Timeline of Chiang Kai-shek

Last updated

This is a timeline of Chiang Kai-shek's (Jiang Jieshi) life.

Contents

1880s

YearDateEvent
188731 OctoberJiang Jieshi is born to Jiang Suan and Wang Caiyu in Xikou [1]
1889Jiang Jieshi's family moves to a two-story merchant's house a hundred feet or so down Wu Ling Street [1]

1890s

YearDateEvent
1896Jiang Jieshi's father Jiang Suan dies and he inherits the house, bamboo grove, and rice paddies [2]

1900s

YearDateEvent
1901winterJiang Jieshi marries Mao Fumei [2]
1903Jiang Jieshi takes the new civil service examination and fails, so he enters the Phoenix Mountain Academy, a small Confucian school in Fenghua [2]
FebruaryJiang Jieshi transfers to the Golden Arrow Academy in Ningbo [3]
1906FebruaryJiang Jieshi transfers to the Dragon River School in Fenghua [3]
Jiang Jieshi cuts off his Manchu queue [4]
Jiang Jieshi spends several months in Tokyo learning Japanese [4]
Jiang Jieshi enters the Baoding Military Academy [4]
1907Jiang Jieshi enters the Tokyo Shinbu Gakko, a school set up for Chinese students wishing to attend a Japanese military academy [4]
1909NovemberJiang Jieshi graduates from the Tokyo Shinbu Gakko and enters the 19th Field Artillery Regiment at Takada [5]

1910s

YearDateEvent
191027 April Mao Fumei delivers Jiang Jingguo [6]
191110 October Wuchang Uprising : The New Army rebels in Wuchang and Jiang Jieshi leaves for Shanghai [7]
Jiang Jieshi is put in charge of a "dare to die" contingent cjkxke up of Fenghua fishermen reinforced by Green Gang and Red Gang members [8]
4 NovemberJiang Jieshi's men take part in the New Army's seizure of key public buildings in Hangzhou [9]
19126 January Sun Zhongshan is inaugurated as provisional President of China by the National Assembly in Nanjing [10]
12 JanuaryJiang Jieshi may or may not have assassinated Tao Chengzhang, head of the Guangfuhui, and rival of Chen Qimei for the governorship of Zhejiang [10]
12 March Sun Zhongshan resigns and Yuan Shikai becomes president, however he only controls half of the old Manchu Army [10]
25 AugustThe Tongmenghui and four other parties form the Nationalist Party, also known as the Kuomintang (KMT), with Song Jiaoren as its leader [11]
1913MarchThe KMT wins control of the National Assembly [11]
22 March Song Jiaoren is assassinated [11]
AugustJiang Jieshi and Chen Qimei flee to Japan and Sun Zhongshan goes to Yokohama [12]
DecemberJiang Jieshi meets Sun Zhongshan for the first time [12]
1914spring Sun Zhongshan sends Jiang Jieshi to Shanghai to pull together the revolutionary underground but he fails and returns to Japan [13]
Sun Zhongshan sends Jiang Jieshi to recruit warlords in Manchuria but he fails and returns to Japan [14]
191518 JanuaryThe Twenty-One Demands are handed to Yuan Shikai and a revised "Thirteen Demands" are eventually agreed upon [14]
Jiang Jieshi and Chen Qimei return to Shanghai [14]
10 NovemberThe defense commissioner in Chinese Shanghai, Zheng Ruzheng, is assassinated on the orders of Jiang and Chen [14]
An attack on the police headquarters by Jiang Jieshi's "dare to die" teams fails and he falls ill [14]
1916FebruaryJiang Jieshi and Chen Qimei try to rebuild the Chinese Revolutionary Army in Shanghai [15]
18 May Chen Qimei is assassinated [15]
6 June Yuan Shikai dies and Sun Zhongshan returns to Shanghai [15]
1918The KMT flees to Guangzhou and launches the Constitutional Protection Movement with the support of Chen Jiongming and warlords in Guangdong and Yunnan [16]
MarchJiang Jieshi joins Chen Jiongming's army as senior operations officer for an attack on the warlord of Fujian [16]
Sun Zhongshan goes into exile in Shanghai due to warlord demand for more authority [16]
JulyJiang Jieshi takes a key town in Fujian [16]
1919MayJiang Jieshi returns to Shanghai [17]
4 May May Fourth Movement : Mass demonstrations spread all over China in response to the Treaty of Versailles [18]
Jiang Jieshi adopts Jiang Weiguo, son of Dai Jitao [19]
Moscow announces that it will relinquish special rights in Manchuria and cancel all the "unequal" tsarist treaties with China [17]

