For the adjacent town of the same name, see Rye (town), New York. For the village within the town of Rye, see Rye Brook, New York. For the area within both the town of Rye and the village of Mamaroneck, see Rye Neck.
Rye is a city in Westchester County, New York, United States, within the New York City metropolitan area.[4] It received its charter as a city in 1942, making it the most recent such charter in the state. Its area of 5.85 square miles has a population density of 2,729.76/sq mi.[5]
Rye was once a part of Fairfield County, Connecticut, belonging to the Sachem Ponus, of the Ponus Wekuwuhm, Canaan Parish, and was probably named for that chieftain, "Peningoe Neck".[10]
It was founded in 1660 by three men: Thomas Studwell, Peter Disbrow and John Coe. Later landowners included John Budd and family.[11][12]
During the 19th and early 20th centuries it was a haven for wealthy Manhattanites who traveled by coach or boat to escape the city heat. Its location on Long Island Sound and numerous beaches also appealed to visitors with more moderate means who gravitated for short stays at cottages[13]and waterfront hotels[14].
It has an extraordinary inventory of buildings with architectural distinction that help visually articulate specific neighborhoods and districts.[12]
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 20.0 square miles (52km2), of which 5.9sqmi (15km2) is land and 14.2sqmi (37km2) is water.[4]
Rye is "situated in the eastern part of central Westchester County on Long Island Sound. The western border of the City generally parallels Beaver Swamp Brook, while the eastern border is formed by Milton Harbor and the Sound. Blind Brook traverses the City from the northwest corner of Rye to Milton Harbor at the southern end."[12]
Rock and wetlands
Rye High football field flooded in 2011
The geology and hydrology of Rye is characterized by a significant quantity of rock, marshes and wetlands [6] which makes the city both desirably scenic but also challenging for developers.
Rye's bedrock is predominantly constituted of Fordham gneiss and Harrison diorite also known as Byram Black granite.[15]
According to Rye's 1985 Master Plan, "Rye contains a variety of environmentally significant areas. Numerous tidal and freshwater wetlands are found near the waterfront and brooks. The Milton Harbor area (including the Marshlands Conservancy and Rye Golf Club), Disbrow Park and the Manursing area contain the most extensive wetlands in the City. In addition, substantial areas near the Sound, Milton Harbor, Blind Brook and Beaver Swamp Brook are within the 100 year flood hazard area, and thus subject to potential flooding."[6] According to the City of Rye, "Considerable acreage of these important natural resources has been lost or impaired by draining, dredging, filling, excavating, building, polluting and other acts inconsistent with the natural uses of such areas. Remaining wetlands are in jeopardy of being lost, despoiled or impaired by such acts contrary to the public safety and welfare." As a result, the city has charged itself with the responsibility of "preventing the despoilation and destruction of wetlands and watercourses while taking into account varying ecological, economic, recreational and aesthetic values. Activities that may damage wetlands or watercourses should be located on upland sites in such a manner as not to degrade these systems."[16]
In 2017, Rye resident and then New York State Senator George Latimer noted that wetlands maps for the area have not been updated in over 20 years [17]
Flooding
Flooding has long been an issue in Rye as in other coastal towns with water coming in from Long Island Sound. The Blind Brook watershed is also a source of that flooding with significant deluges recorded in the neighborhood of Indian Village after four days of rain in October 1975.[18]
Three major weather events in just five years produced catastrophic damage in the town.
Following major flooding in March 2007, the April 2007 nor'easter six weeks later left some homes in Rye with over five feet of floodwater.[19][20]
In 2011, the after effects of Hurricane Irene in August and Hurricane Maria in September included swelling of Blind Brook and submersion of private and commercial properties including the Rye Nature Center, Indian Village, the Rye High football field, businesses on Purchase Street and homes on Milton and Highland Roads.[21]
Storm surges from Hurricane Sandy in 2012 resulted in evacuations of many coastal residences and facilities including the Milton firehouse.[22]
The city's response to these recurring hazards was to apply for funding through the NY Rising Community Reconstruction Program. Rye received $3,000,000 to safeguard the city against future flooding threats, upgrade its infrastructure for resiliency, identify stormwater mitigation solutions, and protect historic buildings and natural wetlands.[23][24]
Starting on September 1, 2021, Rye experienced another substantial flooding event. The storm lasted two days and caused significant damage to municipal facilities, businesses and residences.[25] Areas around Indian Village and other sections of the city that had previously flooded during Hurricane Irene were under 8–9 feet of water. Other areas around the town normally not affected by flooding were also affected. Prior to the flooding event, Rye had undergone approximately five inches of rainfall[26] from Hurricane Henri.[27] Two weeks later, the remnants of Hurricane Ida dropped another 8–9 inches of rain in the area within a 12-hour period.[28][29] Hurricane Ida remnants caused flooding in Rye nearly 10 years to the day from Hurricane Irene.
