The university in its current form was founded in 1989 as a federated network university with an amalgamation between the Nepean College of Advanced Education and the Hawkesbury Agricultural College.[12] The Macarthur Institute of Higher Education was incorporated in the university in 1989. In 2001, the University of Western Sydney was restructured as a single multi-campus university rather than as a federation. In 2015, the university underwent a rebranding which resulted in a change in name from the University of Western Sydney to Western Sydney University. It is a provider of undergraduate, postgraduate, and higher research degrees with campuses in Bankstown, Blacktown, Campbelltown, Hawkesbury, Liverpool, Parramatta, Penrith, and Surabaya.
History
Foundation and early years (1988–1990s)
The university consists of an amalgamation of campuses, each with their own unique and individual history. In 1891, the Hawkesbury campus was established as an agricultural college by the NSW Agricultural Society. At Parramatta, Western Sydney University owns and has renovated the Female Orphan School building, the foundation stone of which was laid by Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1813.[13]
In 1987, the New South Wales Labor government planned to name the university Chifley University, after the former Labor prime minister, Ben Chifley. However, in 1989, a new Liberal government reversed this decision and controversially named it the University of Western Sydney.[14]
In 1989, teachers' colleges and Colleges of Advanced Education in Sydney's western suburbs were given university status under the University of Western Sydney Act 1988. The 1990s saw the federation of three education providers: UWS Nepean, UWS Hawkesbury, and UWS Macarthur. The university has a legislative basis in NSW state legislation with the passing of the University of Western Sydney Act 1997, which also empowers the university to make by-laws affecting the operation of the university.[citation needed]
A performing arts school had been established at UWS's predecessor, the Nepean College of Advanced Education, in 1980.[15][16] There was a School of Visual and Performing Arts in the 1990s at UWS Nepean at Kingswood.[17] The early incarnation of the school comprised three specialisations, acting, dance, and theatremaking.[18] The drama school at UWS became known as Theatre Nepean. In 1997, a student-led organisation, CentreStage, was created by second-year performance students as a fund-raising body to cover the costs of staging and promoting Theatre Nepean's graduation productions not only at the Playhouse at the Kingswood campus and the Centre for Contemporary Performance at the Werrington South campus. Ruth Cracknell was its founding patron (and patron of Theatre Nepean until her death in 2002[18]), with John Bell patron, and 1987 graduate of Theatre Nepean, David Wenham, its ambassador in 2002.[19] At some point, due to lack of funding, the school amalgamated its three-discipline program into a single course.[18]
Restructuring (2000s)
Previous logo of the University of Western Sydney
Federal government funding of Australia's universities as a percentage of Australia's GDP was in decline during the years of the Howard government.[20] Federal funding policy was very influential at UWS.[21] In 2000, after internal restructuring and cost-cutting, UWS Hawkesbury, UWS Macarthur, and UWS Nepean ceased to exist as autonomous components of the now defunct University of Western Sydney federation and became the new multi-campus University of Western Sydney.[22]
In the 2000s, UWS consolidated its schools of fine art, social science, humanities, and psychology. In this decade the university introduced its first nanotechnology and biotechnology undergraduate degrees.[citation needed]
In 2003, UWS sponsored a Samuel Beckett symposium as part of the Sydney Festival.[23] In 2004, UWS joined with Metro Screen and SLICE TV to successfully bid for Sydney's first permanent community television licence. Television Sydney, broadcasting as TVS, launched in February 2006 from a broadcast operations centre located on the Werrington South Campus. In 2006, the UWS news site reported: "Demand to study at the University of Western Sydney is on the rise, with UWS receiving the third-biggest jump in first preferences among NSW and ACT universities for 2007".[24]
In 2007, Theatre Nepean was suspended indefinitely,[18] and the Australian Academy of Dramatic Art (AADA; now Australian Institute of Music - Dramatic Arts, or AIMDA) began a similar training program the following year, aiming at producing graduates who are all-round theatre-makers. Also in 2007, UWS had its first intake for Bachelor of Medicine / Bachelor of Surgery degree courses.[25] In the same year, UWS was part of a consortium with Griffith University and the University of Melbourne to win funding for a National Centre of Excellence for Islamic Studies.[26]
In 2011 and 2012, Professors Roy Tasker[29] and James Arvanitakis respectively, were announced as the Prime Minister's Australian University Teacher of the Year.[30]
Renaming (2015)
On 30 August 2015, the University of Western Sydney underwent a rebranding which resulted in a change in name to Western Sydney University.[31] Many students criticised the re-branding, calling it a waste of money that stripped the university community of its established identity.[32]
Campuses and buildings
Western Sydney University is a multi-campus institution.[33] Each campus hosts an array of courses and different units can be completed across multiple campuses.
