimivirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Mimiviridae. Amoeba serve as their natural hosts. This genus contains a single identified species named Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APMV), which serves as its type species. It also refers to a group of phylogenetically related large viruses.

<i>Poxviridae</i> Family of viruses

Poxviridae is a family of viruses. Humans, vertebrates, and arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 69 species in this family, divided among 28 genera, which are divided into two subfamilies. Diseases associated with this family include smallpox.

Phycodnaviridae is a family of large (100–560 kb) double-stranded DNA viruses that infect marine or freshwater eukaryotic algae. Viruses within this family have a similar morphology, with an icosahedral capsid. As of 2014, there were 33 species in this family, divided among 6 genera. This family belongs to a super-group of large viruses known as nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses. Evidence was published in 2014 suggesting that specific strains of Phycodnaviridae might infect humans rather than just algal species, as was previously believed. Most genera under this family enter the host cell by cell receptor endocytosis and replicate in the nucleus. Phycodnaviridae play important ecological roles by regulating the growth and productivity of their algal hosts. Algal species such Heterosigma akashiwo and the genus Chrysochromulina can form dense blooms which can be damaging to fisheries, resulting in losses in the aquaculture industry. Heterosigma akashiwo virus (HaV) has been suggested for use as a microbial agent to prevent the recurrence of toxic red tides produced by this algal species. Phycodnaviridae cause death and lysis of freshwater and marine algal species, liberating organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus into the water, providing nutrients for the microbial loop.

<i>Iridoviridae</i> Family of viruses

Iridoviridae is a family of viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes. Amphibians, fish, and invertebrates such as arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 12 species in this family, divided among two subfamilies and five genera.

Ascoviridae is a family of double strand DNA viruses that infect primarily invertebrates, mainly noctuids and spodoptera species; it contains two genera, Ascovirus, which contains three species, and Toursvirus with a single species Diadromus pulchellus toursvirus. The type species of Ascovirus is Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a, which infects the army worm.

<i>Mimiviridae</i> family of viruses

Mimiviridae is a family of viruses. Amoeba and other protists serve as natural hosts. The family is divided in up to 4 subfamilies. Viruses in this family belong to the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus clade (NCLDV), also referred to as giant viruses.

Mamavirus is a large and complex virus in the Group I family mimiviridae. The virus is exceptionally large, and larger than many bacteria. Mamavirus and other mimiviridae belong to nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDVs) family. Mamavirus can be compared to the similar complex virus mimivirus; mamavirus was so named because it is similar to but larger than mimivirus.

Marseillevirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Marseilleviridae. There are currently only two species in this genus, including the type species Marseillevirus marseillevirus. It is the prototype of a family of nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) of eukaryotes. It was isolated from amoeba.

Cafeteria roenbergensis virus (CroV) is a giant virus that infects the marine bicosoecid flagellate Cafeteria roenbergensis, a member of the microzooplankton community.

Organic Lake is a lake in the Vestfold Hills in eastern Antarctica. It was formed 6,000 years ago when sea levels were higher; it is isolated, rather shallow (7.5m), meromictic, a few hundred meters in diameter and has extremely salty water. It has the highest recorded concentration of dimethyl sulfide in any natural body of water.

Lymphocystivirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Iridoviridae. Fish serve as natural hosts. There is currently only one species in this genus: the type species Lymphocystis disease virus 1. Diseases associated with this genus include: tumor-like growths on the skin.

Giant virus giant nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses that have extremely large genomes compared to other viruses and contain many unique genes not found in other life forms

A giant virus, also known as a girus, is a very large virus, some of which are larger than typical bacteria. They are giant nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) that have extremely large genomes compared to other viruses and contain many unique genes not found in other life forms.

Marseilleviridae is a family of viruses first named in 2012. The genomes of these viruses are double-stranded DNA. Amoeba are often hosts, but there is evidence that they are found in humans as well. As of 2016, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses recognize four species in this family, divided among 2 genera. It is a member of the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses clade.

Megavirus genus and species of virus

Megavirus is a viral genus containing a single identified species named Megavirus chilensis, phylogenetically related to Acanthamoeba polyphaga Mimivirus (APMV). In colloquial speech, Megavirus chilensis is more commonly referred to as just “Megavirus”. Until the discovery of pandoraviruses in 2013, it had the largest capsid diameter of all known viruses, as well as the largest and most complex genome among all known viruses.