1920s

YearDateEvent
1920springJiang Jieshi contracts typhoid [19]
30 September Sun Zhongshan appoints Jiang Jieshi as chief of staff of the Second Guangdong Army [19]
October Guangdong–Guangxi War : Chen Jiongming and the Second Guangdong Army enter Guangzhou [20]
12 NovemberJiang Jieshi returns to Shanghai to brief Sun Zhongshan and then leaves for Zhejiang [21]
1921April Guangdong–Guangxi War : A Beiyang government backed Old Guangxi Clique army attacks Guangdong but is defeated by Xu Chongzhi and the KMT occupy Guangxi [21]
4 May Sun Zhongshan becomes president again [21]
10 MayJiang Jieshi arrives in Guangzhou [21]
4 JuneJiang Jieshi's mother dies [21]
1922 Chen Jiongming attacks the KMT and Sun Zhongshan escapes to Pazhou [22]
29 JuneJiang Jieshi joins Sun Zhongshan at Pazhou [22]
9 AugustJiang and Sun leave for Xianggang and Shanghai [22]
1923 Sun Zhongshan returns to Guangzhou and appoints Jiang Jieshi as Xu Chongzhi's chief of staff [23]
AugustJiang Jieshi leaves for the Soviet Union [24]
15 DecemberJiang Jieshi returns to Shanghai [25]
192412 JanuaryJiang Jieshi returns to Guangzhou [26]
June Sun Zhongshan and Jiang Jieshi preside over the opening of the Huangpu Military Academy [26]
192512 March Sun Zhongshan dies [27]
30 May May Thirtieth Movement : The Shanghai Municipal Police fire on striking workers, causing widespread anti-foreign demonstrations and riots [28]
23 June Canton–Hong Kong strike : Huangpu Military Academy cadets are among those killed by British troops firing on anti-imperialist protesters [28]
1 JulyThe Nationalist government is formed in Guangzhou with Wang Jingwei as chairman of the new ruling political council [29]
The National Revolutionary Army is formed [29]
20 August Liao Zhongkai is assassinated and Jiang Jieshi enters the KMT's top triumvirate consisting of himself, Wang Jingwei, and Xu Chongzhi [30]
20 September Xu Chongzhi is forced to leave for Shanghai due to charges of corruption [31]
October Jiang Jingguo is approved for study at the University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow [32]
Chen Jiongming is defeated [32]
NovemberDisaffected KMT veterans including Dai Jitao vote to expel the communists from the party [32]
1926JanuaryJiang Jieshi is voted onto the Central Executive Committee [33]
18 MarchJiang Jieshi is alerted to a plot by the Chinese Communist Party Central Executive Committee and the Russians to oust him [34]
20 March Canton Coup : Jiang Jieshi places Guangzhou under martial law and arrests 50 communists [35]
Wang Jingwei is ousted and leaves for France [36]
June Tang Shengzhi defects to the KMT [37]
9 JulyJiang Jieshi becomes Supreme Commander [36]
11 July Northern Expedition : The NRA takes Changsha [37]
October Northern Expedition : The NRA defeats warlord forces in Hubei and occupy Wuhan [37]
18 December Northern Expedition : He Yingqin's First Corps capture Fujian and move into Zhejiang [38]
Northern Expedition : Jiang Jieshi gains control of China from Guangxi in the south, to Sichuan in the west, to the Changjiang at Wuhan in the north, and northern Fujian in the east [39]
19271 MarchThe Wuhan Central Executive Committee places Jiang Jieshi under a new military council and issues a secret order for his arrest [40]
22 March Northern Expedition : Bai Chongxi's forces enter Shanghai [41]
23 March Northern Expedition : Zheng Qian's forces enter Nanjing [41]
24 March Northern Expedition : Jiang Jieshi reaches Nanjing [41]
26 MarchJiang Jieshi returns to Shanghai [41]
6 April Wang Jingwei arrives in Shanghai and refuses leadership of the KMT, leaving for Wuhan [41]
Jiang Jieshi institutes martial law and leaves for Nanjing [42]
Joseph Stalin declares that KMT is of no more use and that Jiang Jieshi should be eliminated [42]
12 April Shanghai massacre : Communists are killed or arrested in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Guilin, Ningbo, and Xiamen [43]
19 June Feng Yuxiang joins the KMT [44]
24 July Northern Expedition : Sun Chuanfang defeats NRA forces and takes Xuzhou [44]
12 AugustJiang Jieshi resigns and leaves for Shanghai [45]
16 AugustNRA forces retake Xuzhou and Sun Chuanfang flees across the Yellow River [46]
1 DecemberJiang Jieshi marries Song Meiling in Shanghai [47]
1928Jiang Jieshi returns to power and Wang Jingwei resigns, leaving for France [48]
2 May Jinan incident : The Japanese army bomb Jinan, killing hundreds [46]
5 May Jinan incident : The Japanese arrest Nanjing's representative Cai Gongshi, cut out his tongue, gouge out his eyes, and then shoot him as well as ten of his staff members [46]
11 May Jinan incident : The Japanese army attacks the NRA, killing 11,000 soldiers and civilians in Jinan [49]
4 June Huanggutun incident : Zhang Zuolin's train is bombed and he dies a few days later [50]
19 June Northern Expedition : Zhang Zuolin's son, Zhang Xueliang, cables Jiang Jieshi expressing his loyalty to the Chinese nation [50]
10 OctoberJiang Jieshi becomes the director of the State Council, in effect the president [51]
29 December Chinese reunification (1928) : Zhang Xueliang replaces the flags of the Beiyang government with the flag of the Republic of China [51]
192928 March Jinan incident : The Japanese army withdraws from Shandong [49]
April Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) : Zhang Xueliang seizes the Soviet consulate in Harbin [52]
July Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) : Zhang Xueliang seizes the Chinese Eastern Railway [52]
12 October Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) : Soviet troops defeat Zhang Xueliang's forces [52]
December Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) : Soviet rights to the Chinese Eastern Railway is restored [53]