The Parramatta Campus was first established on the site of the Female Orphan School, which was founded in 1813.[34][35] The site was formerly home to Rydalmere Psychiatric hospital and is located at the eastern end of Parramatta, near the border with the suburb of Rydalmere.[citation needed] It now houses the Whitlam Institute.[36]
The Rydalmere campus was established as a campus of UWS in 1998. It is the nearest campus to the Sydney CBD.[citation needed]
Parramatta campus courses include occupation fields like Science, Business, and Law. It also hosts their Science courses in modern buildings near to the Rydalmere campus at a site formerly used by quarantine authorities, CSIRO, Amdel Sugar, and the Biological and Chemical Research Institute laboratories.[37]
The university announced the establishment of a new campus in the Parramatta CBD as an extension of its existing Parramatta Campus in 2014.[38]
Parramatta City campus
Science Building, Parramatta South campus
Engineering Innovation Hub, Parramatta City campus
The former Female Orphan School, now located on the present day site of the Parramatta South Campus
Bankstown
The former Bankstown Campus Library at Milperra
The Bankstown Campus which opened in 1989, was located at Milperra, about 5 kilometres (3.1mi) from the Bankstown CBD. Specialising in the social sciences, most of the students on campus are psychology, sociology, arts, linguistics, and education students. The campus also hosts the Bachelor of Policing degree and much of The MARCS Institute. The campus also included a modern cafeteria/eatery area as well as Oliver Brown.
Students on campus specialise in the social sciences. Most are psychology, sociology, nursing, arts and linguistic students. The campus is also home to the Bachelor of Policing program. The campus includes a modern cafeteria area, a new library, a full-size football oval, and the MARCS Institute. UWS's most well-known interpreting and translation course is taught at Bankstown campus. UWS trains and produces many NAATI accredited interpreters and translators.
It was the original campus of the Macarthur Institute of Higher Education, which merged into the then-new university in 1989; however, as a result of widespread rebuilding by WSU, the oldest building on campus was opened in 1989. The building contains a plaque indicating that it was opened by the then treasurer and later Prime Minister Paul Keating.
Western Sydney University has built a new vertical campus in the Bankstown CBD which opened in March 2023.[39] The campus caters to 10,000 students and 700 staff with courses in education, psychology, business and IT.[40] In December 2019, Western Sydney University announced a partnership with the University of Technology Sydney which will see the two universities collaborate on postgraduate teaching and research. The two universities will also co-locate their business incubator programs at the new Bankstown City Campus.[41] The new Bankstown City campus was officially opened in December 2022, and commenced teaching in early 2023.[42]
Blacktown
In 2009, Western Sydney University opened The College at the old Blacktown campus of the university after protest about the divesting of property and resources from the site.[citation needed]
The university's Nirimba campus is built on the site of HMAS Nirimba, a former naval aviation base, and is also known as the Nirimba Education Precinct, located in Nirimba Fields,[43] about a 10-minute drive from Blacktown. The nearest railway station is Quakers Hill station in the neighbouring suburb of Quakers Hill. The campus has many historical buildings and two crossed air runways that ceased operation 1994. The Nirimba campus has student accommodation, air-conditioned lecture theatres and rooms built in the 1990s. The campus has views of the now closed Schofields Aerodrome. Campus numbers have dwindled since the university reduced the range of courses available.[citation needed] The campus is primarily a single-discipline campus, offering business courses which are also taught at other Western Sydney University campuses. Nirimba campus is not far[clarification needed] from Norwest Business Park.