Organic Lake virophage (OLV) is a double-stranded DNA virophage. It was detected metagenomically in samples from Organic Lake, Antarctica.

<i>Pithovirus</i> genus of viruses

Pithovirus, first described in a 2014 paper, is a genus of giant virus known from one species, Pithovirus sibericum, which infects amoebas. It is a double-stranded DNA virus, and is a member of the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses clade. The 2014 discovery was made when a viable specimen was found in a 30,000-year-old ice core harvested from permafrost in Siberia, Russia.

Chlorovirus, also known as Chlorella virus, is a genus of giant double-stranded DNA viruses, in the family Phycodnaviridae. This genus is found globally in freshwater environments where freshwater microscopic algae serve as natural hosts. There are currently 19 species in this genus including the type species Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1.

Zamilon virophage

Mimivirus-dependent virus Zamilon, or Zamilon, is a virophage, a group of small DNA viruses that infect protists and require a helper virus to replicate; they are a type of satellite virus. Discovered in 2013 in Tunisia, infecting Acanthamoeba polyphaga amoebae, Zamilon most closely resembles Sputnik, the first virophage to be discovered. The name is Arabic for "the neighbour". Its spherical particle is 50–60 nm in diameter, and contains a circular double-stranded DNA genome of around 17 kb, which is predicted to encode 20 polypeptides. A related strain, Zamilon 2, has been identified in North America.

Chrysochromulina ericina virus

Chrysochromulina ericina virus 01B, or simply Chrysochromulina ericina virus (CeV) is a giant virus in the family Mimiviridae infecting Haptolina ericina, a marine microalgae member of the Haptophyta. CeV is a dsDNA virus.

