Dirnhofer has proposed virtopsy as a partial or complete replacement for traditional autopsy,[3] and he has asserted that virtopsy fully satisfies the requirement that medical forensic findings provide “a complete and true picture of the object examined”.[This quote needs a citation] Furthermore, virtopsy is said to achieve the objective “that the pathologist’s report should ‘photograph’ with words so that the reader is able to follow his thoughts visually”.[This quote needs a citation]
CT is well suited to show foreign objects, bone and air or gas distribution throughout the body, whereas MRI sequences are strong in detailing organ and soft tissue findings. A comprehensive analysis of both surface and deep tissue findings may require fusion of CT, MRI and 3D surface data.[7]
Resulting data can be archived and reproduced without loss,[8] analysed elsewhere, or distributed to specialists for technically demanding analysis.
Because traditional autopsies can produce both different and additional findings compared to virtopsies, virtopsy is not a generally accepted method to entirely replace autopsies.[9] In fact, the first scientific study detailing the results of comparing postmortem CT scanning with conventional autopsies concluded that single methods were not as useful as the combination of scanning and autopsy were.[10]
Terms
The term “Virtobot” is a trademark also registered to Prof. R. Dirnhofer. It describes a multi-functional robotic system.[5]
The "Virtangio" machine is a device that is trademarked to Prof. R. Dirnhofer [11] and manufactured by Fumedica .[12]
Operative aspects
With Prof. Michael Thali as operative head of the group, the virtopsy research team has operated out of the Institute of Forensic Medicine at the University of Zurich, Switzerland since early 2011.[13]
Examination of death
The idea to conduct virtual autopsy is not new. In 2003, the British Museum contacted the Institute of Forensic Medicine for their help performing a virtopsy on a 3000-year-old mummy named Nesperennub, as an autopsy could not be done without compromising the body.[14] While manner of death,[4] cause of death,[4] time of death,[15][16] identification of deceased and a range of practical and reconstructive applications are obviously related to medicolegal investigation of death, virtopsy methods were ground breaking in that they have established a new high-tech toolbox into both research and practice morphological investigation aspects of modern forensic pathology.
Since virtopsy is non-invasive, it can be less traumatic for surviving family members and may not violate religious taboos against violating bodily integrity.[17]
Examination of the living
Non-invasive imaging is also conducted in living or surviving subjects, but as that has been the main clinical application of CT and MR imaging to begin with, their use in medicolegal investigation of the living is not as ground breaking as using them for investigation of death. Nevertheless, a number of applications that may be regarded as specific for medicolegal imaging applications in the living have found attraction for virtopsy-derived methods:
Matching weapon or injury-causing agent and injury. The application of 3D surface documentation of injuries for the benefit of medicolegal reconstruction must be accredited to Brueschweiler et al. (2003).[18]
Strangulation and estimation of risk of death. The first paper documenting systematic application of MRI to survivors of strangulation for the benefit of forensic medicine was published by Yen et al. in 2005.[19]
Body packing. According to a paper of the virtopsy group, CT scanning may be more suitable to body packer identification than conventional or plain abdominal X-rays.[20]
Technology
The technology currently used for conducting a “virtual autopsy” comprises
Robot-guided surface scanning for three-dimensional documentation of the surface of the body, to scale and in color, supplementing a visual inspection.[5]
Multislice spiral CT and MRI for visualising the body in 3D. This supplements the internal postmortem examination of the body in an autopsy.[4]
Post mortem angiography, which visualises the cardiovascular system of the deceased with the aid of a peristaltic pump and contrast medium.[6]
The virtopsy idea was generated to yield results along a comprehensive number of performance indicators:
The practical objective of both research and application of virtopsy methods are to improve the objectivity of findings made in forensic autopsies.
The academic objective of virtopsy research is to publish original and validation type research.
Last but not the least, financial gains are also a relevant aspect of new technology particularly in the private industry sector whereas saving cost is an aspect for public institutes or offices.
Advantages
This method offers the following advantages:
Preservation of the body in a virtual form.
Observer-independent documentation of the evidence – "delegation of seeing to the machine".
Complete, non-destructive gathering of findings from head to toe
Data acquisition in parts of the body that otherwise would not be examined out of respect for the deceased (e.g. the face).
Data acquisition in regions that are difficult to dissect and access (e.g. atlanto-occipital joints), and in cases of advanced decomposition.