In recent times[when?] there has been much controversy over the status of this campus, at one point Western Sydney University was depicted in the media as abandoning the campus and the local area it served.[44] There was even a council run protest at the closure called Save UWS Nirimba, where politicians and the university were petitioned to save the campus from closure, later it was decided rather than divesting they would set up The College. Western Sydney University has recently[when?] announced for its Blacktown campus a brand new Medical facility called the Blacktown-Mount Druitt Clinical school[45] which would be based at Blacktown Hospital, making it the second clinical school associated with the School of Medicine; the first school being the Macarthur Clinical School at Campbelltown Hospital which opened in March 2007. In 2017 the university announced plans to sell off land held on the Nirimba site, previously set aside for student accommodation.[46]
The library located in C21 was originally a dual purpose library, though run and staffed by Western Sydney University it was also used as the TAFE library. Now a 'triple purpose' library is also caters to the students of The College. Both WSI TAFE and The College provide funding to Western Sydney University for this privilege, however as with all Western Sydney University libraries, purchasing, collection maintenance and staffing is managed centrally.
Campbelltown
WSU (Campbelltown Campus) at night – 2006
The Campbelltown Campus is located in the semi-rural Macarthur region in South Western Sydney. Together with the Bankstown campus, the Campbelltown campus was originally part of the Macarthur Institute of Higher Education, founded in 1984. The campus offers degrees (among many others) in medicine, health, sciences, nursing, law and business. Research centres are also located in the campus.
School of Medicine
In 2007, the School of Medicine was established and began offering the Bachelor of Medicine/Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree for the first time in the university's history. It is hoped that many of the School's graduates will practice in the Western Sydney region, in order to redress the shortage of healthcare professionals in the area.
The on-campus student accommodation (called 'Gunydji') was upgraded in 2010 with a maximum occupancy of 205. It is a complex of self-contained units that accommodate one to five tenants each.[47][48]
The campus is home to the UWS Rotary Observatory, designed by Dr. Ragbir Bhathal, consisting of two observing domes of 4.5m and 2.9m diameter respectively,[49] opened on 15 July 2000. The observatory is principally utilised for Optical S.E.T.I. research but also hosts community astronomy nights, in collaboration with Macarthur Astronomical Society. In 2013 the observatory was relocated to make way for a new residential housing estate to the south of the campus. It was reopened in a new location on 2 October 2014.[50] The campus also provides the venue for the Macarthur Astronomy Forum.
The Hawkesbury campus, also known as the Richmond campus, is located on a 1,300-hectare (5.0sqmi) site in the Hawkesbury Valley in north-western Sydney, next to the town of Richmond. Courses are offered in environmental health, forensic science, nursing, medical science, natural science (environmental, agricultural, horticultural), secondary school science teaching. Hawkesbury campus facilities include research labs, farmland, aquacultural (not operational) and equine facilities, residential halls and cottages, a conference centre, religious centres, a campus social hub called Stable Square, featuring cafeterias, a bar (not operational), a music room and a large collection of Hawkesbury Agricultural College memorabilia.
The campus was originally the Hawkesbury Agricultural College, established by the New South Wales Department of Agriculture in 1891. It later became a College of Advanced Education until 1989, then UWS Hawkesbury (as a member institution of UWS with campuses and Richmond and Quaker's Hill) until 2000. The School of Agriculture operated a commercial dairy until it closed in 2004.[51]
The Hawkesbury campus houses the Hawkesbury Forest Experiment. The experiment consists of twelve giant chambers with individual, living trees in controlled environments which will help predict what will happen to the Australian bush over the next century.[52]
This campus is also home to the forensic science degree and holds a crime scene house, various forensic lab equipment. The Centre for Plant and Food Science is also located at this campus.[53]
Hawkesbury Earthcare Centre, an organic farming organisation with a seedbank is located at Hawkesbury Campus. The centre is affiliated with Henry Doubleday Research and the Alternative Technology Association.[54]
The Hawkesbury campus is next to Richmond TAFE. The nearest railway station is East Richmond
Penrith
The Penrith Campuses are made up of three areas in two Sydney suburbs; Kingswood, Werrington South and Werrington North.
Aerial photograph of the Kingswood campus site
Kingswood has most of the campus's student services and facilities, computer rooms, classrooms and lecture theatres. It also has tennis courts, a gym, a bar (the Swamp Bar) and student accommodation. The Allen Library and Ward Library have now merged and are housed in a new building on the Kingswood campus. The new building (John Phillips Library) has been shortlisted for the 2015 World Architecture Festival (WAF) Awards.
