"Food timeline" redirects here. Not to be confused with The Food Timeline.
Prehistoric times
5-2 million years ago: Hominids shift away from the consumption of nuts and berries to begin the consumption of meat.[1][2]
A hearth with cooking utensils
2.5-1.8 million years ago: The discovery of the use of fire may have created a sense of sharing as a group. Earliest estimate for invention of cooking, by phylogenetic analysis.[3]
250,000 years ago: Hearths appear, accepted archeological estimate for invention of cooking chicken.[4]
170,000 years ago: Cooked starchy roots and tubers in Africa[5][6]
40,000 years ago: First evidence of human fish consumption: isotopic analysis of the skeletal remains of Tianyuan man, a modern human from eastern Asia, has shown that he regularly consumed freshwater fish.[7][8]
25,000 years ago: The fish-gorge, a kind of fish hook, appears.[10]
13,000 BCE: Contentious evidence of oldest domesticated rice in Korea.[11] Their 15,000-year age challenges the accepted view that rice cultivation originated in China about 12,000 years ago.[11] These findings were received by academia with strong skepticism,[12] and the results and their publicizing has been cited as being driven by a combination of nationalist and regional interests.[13]
12,500 BCE: The oldest evidence of bread-making, found in a Natufian site in Jordan's northeastern desert.[14][15]
~7000 BCE: Farmers in China began to farm rice and millet, using man-made floods and fires as part of their cultivation regimen.[17]
~7000 BCE: Maize-like plants, derived from the wild teosinte, began to be seen in Mexico.[17]
~7000 BCE: Chinese villagers were brewing fermented alcoholic drinks on small and individual scale, with the production process and methods similar to that of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.[22]
~7000 BCE: Sheep, originating from western Asia, were domesticated with the help of dogs prior to the establishment of settled agriculture,[23]
~5000 BCE: Beans begin to be cultivated in the Americas [30]
~5000 BCE: Fossilized remains of possibly cultivated potato tubers on a cave floor in Chilca Canyon.[20]
4000-2000 BCE
Ripening olivesModern aquaculture
Earliest archaeological evidence for leavened bread is from ancient Egypt. The extent to which bread was leavened in ancient Egypt remains uncertain.[31]
4500-3500 BCE: Earliest clear evidence of olive domestication and olive oil extraction[32]
~4000 BCE: Watermelon, originally domesticated in central Africa, becomes an important crop in northern Africa and southwestern Asia.[33]
~4000 BCE: Agriculture reaches north-eastern Europe.
~3900 BCE: In Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq), early evidence of beer is a Sumerian poem honoring Ninkasi, the patron goddess of brewing, which contains the oldest surviving beer recipe, describing the production of beer from barley via bread.[36]
~3600 BCE: Date of the oldest definitive known evidence for popcorn, discovered in New Mexico, United States. It is attributed to the Ancestral Puebloan peoples, who maintained trade networks with peoples in tropical Mexico.[37][38]
~3000 BCE: Archaeological evidence of watermelon cultivation in ancient Egypt. Watermelons appeared on wall paintings; seeds and leaves were deposited in tombs.[33]
~2500 BCE: Domestic pigs, which are descended from wild boars, are known to have existed about 2500 BC in modern-day Hungary and in Troy; earlier pottery from Jericho and Egypt depicts wild pigs.[23]:8
~2500 BCE: Pearl millet was domesticated in the Sahel region of West Africa, evidence for the cultivation of pearl millet in Mali.[44]
2500-1500 BCE: Time range of several sites with archaeological evidence of potato being consumed and cultivated in the South American continent.[20]
2000-1500 BCE: Rice cultivation in the upper and middle Ganges begins.[25]
327-324 BCE: Alexander the Great expedition to India brings the knowledge of rice to Romans. However rice did not enter as a cultivation: the Romans preferred to import rice wine instead.[25]
610: Possible invention of the pretzel. According to some narratives in 610 AD "... [a]n Italian monk invents pretzels as a reward to children who learn their prayers. He calls the strips of baked dough, folded to resemble arms crossing the chest, 'pretiola' ('little reward[s]')".[56][57][58][59][60]
8th century: The original type of sushi, known today as narezushi (馴れ寿司, 熟寿司), first developed in Southeast Asia and spread to south China, is introduced to Japan.[61][62]