Rye Marshlands archaeological artifacts.
Indigenous artifacts
As of 2010, 75 percent of the acreage in Rye had been determined to be archaeologically sensitive with many Indigenous contact sites.[30][31][32] At least two villages have been determined to have existed.[33] Unearthed artifacts include implements, bones, pottery, skeletons, and a burial ground at the site of the present Playland Casino.[34][35][36][37][38]
Neighborhoods
Many of Rye's unique neighborhoods are defined in the 1985 Master Plan.[12] Many have historic significance and their preservation was signaled as important for enhancing Rye's character. They include:
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 16,592 people living in the city. This is representative of approximately 5491 households.
74.8% had a college degree.
15.5% were over the age of 65.
51.7% were women.
88.2% identified themselves as White alone. 6.7% identified as Hispanic or Latino. 5.6% identified as Asian alone. 1.3% identified as Black or African American alone. [42]
Playland, opened in 1928, is a 279-acre (113ha) theme park which features rides, games, an indoor skating rink, beach, boardwalk, and concession stands. It is one of only two amusement parks in the United States designated a National Historic Landmark. Its wooden roller coaster, Dragon Coaster, built in 1929, is one of the last roller coasters built by Frederick Church still operating.[46] The Derby Racer, also built by Church, is one of only two rides of its kind in the US [47] and one of three remaining in the world.[48]
Two 200 plus year old milestones labelled 24 and 25[49] on the Boston Post Road, the oldest thoroughfare in the United States.[50] These sandstone markers likely date from when the Westchester Turnpike was configured[51]
A 1938 WPA mural by realist Guy Pene du Bois located in the city's post office lobby and titled John Jay at His Home.[52]
Wainwright House (1928), a 5-acre (2.0ha) estate with gardens and central building commissioned by US Congressman J. Mayhew Wainwright. In 1951, the property was re-purposed as a religious center.[54]
Rye has numerous private country clubs, many of which were formed in the late 19th and early 20th century. The combined acreage of these clubs affords members and guests over 993 acres of recreation.[58]
Disbrow Park (51 acres) – tennis, baseball; dedicated as a park in 1930[60][61]
Rye Golf Club (126 acres) – golf, swimming; course designed by Devereux Emmet in 1921[62]
Government
The mayor is Josh Nathan.[63] City council is composed of the mayor and six council members.[64] The city manager is Brian Shea.[64]
Education
Public schools
Most of the city is in the Rye City School District.[65] Rye is served by three public elementary schools: Osborn, Milton, and Midland.
Rye Middle School and Rye High School are part of the same campus, and the two buildings connect.
The Greenhaven and The Preserve at Rye neighborhoods of the City of Rye[citation needed] are served by the Rye Neck School District.[65] Rye Neck High School and Middle School are on one campus also located partially in the City of Rye.
Rye Police Department has 36 sworn police officers. The Rye Auxiliary Police is an all-volunteer force that provides assistance when needed. The Westchester County Police also patrol areas of Rye. New York State Police patrols Interstate 95 and 287, and MTA Police patrol the Rye Train station and property within the Metro North right-of-way.[citation needed]
Fire department
Rye Fire House
Rye Fire Department has 100 volunteer firefighters and 21 paid firefighters. The department has two fire stations.[citation needed]
Emergency medical services
Emergency medical service is provided by Port Chester-Rye-Rye Brook EMS at the Advanced Life Support Level (ALS). The agency has 30 paid EMTs, 15 paramedics and five volunteers. They operate up to five ALS ambulances and three paramedic flycars from their station in Port Chester and responds to over 5,000 calls a year between Port Chester, Rye and Rye Brook.[citation needed]
John Jay, Founding Father, negotiator of the Treaty of Paris, first Chief Justice of the United States, two-time Governor of New York State, anti-slavery advocate, and diplomat
↑Charles Washington Baird (1871). Chronicle of a Border Town: History of Rye, Westchester County, New York. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Company. p.193.
↑Carlton, Mabel C. (1924). "Obituary, Caleb H. Carlton". Fifty-fifth Annual Report of the Association of the Graduates of the United States Military Academy. Saginaw, Michigan: Seemann & Peters. pp.72–74 – via Google Books.
↑Feron, James (1977-10-23). "INTERVIEW". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
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