Caesium carbonate

Last updated
Caesium carbonate [1]
Cesium carbonate.svg
Caesium-carbonate-3D-Balls.png
  Caesium, Cs
  Carbon, C
  Oxygen, O
Caesium carbonate.jpg
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Dicaesium carbonate
Other names
  • Caesium carbonate
  • Cesium carbonate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.007.812 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 208-591-9
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/CH2O3.2Cs/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;/q;2*+1/p-2 Yes check.svgY
    Key: FJDQFPXHSGXQBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/CH2O3.2Cs/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;/q;2*+1/p-2
    Key: FJDQFPXHSGXQBY-NUQVWONBAO
  • [Cs+].[Cs+].[O-]C([O-])=O
Properties
Cs2CO3
Molar mass 325.819 g·mol−1
Appearancewhite powder
Density 4.072 g/cm3
Melting point 610 °C (1,130 °F; 883 K) (decomposes)
2605 g/L (15 °C)
Solubility in ethanol 110 g/L
Solubility in dimethylformamide 119.6 g/L
Solubility in dimethyl sulfoxide 361.7 g/L
Solubility in sulfolane 394.2 g/L
Solubility in methylpyrrolidone 723.3 g/L
−103.6·10−6 cm3/mol
Hazards
Flash point Non-flammable
Related compounds
Other anions
Caesium bicarbonate
Other cations
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Yes check.svgY  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Caesium carbonate or cesium carbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula Cs 2 C O 3. It is white crystalline solid. Caesium carbonate has a high solubility in polar solvents such as water, ethanol and DMF. Its solubility is higher in organic solvents compared to other carbonates like potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate, although it remains quite insoluble in other organic solvents such as toluene, p-xylene, and chlorobenzene. This compound is used in organic synthesis as a base. [2] It also appears to have applications in energy conversion.

Contents

Preparation

Caesium carbonate can be prepared by thermal decomposition of caesium oxalate. [3] Upon heating, caesium oxalate is converted to caesium carbonate with emission of carbon monoxide.

Cs2C2O4 → Cs2CO3 + CO

It can also be synthesized by reacting caesium hydroxide with carbon dioxide. [3]

2 CsOH + CO2 → Cs2CO3 + H2O

Chemical reactions

Caesium carbonate facilitates the N-alkylation of compounds such as sulfonamides, amines, β-lactams, indoles, heterocyclic compounds, N-substituted aromatic imides, phthalimides, and other similar compounds. [4] Research on these compounds has focused on their synthesis and biological activity. [5] In the presence of sodium tetrachloroaurate (Na[AuCl4]), caesium carbonate is very efficient mechanism for aerobic oxidation of different kinds of alcohols into ketones and aldehydes at room temperature without additional polymeric compounds. There is no acid formation produced when primary alcohols are used. [6] The process of selective oxidation of alcohols to carbonyls had been quite difficult due to the nucleophilic character of the carbonyl intermediate. [5] In the past Cr(VI) and Mn(VII) reagents have been used to oxidize alcohols, however, these reagents are toxic and comparatively expensive. Caesium carbonate can also be used in Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira synthesis reactions. Caesium carbonate produces carbonylation of alcohols and carbamination [ clarification needed ] of amines more efficiently than some of the mechanisms that have been introduced in the past. [7] Caesium carbonate can be used for sensitive synthesis when a balanced strong base is needed.[ citation needed ]

For energy conversion

Relatively effective polymer solar cells are built by thermal annealing of caesium carbonate. Caesium carbonate increases the energy effectiveness of the power conversion of solar cells and enhances the life times of the equipment. [8] The studies done on UPS and XPS reveal that the system will do less work due to the thermal annealing of the Cs2CO3 layer. Caesium carbonate breaks down into Cs2O and Cs2O2 by thermal evaporation. It was suggested that, when Cs2O combines with Cs2O2 they produce n-type dopes that supplies additional conducting electrons to the host devices. This produces a highly efficient inverted cell that can be used to further improve the efficiency of polymer solar cells or to design adequate multijunction photovoltaic cells. [9] The nanostructure layers of Cs2CO3 can be used as cathodes for organic electronic materials due to its capacity to increase the kinetic energy of the electrons. The nanostructure layers of caesium carbonate had been probed for various fields using different techniques. The fields include such as photovoltaic studies, current-voltage measurements, UV photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and impedance spectroscopy. The n-type semiconductor produced by thermal evaporation of Cs2CO3 reacts intensively with metals like Al, and Ca in the cathode. This reaction will cut down the work the cathode metals. [10] Polymer solar cells based on solution process are under extensive studies due to their advantage in producing low cost solar cells. Lithium fluoride has been used to raise the power conversion efficiency of polymer solar cells. However, it requires high temperatures (> 500 degree), and high vacuum states raise the cost of production. The devices with Cs2CO3 layers have produced equivalent power conversion efficiency compared with the devices that use lithium fluoride. [8] Placing a Cs2CO3 layer in between the cathode and the light-emitting polymer improves the efficiency of the white OLED.

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organic electronics</span> Field of materials science

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caesium fluoride</span> Chemical compound

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carbonate ester</span> Chemical group (R–O–C(=O)–O–R)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caesium oxalate</span> Chemical compound

Caesium oxalate, or dicesium oxalate, or cesium oxalate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula Cs2C2O4. It is a caesium salt of oxalic acid. It consists of caesium cations Cs+ and oxalate anions C2O2−4.

References

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Further reading