1930s

YearDateEvent
1930June Central Plains War : Li Zongren, Bai Chongxi, Feng Yuxiang, Zhang Fakui, and Yan Xishan form an anti-Jiang coalition [54]
autumn Encirclement Campaigns : NRA troops fail to defeat communist forces in the Jinggang Mountains [55]
November Central Plains War : The anti-Jiang coalition is defeated [54]
1931April Encirclement Campaigns : He Yingqin's forces fail to suppress communist forces in Jiangxi [55]
Wang Jingwei sets up an anti-Jiang government in Guangzhou [55]
1 July Encirclement Campaigns : The NRA defeat the Chinese Red Army [55]
18 September Mukden Incident : The Kwantung Army sets off an explosion on a rail line outside Shenyang and fires artillery into a nearby Chinese garrison before occupying the city [55]
Japanese invasion of Manchuria : Japan invades Manchuria [56]
15 DecemberJiang resigns [57]
1932JanuaryJiang meets with Wang Jingwei and returns as the KMT's military leader while Wang becomes head of government [58]
28 January January 28 Incident : Japan invades Shanghai and forces Chinese troops to withdraw [58]
MarchJiang resumes his position as chairman of the Military Council and chief of the General Staff [58]
April Encirclement Campaigns : NRA troops force Zhang Guotao to flee to Sichuan [59]
19331 January Defense of the Great Wall : Japan occupies Shanhai Pass [59]
1 March Battle of Rehe : Japan takes Rehe [60]
May Encirclement Campaigns : NRA forces start blockading communist areas [59]
31 May Tanggu Truce : The Republic of China agrees to a local armistice declaring the northern part of Hebei a demilitarized zone, essentially ceding it to Japan [59]
193416 October Long March : The Chinese Red Army escapes from Jiangxi [61]
1935January Long March : The Chinese Red Army reaches Zunyi and joines Zhang Guotao's army; Mao Zedong is elected the CCP's senior military as well as political authority [62]
SeptemberJiang announces that China will never surrender its sovereignty or Manchuria [63]
October Long March : The Chinese Red Army arrive at Baoan [64]
November Wang Jingwei is wounded in an assassination attempt and Jiang takes over as president of the Executive Yuan [65]
NRA forces retreat from Chahar [64]
1936February Zhang Xueliang meets with CCP representatives in Xi'an to discuss the formation of an anti-Japan anti-Jiang government [66]
6 April Zhang Xueliang meets with Zhou Enlai [67]
May Zhou Enlai meets with ROC representatives to discuss a united front [68]
31 OctoberJiang celebrates his birthday in Luoyang [69]
12 December Xi'an Incident : Zhang Xueliang kidnaps Jiang [70]
26 December Xi'an Incident : Jiang offers some verbal concessions and is released [71]
193719 April Jiang Jingguo arrives in Shanghai [64]
7 July Marco Polo Bridge Incident : Japanese troops performing maneuvers around Beijing receive fire from the NRA and de-escalation fails, ending in Japanese shelling of Chinese troops [72]
12 July Battle of Beiping–Tianjin : Japanese troops arrive in Tianjin [72]
22 July Battle of Beiping–Tianjin : The Japanese order Chinese forces to withdraw from the area, but they attack instead [73]
7 AugustJiang convenes the Military Council and declares all-out resistance as the national policy [73]
13 August Battle of Shanghai : The NRA attempts to drive Japanese forces from Shanghai but fail [74]
5 November Battle of Shanghai : Japanese forces land on the beaches of Hangzhou Bay and advance toward Suzhou River [75]
8 November Battle of Shanghai : Jiang gives the orders to withdraw [75]
7 December Battle of Nanjing : Jiang and Song Meiling leave Nanjing for Lushan [76]
12 December Battle of Nanjing : Tang Shengzhi gives the order to break out of Japanese encirclement [76]
193824 March Battle of Taierzhuang : Japanese forces fall into an ambush at a railway spur line at Taierzhuang [77]
5 June 1938 Yellow River flood : Soldiers blow open the dikes on the south banks of the Yellow River, flooding Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu [78]
24 October Battle of Wuhan : Jiang gives the order to withdraw from Wuhan [79]
NovemberJiang arrives in Chonqqing [80]
The Burma Road is constructed by 200,000 laborers and engineers [81]
193927 September Battle of Changsha (1939) : A Japanese attack on Changsha is defeated and withdraws with heavy casualties [82]
winter 1939–40 Winter Offensive : NRA forces attack Japanese positions but ultimately end in operational failure [82]

