Alex Pacheco (activist)

Last updated
Alex Pacheco
Alex Pacheco (PETA) (2).jpg
Born
Alexander Fernando Pacheco

August 1958 (age 65–66)
Joliet, Illinois, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Alma mater Ohio State University
Known for Animal rights advocacy
Founder, 600 Million Stray Dogs Need You
Co-founder, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
AwardsU.S. Animal Rights Hall of Fame (2001)

The Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience (1995)

Sea Shepherd Crew Member of the Year (1979)
Website https://600milliondogs.org https://alexpacheco.org

Alexander Fernando Pacheco (born August 1958) is an American animal rights activist. He is the founder of 600 Million Dogs, [1] co-founder and former chairman of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and a member of the advisory board of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. [2]

Contents

Pacheco first crewed with Captain Paul Watson in 1979 on the ship Sea Shepherd across the Atlantic Ocean, during a campaign of opposition to the Sierra, a Portuguese pirate whaling ship. Both The Sea Shepherd and the Sierra were sunk after being seized by the Portuguese authorities.

Pacheco came to wider public attention in 1981 for his role, along with Ingrid Newkirk, in what became known as the Silver Spring monkeys case, a campaign to release 17 crab-eating macaques who were undergoing experiments in the Institute for Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland. Filmmaker Oliver Stone writes that the political campaign to save the monkeys gave birth to the animal rights movement in the United States. [3]

Early life and education

Pacheco was born in Joliet, Illinois, but moved to Mexico with his family when he was very young, where he and his two siblings were raised near the ocean by his Mexican father, a physician, and his mother, an American nurse. Kathy Snow Guillermo writes in Monkey Business (1993) that Pacheco's early life was filled with animals; bats lived in the rubber trees in his front yard, snakes slept behind nearby rocks, and fishermen regularly dragged dolphins out of the water onto the beach. Instead of animals being killed for food in slaughterhouses, pigs, oxen, chickens, and turkeys were frequently killed in front of him. [4]

The family left Mexico when Pacheco was in junior high, and moved between Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. His interest in animals continued. He bought turtles and birds from pet stores, and a baby crab-eating macaque, whom he called Chi Chi and who would perch on his shoulder as he walked around the house. [4]

He attended a Catholic university in Ohio, intending to enter the priesthood, but while in Canada in his first year at the university, he visited a friend who worked at a meat-packing plant. Guillermo writes that he was shocked by the sight of two men throwing a newborn calf, cut from the uterus of its slaughtered mother, into a dumpster. Later in the week, a friend gave him a copy of Peter Singer's Animal Liberation , and he returned to Ohio as a vegetarian. His heart was no longer in becoming a priest, and he decided to attend Ohio State University [4] in Columbus, Ohio and devote himself to helping what he called "other-than-human beings". [4]

Activism

Sea Shepherd

At university, Pacheco organized campaigns against the use of leghold traps and castrating pigs and cattle without anesthetic. Guillermo writes that, as Ohio is an agricultural state, his activism met with stiff opposition and the occasional anonymous telephone call threatening to blow his head off. [4]

In 1979, he attended a talk in Columbus, Ohio, by Cleveland Amory of the Saturday Review , who was also the founder of the Fund for Animals, which funded the anti-whaling vessel the Sea Shepherd. He sought Amory out after the talk and volunteered. Pacheco first crewed with Paul Watson on the ship for the summer in 1979 (and again in 2003), in the bridge, the engine room and as a deckhand, during the Sea Shepherd's first whale protection campaign, known as The Sierra Campaign, across the Atlantic, which ended with both the Sea Shepherd and the Sierra being sunk, in Portugal in 1980. [4]

Silver Spring monkeys case

One of the photographs Pacheco took inside the Institute for Behavioral Research, 1981 Silver-Spring-monkey.jpg
One of the photographs Pacheco took inside the Institute for Behavioral Research, 1981

