Chronology of the Crusades, 1187–1291

Last updated September 21, 2025

This chronology presents the timeline of the Crusades from the beginning of the Third Crusade, first called for, in 1187 to the fall of Acre in 1291. This is keyed towards the major events of the Crusades to the Holy Land, but also includes those of the Reconquista, the Popular Crusades and the Northern Crusades.^[1]

Background

After the loss of Jerusalem in 1187, Saladin was in a position to drive the Franks out of the Holy Land. The pope responded by calling for a new crusade and Western Europe responded.^[2]

1187

20 September – 2 October. Saladin's conquest over the Franks is nearly complete with his successful Siege of Jerusalem.^[3]
20 October. Urban III dies and is succeeded by Gregory VIII on 25 October.^[a]^[5]
29 October. Gregory VIII issues the bull Audita tremendi calling for the Third Crusade.^[6]
Shortly thereafter. Richard the Lionheart, then duke of Aquitaine, takes the cross with other nobles at Tours.^[7]
12 November. Conrad of Montferrat leads the defense of the city against Saladin at the Siege of Tyre. The siege is abandoned on 1 January 1188.^[8]
19 December. Clement III becomes pope after the death of Gregory VIII.^[9]
Late December. Saladin begins his Siege of Belvoir Castle.^[10]
(Date unknown). Chieftain Esbern the Resolute calls for Danish support of the Third Crusade.^[11]
(Date unknown). Canute I of Sweden repels a fleet of pagan Karelians ravaging coastal towns. He builds a defensive tower in Stockholm in response.^[12]

Third Crusade

The Third Crusade was led by Frederick Barbarossa and Richard the Lionheart, and was followed shortly by the Crusade of 1197.^[2]

Richard Coeur De Lion On His Way To Jerusalem, by James William Glass, ca. 1850. Richard-Coeur-de-Lion-on-his-way-to-Jerusalem.JPG — *Richard Coeur De Lion On His Way To Jerusalem*, by James William Glass, ca. 1850.

1188

January. Henry II of England and Philip II of France take the cross at Gisors.^[13]^[14]
11 February. In order to finance the crusade, the Saladin tithe is begun in England.^[15]
27 March. Frederick Barbarossa takes the cross at the Curia Christi held in Mainz.^[16]
Spring. Saladin releases Guy of Lusignan from captivity.^[17]
26 May. Barbarossa sends Saladin an ultimatum to withdraw from the lands he had taken.^[18]
20–22 July. Bohemond III of Antioch is defeated by Saladin at the Siege of Laodicea.^[19]
26–29 July. Saladin defeats the Knights Hospitaller at the Siege of Sahyun Castle.^[20]
5–9 August. The Principality of Antioch is defeated by the forces of Saladin at the Siege of al-Shughur.^[21]
20–23 August. Shortly thereafter, Saladin successfully executes the Siege of Bourzey Castle.^[21]
November. The Franks abandon Kerak Castle to the Ayybuids after the Siege of Kerak.^[22]
Early November – 6 December. Saladin and his brother al-Adil I capture the Templar castle after the Siege of Safed.^[23]

1189

9 January. After over a year, Saladin is successful in his Siege of Belvoir Castle.^[10]
11 May. The Third Crusade begins, with Frederick Barbarossa and his forces departing Regensburg.^[24]
June. A Holy Roman Empire fleet, supported by Denmark and Flanders, en route to the Holy Land, stops in the Algarve and attack the castle there in the Alvor massacre.^[25]
6 July. Henry II of England dies and is succeeded by his son Richard the Lionheart, who was crowned on 3 September and continued his father's plans for the crusade.^[26]
21 July – 3 September. Sancho I of Portugal teams with Crusaders en route to the Holy Land defeat the Moors at the Siege of Silves .^[27]
August. Guy of Lusignan marches to Tyre but is refused entry by Conrad of Montferrat.
26 August. Barbarossa's forces seize the Byzantine city of Philippopolis.^[28]
28 August. Guy of Lusignan begins the Siege of Acre.^[29]
1 September. The Holy Roman Empire fleet arrives at Acre.^[25]
11 November. William II of Sicily dies and the kingdom is seized by Tancred of Sicily.^[30]