1940s

YearDateEvent
1940January Wang Jingwei defects to the Japanese and sets up the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China in Nanjing [81]
August Hundred Regiments Offensive : The Eighth Route Army attacks Japanese occupied areas in Shanxi and Hebei [83]
December Hundred Regiments Offensive : The communist offensive is reversed and Japanese retaliation reduces the population of communist base areas by 19 million [84]
19417 January New Fourth Army incident : The New Fourth Army moves south into ROC territory and clash with NRA forces [85]
30 January Battle of South Henan : NRA and Japanese forces clash in South Henan [86]
8 December Attack on Pearl Harbor : Jiang receives news of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor [87]
24 December Battle of Changsha (1942) : Japanese forces attack Changsha [88]
194215 January Battle of Changsha (1942) : Japanese forces withdraw from Changsha and suffer heavy losses from a Chinese encirclement maneuver [88]
18 FebruaryJiang meets Gandhi outside Kolkata [89]
27 FebruaryJiang visits Lashio [90]
19 March Battle of Toungoo : Japanese forces attack NRA troops at Toungoo [91]
30 March Battle of Toungoo : NRA troops withdraw [91]
18 April Doolittle Raid : American bombers crash land in China [92]
19 April Battle of Yenangyaung : NRA forces assist British troops from escaping a Japanese encirclement [93]
20 April Battle of Yenangyaung : Japanese forces destroy the Sixth Army's Temporary 55th Division [93]
29 AprilThe Japanese seize Lashio [93]
April Battle of West Hubei : Japanese forces enter Hubei and Hunan to loot and collect supplies [94]
5 May Joseph Stilwell abandons his soldiers and escapes to India [95]
15 May Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign : Japanese forces devastate Zhejiang and Jiangxi in reprisal for the Doolittle Raid, killing hundreds of thousands [92]
2 June Joseph Stilwell flies back to Chongqing [96]
10 OctoberJiang announces that Washington and London have agreed to drop "extraterritoriality" [97]
19432 November Battle of Changde : Japanese forces capture Changde [98]
21 November Cairo Conference : Jiang arrives in Cairo [99]
1 DecemberThe Cairo Declaration is formally announced, promising to return all territories Japan had stolen from China [100]
20 December Battle of Changde : Japanese forces are forced to withdraw from Changde [98]
194419 April Operation Ichigo : Japanese forces begin their largest land operation and cross the Yellow River into Henan [101]
25 May Battle of Central Henan : Jiang gives the orders to withdraw [102]
26 June Battle of Changsha (1944) : Zhang Deneng gives the orders to abandon Changsha [103]
22 June Defense of Hengyang : Japanese forces lay siege to Hengyang [104]
3 August Siege of Myitkyina : Allied forces take Myitkyina [105]
8 August Defense of Hengyang : Japanese forces take Hengyang [106]
24 November Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou : Japanese forces take Guilin and Liuzhou [107]
19459 April Battle of West Hunan : Japanese forces advance into western Hunan [108]
7 June Battle of West Hunan : Japanese forces are routed [108]
15 August Victory over Japan Day : Jiang Jieshi receives news of Japan's surrender and he broadcasts a victory speech throughout all of China [109]
29 August Chongqing Negotiations : Mao and Jiang start negotiations [110]
16 DecemberJiang visits Beijing [111]
194613 JanuaryJiang and Mao agree to cease-fire following the convening of the Political Consultative Assembly [112]

1970s

YearDateEvent
19755 AprilJiang Jieshi dies [113]

See also

Citations

  1. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 11.
  2. 1 2 3 Taylor 2009, p. 12.
  3. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 16.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Taylor 2009, p. 17.
  5. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 20.
  6. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 19.
  7. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 21.
  8. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 22.
  9. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 23.
  10. 1 2 3 Taylor 2009, p. 24.
  11. 1 2 3 Taylor 2009, p. 26.
  12. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 27.
  13. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 28.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Taylor 2009, p. 29.
  15. 1 2 3 Taylor 2009, p. 30.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Taylor 2009, p. 32.
  17. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 34.
  18. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 33.
  19. 1 2 3 Taylor 2009, p. 35.
  20. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 36.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Taylor 2009, p. 37.
  22. 1 2 3 Taylor 2009, p. 41.
  23. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 42.
  24. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 43.
  25. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 44.
  26. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 45.