Werrington South has fewer classrooms and lecture theatres. Werrington South also contains the faculty of communications, design and media. This is the campus for the Bachelor of Design (Visual Communications) degree. As of the end of 2016, these classes were no longer offered on this campus, can saw both the Design and Media arts subjects be relocated to Parramatta and the remaining classes be transferred to Kingswood. Majority of this site is now used for staff purposes.
Werrington North used to be a teaching campus but is now administration only, and houses the Chancellor and Vice Chancellor's offices. It also has the Nepean Observatory built by Dr Graeme White (no longer with UWS) and members of the UWS Centre for Astronomy.
Focus areas are split between Werrington South and Kingswood, with most engineering, computing, music and humanities subjects having classes in Kingswood and design having classes at Werrington South.
Western Sydney University also hosts the broadcast centre of Sydney's community television station TVS on Werrington South located in Building BD. As of 2015 TVS no longer broadcasts from this location due to the change of community licensing for stations ending in 2015. This change was made by then communications minister Malcolm Turnbull.[55]
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Sydney City
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Surabaya, Indonesia
The opening of WSU Surabaya on 9 November 2023, was attended by Indonesian Minister of Education, Culture, Research and Technology Nadiem Makarim, Australian Minister of Education Jason Clare, East Java Governor Khofifah Indar Parawansa, Western Sydney University Chancellor Jennifer Westacott, and Vice-Chancellor and President Barney Glover.[56]
Governance and structure
Board of trustees
The board of trustees is the peak jurisdiction for the university and has members consisting from Ministerial appointments, academic appointments, and an undergraduate and post-graduate student representative.[12][57]
In addition to the schools of specific academic disciplines, the University has a central Graduate Research School.
Badanami Centre for Indigenous Education
The Badanami Centre for Indigenous Education provides support to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students. It has a centre on each campus, staffed by people who share their knowledge and experience of life for Indigenous students.[63]
Academic profile
Research and publications
In 2013 Western Sydney University was successful in obtaining over $5.8 million in grants from the prestigious Australian Research Council for 18 Discovery Projects, placing it 11th out of 40 universities in Australia.[64]
The university publishes the Australian Edition of the Global Media Journal (GMJ/AU), an online journal that publishes "essays and research reports that focus on any aspects in the field of Communication, Media and Journalism".[65] Its first edition was published in 2007.[66]
The Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment was officially opened in 2012, funded by a $40 million grant from the Australian Government Education Investment Fund. It houses some of the largest and most complex facilities in the world for researching the effects of climate change.[82]
The Religion and Society Research Cluster grew out of the Centre for the Study of Contemporary Muslim Studies. It maintains a particular focus on religion, mutliculturalism and post-secularism. Cristina Rocha has been director of the centre since 2014.
Western Sydney University has 11 Research Institutes and Centres.
Student life
Student unions
Prior to 2009, Western Sydney University had two student organisations, each with its own focus and areas of responsibility. These organisations voluntarily shut down operations in 2009. These organisations were responsible for the bulk of extracurricular activities and services provided by the university.[citation needed]
Each organisation previously sourced their funds from Compulsory Student Unionism fees. With the passage of Voluntary Student Unionism legislation, UWS agreed to fund the organisations, but at a substantially reduced level. UWSSA also asked students to pay a voluntary $60 fee.[citation needed]
Connect Fitness centre
UWSSA and PAUWS were independent of the university, while UWSConnect is wholly owned by UWS.[citation needed]
UWSSA Inc.— UWS Students' Association. Its motto was "Bringing life to knowledge[83] " – a twist on the university's motto. It aimed to improve student life at the university by providing welfare and support services, and ran campaigns on issues affecting the student population.
PAUWS Inc.— The Postgraduate Association of UWS was a student's association for the postgraduate student population at the university.[citation needed]
UWSConnect Ltd.— UWSConnect is a not-for-profit[84][85] company owned by the university which aims to improve university life by providing bars, cafés, sporting events, recreational activities, etc. It is responsible for organising commercial ties with the university and its students, such as advertising space within the university, vending machines and student discounts and special offers.[citation needed]Connect Fitness— Connect Fitness is a not-for-profit organisation located on the grounds of Western Sydney University with four gyms now[when?] in operation over the Kingswood, Hawkesbury, Bankstown and Campbelltown campuses.[citation needed]
SPORT.— In 1989 the first football club of the university was formed at the Kingswood campus competing against other unniversities in intervarsity competitions including in Canberra, Armidale and Melbourne. The captain Richard Bakoss led the team for the first three years.