1190

April. An English fleet under the command of Richard de Camville and Robert de Sablé departs Dartmouth to meet Richard the Lionheart in Marseille.^[31]
April. After a long siege, Muslim forces under Saladin capture Beaufort Castle from Reginald of Sidon.^[32]
Spring. A northern fleet fought a battle with the Moors and is defeated at the Strait of Gibraltar.^[33]
Spring. A Bulgarian force defeats the Byzantines at the Battle of Tryavna Pass.^[34]
7 May. A Crusader army led by Frederick of Swabia and Berthold of Merania defeat the Seljuk Turks led by Kaykhusraw I at the Battle of Philomelion.^[35]
18 May. Barbarossa led an army commanded by Frederick of Swabia, Děpolt II and Géza of Hungary to defeat the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Iconium.^[36]
10 June. Frederick Barbarossa drowns while crossing the Saleph River and his army returns to Germany.^[16]
Summer. An English ship separated from its fleet sails into Silves while the city was besieged by the Almohads and the English crusaders participated in the successful defense of the city.^[33]
13–19 July. The Knights Templar under Gualdim Pais successfully repel the Moors at the Siege of Tomar.^[37]

25 July. Sibylla of Jerusalem and her two daughters die and her sister Isabella I of Jerusalem becomes queen.^[38]
7 August. Richard the Lionheart leaves for Sicily, arriving at Messina on 23 September. His fleet had arrived earlier, on 14 September.^[39]
4 October. Richard the Lionheart captures Messina.^[39] Tancred of Sicily agrees to a treaty in exchange for his recognition and the release of Joan of England.^[40]
Early November. The marriage of Isabella I of Jerusalem and Humphrey IV of Toron is annulled.^[38]
24 November Isabella I of Jerusalem marries Conrad of Montferrat.^[41]

1191

30 March. Celestine III becomes pope.^[42]
10 April. Richard the Lionheart leaves Sicily. Bad weather forces him to land in Cyprus, entering Limassol on 6 May.^[43]
15 April. Henry VI of Germany becomes Holy Roman Emperor.^[44]
20 April. Philip II of France arrives at Acre.^[43]
6 May. Bad weather forces the fleet of Richard the Lionheart to land at Limassol. The Conquest of Cyprus is complete by 1 June.^[45]
12 May. Berengaria of Navarre marries Richard the Lionheart in Cyprus. She was the eldest daughter of Sancho VI of Navarre and Sancha of Castile.^[46]
8 June. Richard the Lionheart arrives at Acre.^[47]
12 July. Acre surrenders to the Crusaders, ending the two-year Siege of Acre.^[47]
31 July. Philip II of France, accompanied by Conrad of Montferrat, departs to Tyre and returns to France. He leaves behind a French army under the command of Hugh III of Burgundy.^[14]
20 August. Richard the Lionheart has the Muslim prisoners of war captured at Acre beheaded during the Massacre at Ayyadieh. In retaliation, Saladin does same to his Christian prisoners.^[48]
7 September. Richard the Lionheart leads a Crusader army to defeat Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf.^[49]
November. The Crusader army advances on Jerusalem.^[50]
12 December. Saladin disbands most of his army under pressure from his emirs.^[51]
(Date unknown). Canute VI leads a Danish Crusade to Finland.^[52]

1192

Before 24 April. Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I of Jerusalem) is elected king of Jerusalem.^[41]
28 April. Conrad of Montferrat is murdered by two Assassins.^[53]
6 May. Henry II of Champagne marries Isabella I of Jerusalem, then pregnant with their child Maria of Montferrat. He becomes Henry I of Jerusalem.^[38]