  27. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 48.
  28. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 49.
  29. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 50.
  30. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 51.
  31. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 52.
  32. 1 2 3 Taylor 2009, p. 53.
  33. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 54.
  34. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 55.
  35. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 56.
  36. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 57.
  37. 1 2 3 Taylor 2009, p. 58.
  38. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 59.
  39. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 62.
  40. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 64.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 Taylor 2009, p. 65.
  42. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 66.
  43. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 68.
  44. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 71.
  45. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 72.
  46. 1 2 3 Taylor 2009, p. 79.
  47. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 74.
  48. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 78.
  49. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 82.
  50. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 83.
  51. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 84.
  52. 1 2 3 Taylor 2009, p. 86.
  53. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 87.
  54. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 89.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 Taylor 2009, p. 92.
  56. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 94.
  57. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 96.
  58. 1 2 3 Taylor 2009, p. 98.
  59. 1 2 3 4 Taylor 2009, p. 99.
  60. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 100.
  61. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 107.
  62. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 111.
  63. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 113.
  64. 1 2 3 Taylor 2009, p. 114.
  65. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 112.
  66. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 118.
  67. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 119.
  68. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 122.
  69. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 123.
  70. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 127.
  71. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 135.
  72. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 145.
  73. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 146.
  74. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 148.
  75. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 150.
  76. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 151.
  77. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 154.
  78. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 155.
  79. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 158.
  80. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 161.
  81. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 170.
  82. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 169.
  83. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 173.
  84. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 174.
  85. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 177.
  86. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 178.
  87. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 188.
  88. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 189.
  89. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 195.
  90. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 196.
  91. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 200.
  92. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 209.
  93. 1 2 3 Taylor 2009, p. 203.
  94. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 228.
  95. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 204.
  96. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 208.
  97. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 216.
  98. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 259.
  99. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 245.
  100. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 254.
  101. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 267.
  102. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 268.
  103. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 273.
  104. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 282.
  105. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 270.
  106. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 284.
  107. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 297.
  108. 1 2 Taylor 2009, p. 306.
  109. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 7.
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  113. ↑ Taylor 2009, p. 1.