In 2019 the university restructured student representation, with the Western Sydney University Student Representative Council (SRC) becoming the peak representative body for all enrolled students at Western Sydney University.[86] The Council consists of 22 Representatives elected to represent the various campuses of Western Sydney University, Consisting of campus representative, collective officers, and the executive.[87]
Student newspapers
WSUPnews is the student newspaper of the Western Sydney University. W'SUP was previously known as cruWsible which was established in 2013.[citation needed]
Student accommodation
Western Sydney University has on-campus accommodation in the form of the UWS Village located adjacent to its Parramatta Campus. The village was opened in February 2009, providing apartments from one to eight bedrooms. At the time of opening, the village was the third Campus Living Villages property to be established in Sydney after the Macquarie University Village and the Sydney University Village.[citation needed]
In 2011, author Anita Heiss was Adjunct Associate Professor at the university, attached to the Badanami Centre for Indigenous Education (see below).[89]
Award-winning Australian author Gail Jones was a professor in the university's Writing and Society Research Centre as of 2019[update].[90]
In 2014, Peter K. Jonason, a postgraduate psychology professor at UWS with a PhD in psychology, won the Ig Nobel Prize for Psychology in 2014 for his research into the "dark side" of human nature completed in 2013 under the report titled "Creatures of the Night: Chronotypes and the Dark Triad Traits" (Peter K. Jonason, Amy Jones, and Minna Lyons, Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 55, no. 5, 2013, pp.538–541).[91][92]
Controversies
Reports of on-campus sexual assault and harassment
Between 2011 and 2016, there were 28 officially reported cases of sexual abuse and harassment on campus, resulting in no expulsions, no suspensions, and 7 warnings.[93] The 2017 Australian Human Rights Commission report on sexual assault and harassment gave figures substantially higher than this.[94]
Complementary medicine
Early in 2016, some controversy surrounding the university's full support of complementary medicine[95] and the university's alleged spying on employees who lodge complaints[96] in good faith emerged in the press. An employee, as well as eminent scientists,[95] criticised the support of the university for complementary medicines such as homeopathy, acupuncture, TCM, and energy healing etc.[97][98] The main controversial aspect was the continued support of these pseudo-scientific fields in exchange for continued funding from the naturopathic Jacka Foundation of Natural Therapies.[99][100]
The National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), a part of Western Sydney University, won the Bent Spoon Award in November 2017. This award is bestowed by the Australian Skeptics to 'the perpetrator of the most preposterous piece of paranormal or pseudo-scientific piffle'.[101][102] In early 2017, the university unsuccessfully attempted to block their Bent Spoon nomination.[103][104] This led to a number of articles appearing in the media taking an in-depth look at the National Institute of Complementary Medicine.[105][106][104] The university was found to have accepted an untied gift of $10 million[107][108][109] from the controversial supplement company, Blackmores.[110] These funds would partly be used to establish a traditional Chinese medicine 'hospital' in Sydney's health precinct, Westmead.[109]
Greater Western Sydney (GWS) is a large region of the metropolitan area of Greater Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Australia that generally embraces the north-west, south-west, central-west, far western and the Blue Mountains sub-regions within Sydney's metropolitan area and encompasses 11 local government areas: Blacktown, Blue Mountains, Camden, Campbelltown, Cumberland, Fairfield, Hawkesbury, Liverpool, Parramatta, Penrith and Wollondilly. It includes Western Sydney, which has a number of different definitions, although the one consistently used is the region composed of ten local government authorities, most of which are members of the Western Sydney Regional Organisation of Councils (WSROC). The NSW Government's Office of Western Sydney calls the region "Greater Western Sydney".
Nepean may refer to:
Hurlstone Agricultural High School is a government-funded co-educational academically selective and specialist secondary day and boarding school, located in Glenfield, a south-western suburb of Sydney, in the Macarthur region of New South Wales, Australia. HAHS is the oldest government boarding school in New South Wales.
