Chinese giant salamander

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Chinese giant salamander
Velemlok cinsky zoo praha 1.jpg
Chinese giant salamander at Prague Zoo
CITES Appendix I (CITES) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Urodela
Family: Cryptobranchidae
Genus: Andrias
Species:
A. davidianus
Binomial name
Andrias davidianus
(Blanchard, 1871)
Andrias davidianus relief map.svg
Approximate distribution
  Species range
Synonyms

Megalobatrachus davidianus (Reviewed by Liu, 1950) [3]

Contents

Chinese giant salamander
Traditional Chinese 大鯢
Simplified Chinese 大鲵

One of the main reasons that the Chinese giant salamander, Andrias davidianus, has been placed on the critically endangered list by the International Union for Conservation of Nature is overhunting. 75% of native species in China are harvested for food. The salamander is also used for traditional medicinal purposes. In 1989, the Chinese government placed legal protection on the salamander (category II due to its population decline by The Wild Animal Protection Law of China and Appendix I in the Convention of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna. [45] [46] ).

But the salamander populations have continued to decline. The domestic demand for salamander meat and body parts greatly exceeds what can sustainably be harvested from the wild. Commercial captive breeding operations so far still rely on the regular introduction of new wild-caught breeding adults, because captive-bred animals have proven difficult to mate. In addition, salamander farms would need to increase their yield manifold before the black-market price of poached salamander drop significantly, meaning that a stricter enforcement of anti-poaching law is still very much the future for the Chinese giant salamander.

China's penalty for illegally hunting these creatures is very low and only comes to 50 yuan, or about US$6, which is less than one hundred times the black-market price. Establishments such as restaurants can charge up to US$250–US$400 per kilogram.

A hunting tool known as a bow hook is one of the preferred methods used by hunters to catch the salamander. This hunting tool is made with a combination of bamboo and sharp hooks baited with frogs or smaller fish. This is used to capture the salamander and keep it alive. Some hunters use pesticides to kill the salamander. Farmers often poach wild salamanders to stock their breeding programs, while others are hunted as food.

In a 2018 study, the Zoological Society of London and the Kunming Institute of Zoology in China reported on their surveys for giant salamanders in 16 Chinese provinces over four years. The researchers had been unable to confirm survival of wild salamanders at any of the 97 sites they surveyed. [47] The study also brought up worries that commercial farms and conservation programs were crossbreeding what they described as five distinct species of Chinese giant salamanders. [48] All the wild populations studied were found "critically depleted or extirpated" by the study. A related study found that some of the five distinct genetic lineages were probably already extinct in the wild. [49] However, the exhaustiveness of these surveys was questioned in a 2022 study by Chai et al., who noted that over a third of the surveys had been performed only in Guizhou Province, and another third of the surveys had been performed in provinces that were only selected by habitat suitability modeling and had no actual historic records of giant salamanders. Based on this, the extent of extirpation of Chinese Andrias remains uncertain, especially as a natural population of Andrias jiangxiensis was discovered during the Chai et al. study. [50]

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References

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  45. ↑ Meng, Y. (2012). "Genetic diversity of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) based on the novel microsatellite markers". Russian Journal of Genetics. 48 (12): 1227–1231. doi:10.1134/s102279541212006x. S2CID   15179900.
  46. ↑ Wang, X.; Zhang, K.; Wang, Z.; Ding, Y.; Wu, W. & Huang, S. (2004). "The decline of the Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus and implications for its conservation". Oryx. 38 (2): 197–202. doi: 10.1017/S0030605304000341 .
  47. ↑ Turvey, Samuel T.; Chen, Shu; Tapley, Benjamin; Wei, Gang; Xie, Feng; Yan, Fang; Yang, Jian; Liang, Zhiqiang; Tian, Haifeng; Wu, Minyao; Okada, Sumio (2018-05-21). "Imminent extinction in the wild of the world's largest amphibian". Current Biology. 28 (10): R592–R594. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.005 . ISSN   0960-9822. PMID   29787717. S2CID   4075404.
  48. ↑ Kooser, Amanda (May 22, 2018). "Chinese giant salamanders being eaten into extinction". CNET .
  49. ↑ "Human demand pushes Chinese giant salamander to brink of extinction, study says". CBS News. May 22, 2018.
  50. ↑ Chai, Jing; Lu, Chen-Qi; Yi, Mu-Rong; Dai, Nian-Hua; Weng, Xiao-Dong; Di, Ming-Xiao; Peng, Yong; Tang, Yong; Shan, Qing-Hua; Wang, Kai; Liu, Huan-Zhang (2022-05-18). "Discovery of a wild, genetically pure Chinese giant salamander creates new conservation opportunities". Zoological Research. 43 (3): 469–480. doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.101. ISSN   2095-8137. PMC   9113980 . PMID   35514224.
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