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The Liaoshen campaign Liáoshěn huìzhàn, an abbreviation of Liaoning–Shenyang campaign after the province of Liaoning and its Yuan directly administered capital city Shenyang, was the first of the three major military campaigns launched by the Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA) against the Kuomintang Nationalist government during the late stage of the Chinese Civil War. This engagement is also known to the Kuomintang as the Liaohsi campaign Liáoxī huìzhàn, and took place between September and November 1948, lasting a total of 52 days. The campaign ended after the Nationalist forces suffered sweeping defeats across Manchuria, losing the major cities of Jinzhou, Changchun, and eventually Shenyang in the process, leading to the capture of the whole of Manchuria by the Communist forces. The victory of the campaign resulted in the Communists achieving a strategic numerical advantage over the Nationalists for the first time in its history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second United Front</span> 1937–41 alliance between the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang

The Second United Front was the alliance between the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to resist the Japanese invasion of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War, which suspended the Chinese Civil War from 1937 to 1945.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang</span>

The historical Kuomintang socialist ideology is a form of socialist thought developed in mainland China during the early Republic of China. The Tongmenghui revolutionary organization led by Sun Yat-sen was the first to promote socialism in China.

The Battle of Kalgan was a battle occurring during the off and on mediation of a cease fire between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party by George Marshall. It was fought in the renamed city of Zhangjiakou, China.

The Second Battle of Ürümqi was a conflict in the winter of 1933–1934 at Ürümqi, between the provincial forces of Sheng Shicai and the alliance of the Chinese Muslim Gen. Ma Zhongying and Han Chinese Gen. Zhang Peiyuan. Zhang seized the road between Tacheng and the capital. Sheng Shicai commanded Manchurian troops and a unit of White Russian soldiers, led by Col. Pappengut. The Kuomintang Republic of China government had secretly incited Zhang and Ma to overthrow Sheng—even as they prepared to swear him in as governor of Xinjiang—because of his ties to the Soviet Union. Chinese Nationalist leader Gen. Chiang Kai-shek sent Luo Wen'gan to Xinjiang, where he met with Ma Zhongying and Zhang Peiyuan and urged them to destroy Sheng.

The concept of martyrdom in China during the premodern period largely concerned loyalty to political principles and was developed in modern times by revolutionaries, such as the Tongmenghui and the Kuomintang parties during the Xinhai Revolution, Northern Expedition, and Second Sino-Japanese War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shilin Official Residence</span>

Events in the year 1928 in China.

Jay Taylor was a former U.S. foreign service officer, academic, documentarian, and writer. He was best known for writing The Generalissimo, a biography of Chiang Kai-Shek which won the Lionel Gelber Prize for the best English non-fiction book on Foreign Policy in 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chiangism</span> Political philosophy

Chiangism, also known as the Political Philosophy of Chiang Kai-shek, or Chiang Kai-shek Thought, is the political philosophy of President Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, who used it during his rule in China under the Kuomintang on both the mainland and Taiwan. It is a right-wing authoritarian nationalist political ideology which is based on mostly Confucian and Tridemist ideologies, and was used in the New Life Movement in China and the Chinese Cultural Renaissance movement in Taiwan. It is a syncretic mix of many political ideologies, including revolutionary nationalism, Tridemism, socialism, militarism, Confucianism, state capitalism, constitutionalism, fascism, authoritarian capitalism, and paternalistic conservatism, as well as Chiang's Methodist Christianity.

References

Taylor, Jay (2009), The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press

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