Amri Karbi language

Amri Karbi
Amri Karbi
Region	Assam major in the district Kamrup, Meghalaya in the district Ri-Bhoi
Ethnicity	Karbi people
Native speakers	125,000 (2003)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Kuki-Chin-Naga ? Mikir Amri Karbi; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ajz
Glottolog	amri1238

Last updated February 25, 2025

Amri Karbi, also known as Plains Karbi, Dumrali,^[2] is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in parts of the states of Assam and Meghalaya in Northeast India.^[3] Amri Karbi variously treated as a variety of the Karbi language or as its own language. Amri Karbi is divided into two regional varieties: Upper Amri and Lower Amri.^[2]^[3] It is distinct from the speech of a group also called Amri Karbi in the west of the Karbi Anglong district in Assam, who speak a Hills Karbi dialect.^[2]^[4]

Phonology

Consonants

Amri has 23 phonemic consonants. Allophones or alternative pronunciations are included in parentheses in the table below.

Consonants^[2]
			Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	unaspirated	p	t	c	k
	voiceless	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ
	voiced	unaspirated	b	d	ɟ	g
	voiced	aspirated	bʰ	dʰ	ɟʰ	gʰ
Fricative	voiceless		( ɸ )ⁱ	s			h
Fricative	voiced		β
Nasal			m	n		ŋ
Lateral				l
Rhotic				r
Approximant					( j )ⁱⁱ

^i Alternative realization of /pʰ/ amongst some members of the younger generation. ^ii Allophone of /ɟ/.

Vowels

Amri Karbi has 7 vowels, 2 of which are marginal phonemes (included in parentheses in the table below). In addition, there are the diphthongs /ai/ and /ɔi/.^[2]

Vowels^[2]
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	( e )		( o )
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		a

Tone

Three phonemic tones exist in Amri Karbi: low, mid, and high.^[2]

Phonotactics

The maximum syllable in Amri Karbi is (C)(C)V(V)(C). A limited number of onset clusters occur, the first element of which is a voiceless stop or the glottal fricative /h/, followed by /l/ or /r/. Depending on the speaker, clusters /hl/ and /hr/ can variably be produced as [h], [l] and [r], or [lh] and [rh]. All consonants but /ŋ/ can appear syllable-initially. The only consonants able to occur syllable-finally are nasals /m n ŋ/, liquids /l r/, and voiceless unaspirated /p t k/. The latter three are realized as unreleased [p̚ t̚ k̚] when syllable-final.^[2]

Orthography

Latin script is used for institutional practice, both Latin and Assamese script are used in various publications.^{[ citation needed ]}

Locations

Amri (Karbi) language is spoken in the following locations in India (Ethnologue).

Kamrup district, Assam (south of the Brahmaputra River): Chandubi, Loharghat, Rani block, Jalukbari, Pandu, Basbistha, Panikhaith, Jorabat, Sonapur, Khetri, and Kahi Kusi
Ri-Bhoi district, Meghalaya: Nongpoh area, Barni Hat, and Umling

References

↑ Amri Karbi at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Philippova, Nailya (2021). A Grammar of Amri Karbi (PhD thesis). Helsinki: University of Helsinki.
1 2 "Amri Karbi". Ethnologue (27 ed.). Retrieved 29 January 2025.
↑ Konnerth, Linda (17 June 2014). A Grammar of Karbi (PhD thesis). University of Oregon. Archived from the original on 29 January 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.

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[e27-1] Amri Karbi at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)

[:0-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Philippova, Nailya (2021). A Grammar of Amri Karbi (PhD thesis). Helsinki: University of Helsinki.

[:1-3] 1 2 "Amri Karbi". Ethnologue (27 ed.). Retrieved 29 January 2025.

[:2-4] Konnerth, Linda (17 June 2014). A Grammar of Karbi (PhD thesis). University of Oregon. Archived from the original on 29 January 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.

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