The Silver Spring monkeys case began in 1981, when Pacheco took a job as a volunteer inside the Institute for Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland. Edward Taub, a neuroscientist, was cutting sensory ganglia that supplied nerves to the fingers, hands, arms, and legs of 17 macaque monkeys – a process known as "deafferentation" – so that the monkeys could not feel them. (Some of them had had their entire spinal columns deafferented.) Taub used restraint and electric shock to force the monkeys to use the limbs they could not feel. [5] He discovered that, when motivated by extreme hunger or the desire to avoid electric shock, they could be induced to use their deafferented limbs. [6] The research led in part to the discovery of neuroplasticity within the primate motor system and a new therapy for stroke victims called constraint-induced movement therapy that helped restore the use of affected limbs. [7] Pacheco reported Taub for violations of animal cruelty laws based on the animals' living conditions.

Police raided the lab, seized the monkeys and charged Taub with 119 counts of animal cruelty and failure to provide adequate veterinary care, the first such charges brought in the United States against a research scientist. 113 charges were dismissed at the first court hearing. [8] Taub was initially convicted on six misdemeanor counts of failure to provide adequate veterinary care. Five convictions were dismissed after a second trial, and the final conviction was overturned on appeal when the court ruled that Maryland's Prevention of Cruelty to Animals law did not apply to researchers. [5]

In 1990, Washingtonian magazine published an article alleging that Pacheco's photo of a monkey in a restraint chair was "staged." PETA filed a $3 million libel lawsuit, which was settled out of court when the magazine agreed to issue an apology and donate an unspecified amount of money to animal rights organizations. [9]

The legal battle for custody of the monkeys, following their removal by PETA, reached the United States Supreme Court. It was the first animal-rights case to do so, though the newly formed PETA ultimately failed in its battle to secure the animals' release. [10] The proceedings, which lasted years, generated a large amount of publicity for PETA, transforming it from what Ingrid Newkirk called "five people in a basement" into a national movement. [11] As a result of the case, the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Science, Research and Technology held hearings that led to the 1985 Animal Welfare Act, [12] and in 1986 changes in United States Public Health Service guidelines for animals used in animal research included a requirement that each institution seeking federal funding have an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee whose job it is to oversee how laboratory animals within that institution are cared for. [5]

Snare trapping of wild pigs and goats in Hawaii

In 1992, Pacheco and a staffer went to the Hawaiian island of Molokai and destroyed several hundred wire snares that were causing pigs and goats to die slowly of strangulation, starvation, and dehydration. The traps had been set by the Nature Conservancy in an effort to preserve native species by killing non-native species. After this was publicized, the Nature Conservancy discontinued the trapping. [13] [14]

Dogs at Pentagon wound lab

In July 1983, The New York Times reported that Pacheco was responsible for Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger halting Pentagon plans to shoot dogs in a "wound laboratory" at a military medical facility near Washington, D.C.. Pacheco had learned about the project and notified both Congress and The Washington Post . Weinberger had a collie, and when he read the article, he immediately banned the use of dogs in the experiments. Two days later, he also ordered the Pentagon to review the plans and suspend the shooting of pigs, goats, and other animals until the review was completed. [15] [16]

Pacheco continued to raise public awareness of the issue through protests. [17]

He also worked with Congressional contacts and the media in order to convince the military to make the change permanent and include other facilities and other species. In November 1983, Congressional representatives instructed the Defense Department not to use dogs and cats in any wound laboratories, and the policy went into effect in January 1984. [18] [19]

In late 1984, after continued public pressure and completion of the review ordered by Secretary Weinberger, the secretaries of the Army and Air Force banned the use of dogs and cats not just in wound labs, but in all biomedical and clinical research under their control. [20]

Horse slaughter in Texas

In late 1983, Pacheco went to Falls County, Texas, to investigate reports of horses dying in fields. At least 14,000 horses had been gathered by a company called Horses Unlimited, which planned to fatten them for slaughter and sale in Europe as horsemeat. Instead, 2,000 horses died of starvation, and one third of the rest suffered from severe malnutrition. [21]