8th century: Chronicles from monasteries mention Roquefort being transported across the Alps[63]
~800: Cod become an important economic commodity in international markets. This market has lasted for more than 1,000 years, enduring the Black Death, wars and other crises, and is still an important Norwegian fish trade.[64]
879: Gorgonzola cheese is mentioned for the first time.[63]
961: Watermelons, introduced by the Moorish, reported to be cultivated in Cordoba, Spain.[33]
997: The term "pizza" first appears "in a Latin text from the southern Italian town of Gaeta [...], which claims that a tenant of certain property is to give the bishop of Gaeta 'duodecim pizze' ['twelve pizzas'] every Christmas Day, and another twelve every Easter Sunday".[66][67]
1000-1500
Bog butter from A Descriptive Catalogue of the Antiquities in the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, 1857
11th-14th century: Ireland stored and aged butter in peat bogs, being known as bog butter. The practice is effectively ended by the 19th century.[68]
1266: The first written references to genever (or jenever), or Dutch gin. Flemish poet Jacob van Maerlant described how to add parts of the juniper tree to spirits in his book Der Naturen Bloeme.
14th century: First record of cucumbers cultivation in Great Britain.[33]
1390: The English cookbook, The Forme of Cury, published, including one of the earliest recipes for frumenty
1516: William IV, Duke of Bavaria, adopted the Reinheitsgebot (purity law), perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century, according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water, hops and barley-malt.[72]
1521: Spanish conquistadorHernán Cortés may have been the first to transfer a small yellow tomato to Europe after he captured the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan, now Mexico City.[50]
1544: The earliest discussion of the tomato in European literature appeared in a herbal written in 1544 by Pietro Andrea Mattioli, an Italian physician and botanist.[50]
1548: First recorded instance of tomatoes in Italy: on October 31, the house steward of Cosimo de' Medici, the grand duke of Tuscany, wrote to the Medici private secretary informing him that the basket of tomatoes sent from the grand duke's Florentine estate at Torre del Gallo "had arrived safely".[74]
~1550: First mention of cucumbers cultivation in North America.[33]
~1570: First potato specimens probably reach Spain.[20]
1573: Potatoes are purchased by the Hospital de la Sangre in Seville.[20]
1576: Watermelons cultivated in Florida by Spanish settlers.[33]
1578: Sir Francis Drake meets potatoes in his trip around the world. However he does not bring potatoes back to Great Britain, despite common misconception.[20]
1596: Caspar Bauhin, Swiss botanist, first described potato scientifically in his Phytopinax, assigning it the current binomial nameSolanum tuberosum. However he conjectured potatoes could cause wind and leprosy (because of a vague resemblance to leprous organs) and that they were aphrodisiac.[20]
Before 17th century: Watermelon appears in herbals in mainland Europe, outside Spain. It also begins to spread among Native American populations.[33]
1692: The earliest discovered cookbook with tomato recipes was published in Naples.[50]:17
18th century
An examen chimique du pommes de terre ("A chemistry exam of the potatoes") by Antoine-Augustin Parmentier promoted the introduction of potatoes to France.
18th century: Soufflé appears in France. Cakes and pastries also begin to appear, thanks to the increasing availability of sugar and the rising of the chef profession.[77]
1778: Guinness beer. Arthur Guinness begins making dark porter beers (although he had begun brewing ales in Dublin in 1759, which is the founding date featured on Guinness products).
1778: Captain James Cook introduces watermelons to the Hawaii islands.[33]
New potato varieties are brought from Chile to Europe, in an attempt to widen disease resistance of European potatoes. The import could have instead introduced or heightened vulnerability to the fungus Phytophthora infestans.[84]
First modern production process for dried milk was invented by the Russian physician Osip Krichevsky in 1802. The first commercial production of dried milk was organized by the Russian chemist M. Dirchoff in 1832. In 1855, T.S. Grimwade took a patent on a dried milk procedure, though a William Newton had patented a vacuum drying process as early as 1837.