References

  1. ↑ Colson P, de Lamballerie X, Fournous G, Raoult D (2012). "Reclassification of giant viruses composing a fourth domain of life in the new order Megavirales". Intervirology. 55 (5): 321–332. doi:10.1159/000336562. PMID   22508375.
  2. ↑ Colson P, De Lamballerie X, Yutin N, Asgari S, Bigot Y, Bideshi DK, Cheng XW, Federici BA, Van Etten JL, Koonin EV, La Scola B, Raoult D (2013). ""Megavirales", a proposed new order for eukaryotic nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses". Arch Virol. 158 (12): 2517–21. doi:10.1007/s00705-013-1768-6. PMC   4066373 . PMID   23812617.
  3. ↑ Iyer, L. M.; Aravind, L.; Koonin, E. V. (December 2001). "Common Origin of Four Diverse Families of Large Eukaryotic DNA Viruses". Journal of Virology. 75 (23): 11720–34. doi:10.1128/JVI.75.23.11720-11734.2001. PMC   114758 . PMID   11689653.
  4. ↑ "Ascoviridae—Ascoviridae—dsDNA Viruses—International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 2017-12-07.
  5. ↑ Asgari, Sassan; Bideshi, Dennis K; Bigot, Yves; Federici, Brian A; Cheng, Xiao-Wen (2017). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Ascoviridae". The Journal of General Virology. 98 (1): 4–5. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000677. ISSN   0022-1317. PMC   5370392 . PMID   28218573.
  6. ↑ "African swine fever (ASF) | animal disease". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
  7. ↑ "Iridoviridae—Iridoviridae—dsDNA Viruses—International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 2017-12-07.
  8. ↑ Boyer, Mickaël; Yutin, Natalya; Pagnier, Isabelle; Barrassi, Lina; Fournous, Ghislain; Espinosa, Leon; Robert, Catherine; Azza, Saïd; Sun, Siyang (2009-12-22). "Giant Marseillevirus highlights the role of amoebae as a melting pot in emergence of chimeric microorganisms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (51): 21848–21853. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10621848B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0911354106. ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   2799887 . PMID   20007369.
  9. ↑ Aherfi, Sarah (2014-10-01). "The expanding family Marseilleviridae". Virology. 466–467: 27–37. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.014. ISSN   0042-6822. PMID   25104553.
  10. ↑ Arslan, Defne; Legendre, Matthieu; Seltzer, Virginie; Abergel, Chantal; Claverie, Jean-Michel (2011-10-18). "Distant Mimivirus relative with a larger genome highlights the fundamental features of Megaviridae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (42): 17486–17491. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10817486A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110889108. ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   3198346 . PMID   21987820.
  11. ↑ Schulz, Frederik; Yutin, Natalya; Ivanova, Natalia N.; Ortega, Davi R.; Lee, Tae Kwon; Vierheilig, Julia; Daims, Holger; Horn, Matthias; Wagner, Michael (2017-04-07). "Giant viruses with an expanded complement of translation system components" (PDF). Science. 356 (6333): 82–85. Bibcode:2017Sci...356...82S. doi:10.1126/science.aal4657. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   28386012., UCPMS ID: 1889607, PDF
  12. ↑ Eugene V Koonin, Mart Krupovic, Natalya Yutin: Evolution of double-stranded DNA viruses of eukaryotes: From bacteriophages to transposons to giant viruses, in: ResearchGate Literature Review February 2015, doi: 10.1111/nyas.12728, Figure 3
  13. ↑ Natalya Yutin et al.: Mimiviridae: clusters of orthologous genes, reconstruction of gene repertoire evolution and proposed expansion of the giant virus family, in: Virol J. 2013; 10: 106, doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-10-106
  14. ↑ Blog of Carolina Reyes, Kenneth Stedman: Are Phaeocystis globosa viruses (OLPG) and Organic Lake phycodnavirus a part of the Phycodnaviridae or Mimiviridae?, on ResearchGate, Jan. 8, 2016
  15. ↑ Fumito Maruyama and Shoko Ueki: Evolution and Phylogeny of Large DNA Viruses, Mimiviridae and Phycodnaviridae Including Newly Characterized Heterosigma akashiwo Virus, in: Front. Microbiol., 30 November 2016, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01942
  16. ↑ Weijia Zhang et al.: Four novel algal virus genomes discovered from Yellowstone Lake metagenomes, in: Scientific Reports 5, Article number: 15131 (2015), especially Figure 6, doi: 10.1038/srep15131
  17. ↑ Yong, Ed (2013). "Giant viruses open Pandora's box". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.13410.
  18. ↑ Aherfi, Sarah; Colson, Philippe; La Scola, Bernard; Raoult, Didier (2016-03-22). "Giant Viruses of Amoebas: An Update". Frontiers in Microbiology. 7: 349. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00349. ISSN   1664-302X. PMC   4801854 . PMID   27047465.
  19. ↑ "Biggest Virus Yet Found, May Be Fourth Domain of Life?". 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
  20. ↑ Wilson, W. H.; Van Etten, J. L.; Allen, M. J. (2009). The Phycodnaviridae: The Story of How Tiny Giants Rule the World. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 328. pp. 1–42. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68618-7_1. ISBN   978-3-540-68617-0. ISSN   0070-217X. PMC   2908299 . PMID   19216434.
  21. ↑ Ornes, Stephen (2017-07-31). "Return of the giant zombie virus". Science News for Students. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
  22. ↑ "Pithovirus". viralzone.expasy.org. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
  23. ↑ Moss, Bernard (2013). "Poxvirus DNA Replication". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 5 (9): a010199. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a010199. ISSN   1943-0264. PMC   3753712 . PMID   23838441.
  24. ↑ Subramaniam, K (14 January 2020). "A New Family of DNA Viruses Causing Disease in Crustaceans from Diverse Aquatic Biomes". mBio. 11 (1). doi:10.1128/mBio.02938-19. PMC   6960288 . PMID   31937645.
  25. ↑ Bäckström D, Yutin N, Jørgensen SL, Dharamshi J, Homa F, Zaremba-Niedwiedzka K, Spang A, Wolf YI, Koonin EV, Ettema TJ (2019). "Virus genomes from deep sea sediments expand the ocean megavirome and support independent origins of viral gigantism". mBio. 10 (2): e02497-18. doi:10.1128/mBio.02497-18. PMC   6401483 . PMID   30837339. PDF
  26. ↑ Guglielmini, Julien; Woo, Anthony C.; Krupovic, Mart; Forterre, Patrick; Gaia, Morgan (2019-09-10). "Diversification of giant and large eukaryotic dsDNA viruses predated the origin of modern eukaryotes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (39): 19585–19592. doi:10.1073/pnas.1912006116. ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   6765235 . PMID   31506349.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.