Pacheco and others tried to aid the horses but were threatened with arrest by Falls County authorities, PETA told reporters. [22] He took his investigation and evidence of cruelty to the national media in early 1984. State investigators called it "one of the biggest cases of animal abuse in the state's history", and Jacy Reese Anthis described it as "the first modern undercover investigation of farmed animal abuse" in his 2018 book The End of Animal Farming . [21] [23]

As a result of his efforts, Pacheco was brought before a grand jury on criminal charges. He was represented by well-known defense attorney Richard "Racehorse" Haynes, and the charges were dropped. [24] The same month, the slaughter operation closed down permanently. [25]

Pennsylvania head injury lab's baboon experiments

In May 1984, Pacheco compiled a 30-minute video called Unnecessary Fuss based on 60 hours of videotapes taken from the Pennsylvania Head Injury Lab by the underground organization Animal Liberation Front. [26] [27]

The videos, made by the researchers, showed baboons receiving severe head and neck injuries from a head-acceleration machine. The videos also included footage of the researchers laughing at injured, brain-damaged animals. [28]

After nearly a year of other efforts to stop the federal government from continuing to fund this laboratory, in July 1985 Pacheco led approximately 100 activists in a sit-in at the headquarters of the National Institutes of Health, the federal agency funding the experiments. [29] [30] The sit-in lasted 4 days, after which Secretary of Health and Human Services Margaret Heckler publicly announced the termination of funding for the $14 million Head Injury Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania. [31]

Testing on animals; declining sales of fur

During his 20-year tenure as chairman of PETA, Pacheco was involved in bringing public attention to the way animals are treated in cosmetic tests and in urging companies to abandon this practice. These campaigns resulted in major companies such as Avon, Revlon, and Benetton ending animal tests on products sold in the U.S., and hundreds of other companies pledging to do the same. [32] [33] [34]

He was also involved in informing the public about the treatment of animals used for fur. The publicity by PETA was considered by the media, the public, and some in the fur industry to have caused a decline in fur sales. [35] [36]

Spokesperson for the Animal Liberation Front

Pacheco was the subject of grand jury investigations because he sometimes obtained information from, and served as the spokesperson for, the underground Animal Liberation Front, which broke into animal facilities to remove animals, gather evidence of cruelty, and sometimes damage laboratory equipment. [37] [38] [39] [40]

600 Million Dogs

In 2010, Alex Pacheco founded 600 Million Dogs [41] with the mission to develop safe veterinary formulas to permanently end the number one cause of suffering and death for dogs and cats worldwide—dog and cat overpopulation. The first formulas in development are Spay and Neuter Cookies, which are being designed to safely sterilize strays—without surgery. The objective is to end the cycle of suffering for the tens of millions of stray cats in the U.S. and end the cycle of suffering for the 600 million stray dogs worldwide, who give birth to over one billion stray pups each year. The organization is also dedicated to alleviating the plight of the 29 million people who are treated for rabies each year, and preventing the deaths of the 59,000 people who die from rabies each year. [42] [43]

Awards

The Peace Abbey, of Sherborn, Massachusetts, awarded Alex Pacheco the Courage of Conscience award in 1995. [44] In 2001, Pacheco was inducted into the US Animal Rights Hall of Fame. [45]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</span> American animal rights organization

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals is an American animal rights nonprofit organization based in Norfolk, Virginia, and led by Ingrid Newkirk, its international president. PETA says that its entities have more than 9 million members globally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Huntingdon Life Sciences</span> Contract research organisation

Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS) was a contract research organisation (CRO) founded in 1951 in Cambridgeshire, England. It had two laboratories in the United Kingdom and one in the United States. With over 1,600 staff, it was until 2015 the largest non-clinical CRO in Europe. In September 2015, Huntingdon Life Sciences, Harlan Laboratories, GFA, NDA Analytics and LSR associates merged into Envigo, which later sold off the CRO part.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ingrid Newkirk</span> British-American animal rights activist