Dairy
Russia
1809
Gyuhap chongseo ("Women's Encyclopedia"), including many recipes, published in Korea
Cookbooks
Korea
1816
Menier Chocolate company (Chocolat Menier) founded by Antoine Brutus Menier as a pharmaceutical manufacturer in Paris, at a time when chocolate was used as a medicinal product
Confections
France
1824
The Virginia House-Wife cookbook published. Includes recipe for "Mary Randolph's Transparent Pudding," an early version of chess pie
Alto Grande (Hacienda Alto Grande) began producing coffee in Lares, Puerto Rico.[88] The brand later expanded to producing rum.[89]
Beverages
Puerto Rico
1841
Edmond Albius, a 12-year-old slave who lived on the French island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean, discovered that vanilla could be hand-pollinated. Hand-pollination allowed global cultivation of the plant.[90]
Lindt chocolate company founded (date provided by the Lindt & Sprüngli company). David Sprüngli founded his chocolate company in 1836, moved it in 1845, and bought out Lindt's chocolate company (which Rodolphe Lindt had founded in 1879).
Confections
Switzerland
1847
The Carolina Housewife cookbook published, including one of the earliest recipes for peanut brittle, referred to as "groundnut candy" (the term "peanut brittle" was not used until 1892).[93]
Popcorn balls, one of the most popular confections in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, recipe first appears in the Housekeeper's Encyclopedia by New York author E. F. Haskell, instructing to "boil honey, maple, or other sugar to the great thread; pop corn and stick the corn together in balls with the candy."[100]
President Lincoln establishes the Department of Agriculture, including the Bureau of Chemistry, which is the predecessor of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Food safety
USA, Washington, D.C.
1862
Gulden's mustard company founded by Charles Gulden in New York City, producing a spicy brown mustard from a secret recipe, although the original recipe was spicier than the currently available product.[101]
Sauces
USA, New York
1862
Rhum Barbancourt producer, Société du Rhum Barbancourt, is founded in Haiti, making rum from pure sugar cane juice.
Perrier mineral water traces its origin to 1862, the year Napoleon III authorizing the use of Les Bouillens springs in Vergèze, and the water was first sold in Britain. However, the springs have been in use since antiquity, and Dr. Louis Perrier became the official medical director for the spring in 1898 and started the Perrier brand in 1903.[102]
Beverages
France
1863
Fruit salad. One of the first recipes for fruit salad appeared in What to Cook and How to Eat It by Peirre Blot in New York.[103]
Granula, the first manufactured breakfast cereal and precursor to Grape Nuts is invented by James Caleb Jackson. The heavy bran nuggets needed soaking overnight before consuming.
Grains
USA, New York
1863
London Dry Gin, a dryer version than the typical Old Tom gin of the time, created by James Burrough in Chelsea, forefather of the Hayman family. Considered the origin of Hayman's of London distillery.
Ambrosia fruit salad recipe debuts in Dixie Cookery cookbook by Maria Massey Barringer.
Fruit salads
USA
1868
Tabasco sauce invented by Edmund McIlhenny in Louisiana; first sold the following year and patented in 1870.[105]
Sauces
USA, Louisiana
1869
Thomas Adams buys chicle, the milky latex of the sapodilla tree, from exiled Mexican President, Antonio López de Santa Anna, in the hopes of processing it for use as an alternative to rubber, but later sold it for its original purpose as chewing gum
Beef Stroganov recipe first appears as "Beef à la Stroganov, with mustard" in the 1871 edition of A Gift to Young Housewives (Russian: Подарок молодым хозяйкам) by Elena Molokhovets in Moscow. The recipe has changed over time.[108]
Meat
Russia
1871
Thomas Adams patents first chewing gum-making machine and begins producing chicle-based gum as a novelty item with no flavorings or additives.[94][109]
Chewing gum
USA
1873
Malted milk invented and marketed in England by James Horlick, and in 1873 started the J & W Horlicks company with his brother in Chicago. The first US patent for malted milk mixing powder was granted them in 1883.[110]
Beverages
England
1875
Milk chocolate in solid form invented by Swiss chocolatier Daniel Peter (initially meant for making a drink). Peter also created the first milk chocolate for eating, Gala Peter, in 1887.