Visualization of the cardiovascular system.
Replacement of manual dexterity by the "virtual knife" of the automatic sectional imaging technique.
Standardized data acquisition procedure.
High-precision, contamination-free sampling (poisons, infections, tissue, etc.) accurate to the millimeter.
True-to-scale 3D documentation for precise forensic reconstructions.
Clean, bloodless visualization of the documentation.
Improvement in the quality of forensic reports – simultaneous examination by different experts via tele-forensics.
Simplification of the assessment of evidence by improved comprehensibility of the visual 3D findings.
Acceptance by relatives and religious communities over conventional autopsies.
The complete saved data-set can be re-examined at any time if a second expert opinion is required, even after burial or cremation of the body.
Rapid and complete data acquisition as part of analyses following disasters (terrorist attacks, plane crashes, etc.).
Disadvantages
High equipment costs
The limitations for radiology apply:
Metal foreign objects
One cannot determine the color of internal organs and color changes
One cannot determine all the pathological conditions (e.g. inflammation)
One cannot determine the infection status of tissue
It is difficult to differentiate antemortem from postmortem wounds and postmortem artifacts
Small tissue injuries may be overlooked
The limitations for surface scanning apply:
Recording concave features, out of view
Turning the body over for total body recording can alter the body shape due to gravity (e.g. stomach) which may disturb the merging of recorded surfaces
Recording reflective or transparent surfaces (e.g. the eye)
Merging data from multiple techniques will always result in some loss of precision
A reliance on imagery alone may lead to omissions (e.g. bruising under the scalp not visible with surface scanning)
Validity
No proper validation of the method has been made using closely prepared prospective studies
No error rate available
No juridical validity (yet)
As applicable to all simulated evidence presented in the court room, there are concerns of suggestiveness
Objectivity
It has not been investigated whether experts are consistent in their judgment
Context effects (e.g. post-hoc target shifting in cases in which injury patterns are compared to possible injury-causing objects)
Best practice
The National Research Council in the USA, as part of its proposals for reforms in the forensic sciences, has proposed virtopsy as “Best Practice” for the gathering of forensic evidence.[21]
In addition, the International Society of Forensic Radiology and Imaging was founded in 2012 with the aim of enabling a continuous exchange of research results among its members and developing quality standards for the techniques employed.[citation needed]
A Technical Working Group Forensic Imaging Methods was founded in 2005 by Michael Thali and Richard Dirnhofer. It aims to promote an increasingly internationally standardised approach.[citation needed]
Furthermore, a Technical Working Group Postmortem Angiography Methods was founded in 2012 to promote best practice. Under the direction of the University Hospital of Lausanne and comprising nine European institutes of forensic medicine, it is developing reliable, standardized methods and guidelines for conducting and assessing postmortem angiographic examinations.[citation needed]
Brogdons's Forensic Radiology, 2nd Edition. Eds: Michael J. Thali, Mark D. Viner, Byron Gil Brogdon. CRC Press; 2011.
The Virtopsy Approach: 3D Optical and Radiological Scanning and Reconstruction in Forensic Medicine. Eds: Michael J. Thali, Richard Dirnhofer, Peter Vock. CRC Press; 2009.
Virtopsy – Obduktion neu in Bildern; Dirnhofer/Schick/Ranner, Schriftenreihe Recht der Medizin, 2010 Manz
Revolution in der Gerichtsmedizin erschienen in „Öffentliche Sicherheit 9-10/09
Die Virtopsie wird die Autopsie ablösen Erschienen in Kriminalpolizei Oktober/November 2009
Virtopsies in popular culture
In the CSI: Miami episode "Deep Freeze", Dr. Woods performs a virtopsy on a recently murdered athlete to prevent damaging him so that he could be cryogenically frozen.
In the CSI: NY episode "Veritas", Sid does a virtual autopsy on Derek, showing Stella that the bullet that killed him entered through his cheek.