Ingrid Elizabeth Newkirk is a British-American animal activist and the president of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), the world's largest animal rights organization. She is the author of several books, including The PETA Practical Guide to Animal Rights: Simple Acts of Kindness to Help Animals in Trouble (2009) and Animalkind: Remarkable Discoveries About Animals and Revolutionary New Ways to Show Them Compassion (2020). Newkirk has worked for the animal-protection movement since 1972.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Labcorp Drug Development</span> Contract research organization

Labcorp Drug Development is a contract research organization (CRO) headquartered in Burlington, North Carolina, providing nonclinical, preclinical, clinical and commercialization services to pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Formerly called Covance, the company is part of Labcorp, which employs more than 70,000 people worldwide. Labcorp Drug Development claims to provide the world's largest central laboratory network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Animal Welfare Act of 1966</span> U.S. federal law

The Animal Welfare Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on August 24, 1966. It is the main federal law in the United States that regulates the treatment of animals in research and exhibition. Other laws, policies, and guidelines may include additional species coverage or specifications for animal care and use, but all refer to the Animal Welfare Act as the minimally acceptable standard for animal treatment and care. The USDA and APHIS oversee the AWA and the House and Senate Agriculture Committees have primary legislative jurisdiction over the Act. Animals covered under this Act include any live or dead cat, dog, hamster, rabbit, nonhuman primate, guinea pig, and any other warm-blooded animal determined by the Secretary of Agriculture for research, pet use or exhibition. Excluded from the Act are birds, rats of the genus Rattus, mice of the genus Mus, farm animals, and all cold-blooded animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jerry Vlasak</span> American animal rights activist

Jerry Vlasak is an American animal rights activist and former trauma surgeon. He is a press officer for the North American Animal Liberation Press Office, a former director of the Animal Defense League of Los Angeles, and a former advisor to SPEAK, the Voice for the Animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Working animal</span> Domesticated animals for assisting people

A working animal is an animal, usually domesticated, that is kept by humans and trained to perform tasks instead of being slaughtered to harvest animal products. Some are used for their physical strength or for transportation, while others are service animals trained to execute certain specialized tasks. They may also be used for milking or herding. Some, at the end of their working lives, may also be used for meat or leather.

Animal welfare and rights in Israel is about the treatment of and laws concerning nonhuman animals in Israel. Israel's major animal welfare law is the Animal Protection Law, passed in 1994, which has been amended several times since. Several other laws also related to the treatment of animals: Rabies Ordinance, 1934; Fishing Ordinance, 1937; Public Health Ordinance, 1940; Wildlife Protection Law, 1955; Plants Protection Law, 1956; Criminal Procedure Law, 1982; Animal Disease Ordinance, 1985; National Parks, Nature Reserves, National Sites and Memorial Sites Law, 1991; the Law of Veterinarians, 1991; Dog Regulation Law, 2002; Rabies Regulations (Vaccinations), 2005; and Prohibition on declawing cats unless for reasons vital to the cat's health or owner's health, 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid</span> 1985 animal cruelty incident

In 1985, a raid took place at a laboratory belonging to the University of California, Riverside (UCR) that resulted in the removal of a monkey by the Animal Liberation Front (ALF). This monkey, called Britches, was a stump-tailed macaque who was born into a breeding colony at UCR. He was removed from his mother at birth, had his eyelids sewn shut, and had an electronic sonar device attached to his head—a Trisensor Aid, an experimental version of a blind travel aid, the Sonicguide—as part of a three-year sensory-deprivation study involving 24 infant monkeys. The experiments were designed to study the behavioral and neural development of monkeys reared with a sensory substitution device.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silver Spring monkeys</span> Macaques used in neuroplasticity research; subjects of an animal-cruelty court case