Confections
Switzerland
1879
William White discovers how to flavor chicle, using peppermint, and marketing it as Yucatan chewing gum[94]
Tom Collins cocktail recipe, with Old Tom gin, lime or lemon, and soda water, first published in Harry Johnson'sNew and Improved Bartender’s Manual, or How to Mix Drinks of the Present Style, in English and German.
Alcoholic beverages
USA
1884
Thomas Adams begins adding licorice flavoring to his chicle gum, marketed as Adams Black Jack.
Postum coffee substitute beverage made from roasted wheat bran and molasses invented by C. W. Post. The "instant" drink mix version was developed in 1912.
Beverages
USA
1896
Yaucono coffee company established in Puerto Rico[115]
Presidente beer introduced in 1935 in the Dominican Republic in honor of then-president Rafael Leónidas Trujillo. Originally a dark beer, it was remade into a pilsner in the 1960s.
Alcoholic beverages
Dominican Republic
1935
Green papaya salad. One of the earliest known recipe of som tam in Thailand appeared in the Yaowapha cookbook series by Princess Yaovabha Bongsanid in 1935, which included Som tam ton malako (Thai: ส้มตำต้นมะละกอ) or Khao man som tam (Thai: ข้าวมันส้มตำ). This recipe is similar to som tam as prepared today and includes roasted peanuts and dried shrimp as key ingredients.
First commercial fish fingers. The American company Gorton-Pew Fisheries, now known as Gorton's, was the first company to introduce a frozen ready-to-cook fish finger; the product, named Gorton's Fish Sticks, won the Parents magazine Seal of Approval in 1956.[129][130] The developer of those fish sticks was Aaron L. Brody.
Seafood
USA
1953
Piña colada. 1953 or 1954 are both claimed dates of invention at the Caribe Hilton Hotel in Puerto Rico, as well as 1963 at the Barrachina restaurant.
Alcoholic beverages
Puerto Rico
1958
The instant noodle was invented by Momofuku Ando of Nissin Foods in Japan, and launched the same year.
Goldschläger, a gold-infused cinnamon schnapps based on goldwasser, the Polish liqueur from 1606 is introduced. It becomes a popular drink in the 1990s for shots.
Alcoholic beverages
Switzerland
1995
McFlurry soft serve dessert introduced by McDonald's
Fast Food
USA
21st century
2013: Professor Mark Post at Maastricht University pioneered a proof-of-concept for cultured meat by creating the first hamburger patty grown directly from cells. Since then, other cultured meat prototypes have gained media attention: SuperMeat opened a farm-to-fork restaurant called "The Chicken"[137]
↑ Kim, Minkoo (2008). Habu, Junko; Fawcett, Clare; Matsunaga, John M. (eds.). Evaluating multiple narratives: Beyond nationalist, colonialist, imperialist archaeologies. New York: Springer. p.128. ISBN978-0-387-76459-7. Most scholars were highly skeptical of Lee's report [...] Most specialists agree that rice is not indigenous to the Korean peninsula. The conventional perspective in East Asian archaeology is that rice cultivation started along the banks of the Yangtze River in southern China and subsequently moved northward.
↑ Kim, Minkoo (2008). "Multivocality, Multifaceted Voices, and Korean Archaeology". Evaluating Multiple Narratives: Beyond Nationalist, Colonialist, Imperialist Archaeologies. New York: Springer. p.118. ISBN978-0-387-76459-7.
↑ Amaia Arranz-Otaegui, Lara Gonzalez Carretero, Monica N. Ramsey, Dorian Q. Fuller, and Tobias Richter: Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan. PNAS, 11 July 2018 (onlineArchived 19 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine )
↑ McGovern PE, Zhang JZ, Tang JG et al. C (2004) Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 101, 17593–17598.