↑ "Home". virtopsy.com. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
↑ Dirnhofer, Richard (2010). Virtopsy - Obduktion neu in Bildern: gerichtsmedizinische Vorstellung und prozessrechtliche Diskussion einer neuen wissenschaftlichen Autopsiemethode[Virtopsy - Autopsy in Pictures: Forensic presentation and procedural discussion of a new scientific autopsy method] (in German). Manz. ISBN978-3-214-10191-6.[pageneeded]
1 2 3 4 Thali, Mj; Yen, K; Schweitzer, W; Vock, P; Boesch, C; Ozdoba, C; Schroth, G; Ith, M; Sonnenschein, M; Doernhoefer, T; Scheurer, E; Plattner, T; Dirnhofer, R (March 2003). "Virtopsy, a New Imaging Horizon in Forensic Pathology: Virtual Autopsy by Postmortem Multislice Computed Tomography (MSCT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)—a Feasibility Study". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 48 (2): 386–403. doi:10.1520/JFS2002166. PMID12665000.
1 2 3 4 Ebert, Lars Christian; Ptacek, Wolfgang; Naether, Silvio; Fürst, Martin; Ross, Steffen; Buck, Ursula; Weber, Stefan; Thali, Michael (March 2010). "Virtobot—a multi-functional robotic system for 3D surface scanning and automatic post mortem biopsy". The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery. 6 (1): 18–27. doi:10.1002/rcs.285. PMID19806611.
1 2 Grabherr, Silke; Djonov, Valentin; Friess, Armin; Thali, Michael J.; Ranner, Gerhard; Vock, Peter; Dirnhofer, Richard (November 2006). "Postmortem Angiography After Vascular Perfusion with Diesel Oil and a Lipophilic Contrast Agent". American Journal of Roentgenology. 187 (5): W515 –W523. doi:10.2214/AJR.05.1394. PMID17056884.
↑ Thali, Mj; Braun, M; Buck, U; Aghayev, E; Jackowski, C; Vock, P; Sonnenschein, M; Dirnhofer, R (March 2005). "VIRTOPSY—Scientific Documentation, Reconstruction and Animation in Forensic: Individual and Real 3D Data Based Geo-Metric Approach Including Optical Body/Object Surface and Radiological CT/MRI Scanning". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 50 (2): 428–442. doi:10.1520/JFS2004290. PMID15813556.
↑ Aghayev, Emin; Staub, Lukas; Dirnhofer, Richard; Ambrose, Tony; Jackowski, Christian; Yen, Kathrin; Bolliger, Stephan; Christe, Andreas; Roeder, Christoph; Aebi, Max; Thali, Michael J. (April 2008). "Virtopsy – The concept of a centralized database in forensic medicine for analysis and comparison of radiological and autopsy data". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 15 (3): 135–140. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2007.07.005. PMID18313007.
1 2 O'Donnell, C.; Woodford, N. (November 2008). "Post-mortem radiology—a new sub-speciality?". Clinical Radiology. 63 (11): 1189–1194. doi:10.1016/j.crad.2008.05.008. PMID18929036.
↑ Donchin, Yoel; Rivkind, Avraham I.; Bar-Ziv, Jacob; Hiss, Jehuda; Almog, Joseph; Drescher, Michael (October 1994). "Utility of postmortem computed tomography in trauma victims". The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care. 37 (4): 552–556. doi:10.1097/00005373-199410000-00006. PMID7932884.
↑ W. Brueschweiler and M. Braun and R. Dirnhofer and M.J. Thali (2003). "Analysis of patterned injuries and injury-causing instruments with forensic 3D/CAD supported photogrammetry (FPHG): an instruction manual for the documentation process". Forensic Science International. 132 (2): 130–138. doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00006-9. PMID12711193.
↑ Flach PM, Ross SG, Ampanozi G, Ebert L, Germerott T, Hatch GM, Thali MJ, Patak MA (2005). ""Drug mules" as a radiological challenge: sensitivity and specificity in identifying internal cocaine in body packers, body pushers and body stuffers by computed tomography, plain radiography and Lodox". Eur J Radiol. 81 (4): 501–510. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.11.025. PMID22178312.
↑ Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Sciences Community, National Research Council (2009). Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward. National Academies Press. ISBN978-0-309-13135-3.[pageneeded]
↑ Raj K, Dr Karthi Vignesh; Yadav, Dr Abhishek; Manivel, S.; Khan, Dr Anam; Gupta, Dr Sudhir K (June 2022). "Corpus Alienum captured in Post Mortem Computed Tomography, death due to an accidental ingestion of 'Momos (Dumpling)'". Forensic Imaging. 29: 200503. doi:10.1016/j.fri.2022.200503.
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