The Silver Spring monkeys were 17 wild-born macaque monkeys from the Philippines who were kept in the Institute for Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland. From 1981 until 1991, they became what one writer called the most famous lab animals in history, as a result of a battle between animal researchers, animal advocates, politicians, and the courts over whether to use them in research or release them to a sanctuary. Within the scientific community, the monkeys became known for their use in experiments into neuroplasticity—the ability of the adult primate brain to reorganize itself.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Taub</span> American neuroscientist, born 1931

Edward Taub is a behavioral neuroscientist on the faculty at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He is best known for his involvement in the Silver Spring monkeys case, for making discoveries in the area of neuroplasticity, and developing constraint-induced movement therapy; a family of techniques which helps the rehabilitation of people who have developed learned non-use as a result of suffering neurological injuries from a stroke or other cause.

<i>Unnecessary Fuss</i> 1984 American film

Unnecessary Fuss is a film produced by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), showing footage shot inside the University of Pennsylvania's Head Injury Clinic in Philadelphia. The raw footage was recorded by the laboratory researchers as they inflicted brain damage to baboons using a hydraulic device. The experiments were conducted as part of a research project into head injuries such as is caused in vehicle accidents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foundation for Biomedical Research</span> American animal welfare organization

The Foundation for Biomedical Research (FBR) is an American nonprofit organization, 501(c)(3), located in Washington, DC. Established in 1981, the organization is dedicated to informing the news media, teachers, and other groups about the need for lab animals in medical and scientific research. The organization, together with its partner, the National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR), argues that promoting animal research leads to improved health for both humans and animals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of animal testing</span>

The history of animal testing goes back to the writings of the Ancient Greeks in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, with Aristotle and Erasistratus one of the first documented to perform experiments on nonhuman animals. Galen, a physician in 2nd-century Rome, dissected pigs and goats, and is known as the "Father of Vivisection." Avenzoar, an Arabic physician in 12th-century Moorish Spain who also practiced dissection, introduced animal testing as an experimental method of testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients. Although the exact purpose of the procedure was unclear, a Neolithic surgeon performed trepanation on a cow in 3400-3000 BCE. This is the earliest known surgery to have been performed on an animal, and it is possible that the procedure was done on a dead cow in order for the surgeon to practice their skills.

Women have played a central role in animal advocacy since the 19th century. The animal advocacy movement – embracing animal rights, animal welfare, and anti-vivisectionism – has been disproportionately initiated and led by women, particularly in the United Kingdom. Women are more likely to support animal rights than men. A 1996 study of adolescents by Linda Pifer suggested that factors that may partially explain this discrepancy include attitudes towards feminism and science, scientific literacy, and the presence of a greater emphasis on "nurturance or compassion" amongst women. Although vegetarianism does not necessarily imply animal advocacy, a 1992 market research study conducted by the Yankelovich research organization concluded that "of the 12.4 million people [in the US] who call themselves vegetarian, 68% are female, while only 32% are male".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Animal Liberation Front</span> Animal rights direct action organization

The Animal Liberation Front (ALF) is an international, leaderless, decentralized political and social resistance movement that advocates and engages in what it calls non-violent direct action in protest against incidents of animal cruelty. It originated in the 1970s from the Bands of Mercy. Participants state it is a modern-day Underground Railroad, removing animals from laboratories and farms, destroying facilities, arranging safe houses, veterinary care and operating sanctuaries where the animals subsequently live. Critics have labelled them as eco-terrorists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rabies in animals</span> Deadly zoonotic disease

In animals, rabies is a viral zoonotic neuroinvasive disease which causes inflammation in the brain and is usually fatal. Rabies, caused by the rabies virus, primarily infects mammals. In the laboratory it has been found that birds can be infected, as well as cell cultures from birds, reptiles and insects. The brains of animals with rabies deteriorate. As a result, they tend to behave bizarrely and often aggressively, increasing the chances that they will bite another animal or a person and transmit the disease.