1 2 3 4 Lawrie, R. A.; Ledward, D. A. (2006). Lawrie's meat science (7thed.). Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited. ISBN978-1-84569-159-2.
↑ Zohar, I.; Dayan, T.; Galili, E.; Spanier, E. (2001). "Fish Processing During the Early Holocene: A Taphonomic Case Study from Coastal Israel". Journal of Archaeological Science. 28 (10): 1041–1053. Bibcode:2001JArSc..28.1041Z. doi:10.1006/jasc.2000.0630.
↑ DK Jordan (November 24, 2012). "Beyond Wheat". The Neolithic. University of California – San Diego. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
↑ D. Samuel (2000). "Brewing and baking". Ancient Egyptian materials and technology. Eds: P.T. Nicholson & I. Shaw. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ISBN0-521-45257-0) p. 558.
↑ "Popcorn: Ingrained in America's Agricultural History". National Agricultural Library. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2024-11-17. The oldest ears of popcorn ever found were discovered in the Bat Cave of west central New Mexico in 1948 and 1950.... the oldest Bat Cave ears are about 5,600 years old.
↑ Manning, Katie; Pelling, Ruth; Higham, Tom; Schwenniger, Jean-Luc; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2011). "4500-Year old domesticated pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) from the Tilemsi Valley, Mali: new insights into an alternative cereal domestication pathway". Journal of Archaeological Science. 38 (2): 312–322. Bibcode:2011JArSc..38..312M. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.09.007.
↑ In NBC 11196 (5 NT 24, dated Shu-Sin 6), the 'abra's of Dumuzi, Ninkasi, and I'kur receive butter and cheese from the 'abra of Inanna, according to W.W. Hallo, "The House of Ur-Meme", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 1972; a Sumerian/Akkadian bilingual lexicon of ca 1900 BCE lists twenty kinds of cheese.
↑ Terry G. Powis, W. Jeffrey Hurst, María del Carmen Rodríguez, Ponciano Ortíz C., Michael Blake, David Cheetham, Michael D. Coe & John G. Hodgson (December 2007). "Oldest chocolate in the New World". Antiquity. 81 (314). ISSN0003-598X. Retrieved 15 February 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ Tannahill, Reay (1973). Food in History (Stein and Day. ISBN0-8128-1437-1). p. 37, 61, 69.
1 2 James Grout. "Garum". Encyclopaedia Romana. University of Chicago. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
↑ What is the story behind the pretzel's special shape? The pretzel represents folded arms across the chest. In that way, it was common to pray during the Middle Ages. According to a story, it was an Italian monk who produced the special pastry in the 7th century. The monk wanted to reward his students with small pieces of bread shaped in the same way as the children's arms when they crossed them during prayer. The pastries were named "pretiolas" - "little rewards". (Translated from Swedish). https://varldenshistoria.se/kultur/gastronomi/varifran-har-kringlan-fatt-sin-form
↑ Rodger, N. A. M. (1994). The Insatiable Earl: A Life of John Montagu, Fourth Earl of Sandwich 1718–1792 (1sted.). W W Norton & Co Inc. p.480. ISBN0-393-03587-5.
↑ Silver Cloud Estates. "History of Vanilla". Silver Cloud Estates. Retrieved 2008-07-23. In 1837 the Belgian botanist Morren succeeded in artificially pollinating the vanilla flower. On Reunion, Morren's process was attempted, but failed. It was not until 1841 that a 12-year-old slave by the name of Edmond Albius discovered the correct technique of hand-pollinating the flowers.
↑ "Our Story". Cook's California Champagne. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
↑ Rayner, Jay (3 November 2005). "Enduring Love". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 January 2003. In 1860 a Jewish immigrant from Eastern Europe called Joseph Malin opened the first business in London's East End selling fried fish alongside chipped potatoes which, until then, had been found only in the Irish potato shops.
↑ Grigoroff, Stamen, 1905. Étude sur une lait fermentée comestible. Le “Kissélo mléko” de Bulgarie. Revue Médicale de la Suisse Romande. Genève. Georg&G., Libraires-Éditeurs. Librairie de L’Université.
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