Kingswood is a suburb in western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales in Australia. 52 kilometres (32 mi) west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Penrith. There are various other locations within the state of New South Wales that are also called Kingswood, and is often confused with the nearby suburb of Kingswood Park.
Hawkesbury Agricultural College was the first agricultural college in New South Wales, Australia, based in Richmond. It operated from 1891 to 1989.
Macarthur is a region in the south-west part of the Greater Sydney area, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The region includes the local government areas of the City of Campbelltown, Camden Council, and Wollondilly Shire. It covers an area of 3,067 square kilometres and has a population of close to 310,000 residents. The region geographically forms the foothills between the Blue Mountains and Southern Highlands regions.
Busways is an Australian bus company operating services in Sydney, and in the Central Coast, Mid North Coast regions of New South Wales and Adelaide. It is the largest privately owned bus operator in Australia.
Macarthur Institute of Higher Education was an Australian tertiary education institution from 1974 to 1989. It was known as the Milperra College of Advanced Education until 1983.
The St John Paul II Catholic College is a dual schoolcampus independent Roman Catholic co-educational secondary day school, with campuses located in Nirimba Fields and Schofields, in the City of Blacktown in the western suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
The metropolis of Greater Sydney in New South Wales, Australia, is informally subdivided into a number of geographic regions. The geographical definition of Greater Sydney spans across 33 local government areas and includes the Blue Mountains in the west, the Northern Beaches and the Hawkesbury in the north, the Royal National Park, the Wollondilly and Macarthur in the south, and Botany Bay in the east. These areas sometimes, but not always, roughly coincide with official boundaries of suburbs, local government authorities, or cadastral units, and some of the customary regions do not have well defined boundaries at all. Some commonly referred to regions overlap: for example, Canterbury-Bankstown is often referred to as a region, but it is also part of the South Western Sydney region. The regions themselves are not used as a formal jurisdiction, and generally do not have administrative or legislative bodies, although some regions are coterminous with a local government area, and in a number of regions that include multiple local government areas, Regional Organisations of Councils have been established that represent the councils in the region.
Ian Slade Porter OAM was General Manager of Campbelltown City Council from 1988 to 1999 and Deputy Town Clerk of Bankstown City Council from 1978 to 1988.
The Western Sydney University School of Medicine is a constituent body of the College of Health and Science at Western Sydney University, Australia.
Geoffrey Lee is a former Australian politician. He served as the Minister for Corrections in the second Perrottet ministry between December 2021 and March 2023. He has previously served as the Minister for Skills and Tertiary Education in the second Berejiklian and Perrottet ministries between April 2019 and December 2021. Lee was also a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Parramatta for the Liberal Party since 2011 until his retirement in 2023.
Ragbir Bhathal was an Australian astronomer and author, based at the Western Sydney University (WSU), Australia. He was known for his work on Optical Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (OSETI). He continued lecturing and research at WSU until he died at the age of 86 on 30 November 2022.
The Sydney Metropolitan Women's Rugby League was the premier Women's rugby league competition in the state of New South Wales, Australia. In 2017, the competition became known as the NSWRL Women's Premiership. The New South Wales Rugby League also administer open age women's and age group girls' competitions that sit below the NSWRL Women's Premiership. Within the Sydney Metropolitan region, there are several conferences.
Campbelltown Rotary Observatory in Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia, was opened in 2000 and is owned by Western Sydney University. It consists of twin domes of 4.5m and 2.9m diameter. The patron of the Observatory was the late Sir Arthur C Clarke CBE. The Observatory Director (2000-2022) was the late Dr. Ragbir Bhathal. It was originally named UWS Rotary Observatory.
Caddens is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales in Australia. It is a new masterplanned residential neighborhood located 49 kilometres (30 mi) west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Penrith featuring views of the scenic Blue Mountains. The suburb's postcode is 2747.
Nepean College of Advanced Education was an Australian higher education institution from 1973 to 1989.
↑ "GMJAU – Home". Global Media Journal. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
↑ "Contents page". Global Media Journal – Australian Edition. 1 (1). Western Sydney University. 2012. ISSN1835-2340. Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
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