The National Animal Interest Alliance (NAIA) is a non-profit organization in the United States dedicated to promoting animal welfare and animal husbandry practices, strengthening the human-animal bond, and safeguarding the rights of responsible animal owners and professionals through research, public education and public policy. The NAIA mission is "to promote the welfare of animals."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Animal welfare and rights in South Korea</span>

Animal welfare and rights in South Korea is about the laws concerning and treatment of non-human animals in South Korea. South Korea's animal welfare laws are weak by international standards. There are a handful of animal welfare and rights organizations working in South Korea, which appear to be focused largely on the welfare of companion animals and the dog meat trade.

References

  1. ↑ "Developing a spay and neuter cookie – a cure for animal overpopulation". 600 Million Dogs. Retrieved 2020-02-12.
  2. ↑ "Board of Advisors, Alex Pacheco" Archived 2008-04-23 at the Wayback Machine , Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. / Also see "All American Animals". Archived from the original on June 23, 2009. Retrieved 2012-05-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), accessed February 16, 2008.
  3. ↑ Stone, Oliver. Foreword in Guillermo, Kathy Snow. Monkey Business: The Disturbing Case That Launched the Animal Rights Movement. National Press Books, 1993.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Guillermo, Kathy Snow. Monkey Business: The Disturbing Case that Launched the Animal Rights Movement. National Press Books 1993. p. 30-33.
  5. 1 2 3 Carlson, Peter. "The Great Silver Spring Monkey Debate" Archived 2012-11-02 at the Wayback Machine , The Washington Post magazine, February 24, 1991: "Scientists had first deafferented monkeys in the 1890s in order to study how the nervous system controls movement. They observed that the monkeys no longer used their deafferented limbs and concluded that voluntary movement is impossible in the absence of feeling – a conclusion that became a law of neuroscience. But in the late '50s, Taub and other researchers began to doubt that conclusion. They tested it by deafferenting monkeys and then forcing them to use their deafferented arms by putting a straitjacket on their good arms or by putting the animals in restraining chairs and giving them electric shocks if they didn't use the numb arms. Under duress, the monkeys did use the numb arms, thus disproving a basic tenet of neuroscience."
  6. ↑ Franks, David D. (2008). "The Controversy of Mind Over Matter". In Salvo, James; Washington, Myra (eds.). Studies in Symbolic Interaction. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 68. ISBN   9781848551251.
  7. ↑ "Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy". Archived from the original on 2007-01-03. Retrieved 2010-07-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), excerpted from "A Rehab Revolution," Stroke Connection Magazine, September/October 2004, accessed June 26, 2010.
  8. ↑ Doidge, Norman (2007). The Brain That Changes Itself. Viking Penguin. pp. 141–145.
  9. ↑ "MAGAZINE APOLOGIZES IN 3RD SUIT". Washington Post. 1991-10-17. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 2019-08-17.
  10. ↑ Newkirk, Ingrid. Free the Animals. Lantern, 2000.
  11. ↑ Schwartz, Jeffrey and Begley, Sharon. The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force. HarperCollins, 2002 p. 161.
  12. ↑ "Archived item". Archived from the original on 2007-12-31. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
  13. ↑ "Snaring of Hawaii's Feral Pigs Angers Animal Activists". Christian Science Monitor. 1994-01-05. ISSN   0882-7729 . Retrieved 2019-08-04.
  14. ↑ Magazine, From the Editors of E. (2005-06-10). "Attack of the Feral Pigs". Emagazine.com. Retrieved 2019-08-04.{{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  15. ↑ Gailey, Phil (1983-07-30). "Rare Victory for Dogs' Best Friends". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-08-04.
  16. ↑ Saperstein, Saundra (July 26, 1983). "Military Plan to Shoot Dogs Raises Hackles". Washington Post. p. A1.
  17. ↑ Brown, Chip (October 5, 1983). "Weinberger is the Butt of Animal Protests". Washington Post.
  18. ↑ Shapiro, Margaret (November 17, 1983). "Hill Agrees to Prohibit Wounding Dogs, Cats". Washington Post.
  19. ↑ Brisbane, Arthur (June 10, 1984). "Animal Crusaders Briefed on Jail". Washington Post.
  20. ↑ Richburg, Keith B. (October 4, 1984). "Army, Air Force Cease Tests on Dogs and Cats". The Washington Post. p. 1.
  21. 1 2 "2,000 Horses Starve as Plan to Sell Meat Fails". The New York Times. 1984-01-29. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-08-04.
  22. ↑ "An animal rights group today called on France to boycott United States horse meat". UPI Archive: Domestic News. 24 January 1984.
  23. ↑ Reese, Jacy (2018). The end of animal farming : how scientists, entrepreneurs, and activists are building an animal-free food system. Boston. ISBN   9780807019450. OCLC   1023099335.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  24. ↑ "Del Rio News Herald from Del Rio, Texas on February 14, 1984 · Page 10". Newspapers.com. 14 February 1984. Retrieved 2019-08-04.
  25. ↑ Lyon, Pamela (2 February 1984). "THE COLLAPSE OF A HORSE-TRADING DEAL: A TRAIL OF DEAD ANIMALS and FINANCIAL DISASTER". Philadelphia Inquirer. Dallas Times Herald Service. p. A.8.
  26. ↑ "ANIMAL RIGHTS GROUP TO GIVE JURY EVIDENCE". Morning Call. Allentown, Pennsylvania. AP. 4 October 1984. p. A.06.
  27. ↑ Newkirk, Ingrid (2000). Free the Animals. Lantern Books. p. 198.
  28. ↑ "Animal rights group shows stolen videotapes". UPI Archive: Washington News. 30 May 1984.
  29. ↑ "The Nation". Los Angeles Times (Southland 2 ed.). 16 July 1985. p. 2.
  30. ↑ "90 Animal Rights Activists Stage Sit-In at NIH to Protest Experiments". Washington Post. July 16, 1985.
  31. ↑ Boffey, Philip M. (1985-08-11). "The Rights of Animals and Requirements of Science". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-08-04.
  32. ↑ "People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals | organization". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-08-04.
  33. ↑ "When the Feds Locked Up Jonathan Paul for Refusing to Testify, the Animal Rights Movement Gained an . . . : Accidental Hero". Los Angeles Times. 1993-05-10. Retrieved 2019-08-04.
  34. ↑ "AP FACT CHECK: Cosmetic companies didn't resume animal tests". Business Insider. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2019-08-04. Retrieved 2019-08-04.
  35. ↑ "Government Spends 6 Million to Promote U.S. Mink Industry". Washington Post. January 2, 1992.
  36. ↑ "Furrier Seeks Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection". Los Angeles Times. 1989-12-30. Retrieved 2019-08-04.
  37. ↑ "ANIMAL RIGHTS LEADER SUBPOENAED FOR TAPES". Morning Call. Allentown, PZ. AP. 3 October 1984. p. A.04.
  38. ↑ Dixon, Jennifer (October 25, 1992). "WEEKLY FARM: Farmers, Researchers Hope New Law Chills Animal Terrorism". BC cycle. Advance.lexis.com. Associated Press.
  39. ↑ "Official concedes stolen lab animals in good condition". Globe & Mail. Toronto. 4 January 1985. p. M1.
  40. ↑ Satchell, M. (1992). "Pursuing PETA". U.S. News & World Report. Vol. 113, no. 11. p. 19.
  41. ↑ "Meet the Founder | 600 Million Dogs | Alex Pacheco". 600 Million Dogs. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  42. ↑ "Rabies". www.who.int. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
  43. ↑ "Rabies". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 2019-10-21. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
  44. ↑ "The Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Recipients List". Archived from the original on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2007-11-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  45. ↑ "Hall Of Fame". Arconference.org. Archived from the original on 2016-02-06. Retrieved 2016-12-06.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.