21 June. Enrico Dandolo becomes doge of Venice.^[54]
8 August. In the final battle of the Third Crusade, Richard the Lionheart defeats Saladin at the Battle of Jaffa.^[55]
2 September. Richard the Lionheart and Saladin agree to the Treaty of Jaffa. Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, while allowing unarmed Christian pilgrims and traders to visit the city.^[56]
9 October. Richard the Lionheart departs the Holy Land.^[57]
Before Christmas. Leopold V of Austria arrests Richard the Lionheart, accusing him of the murder of his cousin Conrad of Montferrat, holding him in captivity at Dürnstein Castle.^[58]
(Date unknown). The Teutonic Knights are recognized by Celestine III.^[59]
(Date unknown). English chronicler and monk Richard of Devizes writes hisChronicon de rebus gestis Ricardi Primi covering the reign of Richard I of England from 1189–1192.^[60]

1193

4 March. Saladin dies and is succeeded by his sons Al-Aziz Uthman in Egypt and Al-Afdal in Syria.^[61]
28 March. Richard the Lionheart turned over to Henry VI of Germany who imprisons him in Trifels Castle.^[b]
(Date unknown). Celestine III calls for a crusades in Spain and in Northern Europe.^[63]

1194

4 February. Richard the Lionheart is ransomed and released from captivity.^[58]
11 March. Forgiving his brother John of England for his revolt with Philip II of France during his captivity, Richard the Lionheart was crowned a second time and declares war on France.^[64]
Spring. Casimir II the Just organizes an expedition against the Baltic Yotvingians.^[65]
October. Leo I of Armenia invites Bohemond III of Antioch to Bagras to resolve their differences. Upon Bohemond's arrival, Leon captures him and his family, and takes them to the capital of Sis.^[66]
(Date unknown). The Bulgarians defeat the Byzantines at the Battle of Arcadiopolis.^[67]
(Date unknown). Raymond V of Toulouse, strong opponent of heresy, dies and his succeeded by his son Raymond VI of Toulouse who favored the Cathars.^[68]

1195

March. Henry VI of Germany announces a new crusade, later known at the Crusade of 1197.^[44]
8 April. Alexios III Angelos becomes Byzantine emperor after deposing Isaac II Angelos.^[69]
1 June. A Georgian force defeats the Ildenizids of Azerbaijan at the Battle of Shamkor.^[70]
18 July. The Almohads led by caliph Yaqub al-Mansur attacked the Kingdom of Castile at the Battle of Alarcos.^[71]^[72]
Later. Alfonso IX of León invades Castile and is excommunicated by Celestine III.^[73]

1196

January. The Treaty of Louviers is signed by Philip II of France and Richard the Lionheart.^[74]
(Date unknown). Bulgarian forces under Ivan Asen I defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Serres.^[75]
(Date unknown). Norman poet and chronicler Ambroise of Evreux writes of the Third Crusade in his Old French poems L´Estoire de la guerre sainte and Itinerarium regis Ricardi.^[76]
(Date unknown). Ephraim of Bonn write his Emeḳ ha-Bacha concerning the treatment of Jews in Europe in the 12th century.^[77]

1197

March. The German forces under Henry VI of Germany begin the Crusade of 1197.^[78]
10 September. Al-Adil I leads a force that takes the city in the Battle of Jaffa.^[79]
10 September. Henry I of Jerusalem dies from falling out of a window at his palace in Acre. His widow, Isabella I of Jerusalem, becomes regent while the kingdom is thrown into consternation.^[80]
22 September. The German forces of the Crusade of 1197 arrive at Acre.^[81]
28 September. Henry VI of Germany dies of malaria at Messina, while preparing an expedition against the Byzantine usurper Alexios III Angelos.^[44]
28 November. The German crusaders fail to take the city during the Siege of Toron, which lasts until 2 February 1198.^[82]
(Date unknown). Celestine III again calls for a crusade in Spain.^[83]
(Date unknown). Knights of the Order of Calatrava take Salvatierra Castle from the Moors, holding it until 1211.^[84]

Fourth Crusade

The Fourth Crusade was launched to again go the Holy Land, but instead resulted in the Sack of Constantinople and the collapse of the Byzantine Empire. Shortly thereafter, the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathar heretics and the Children's Crusade began.^[85]

1198

8 January. Innocent III becomes pope.^[86]
2 February. Failing to take the city, the German crusaders lift the Siege of Toron and return home.^[82]
Spring. Aimery of Cyprus marries Isabella I of Jerusalem and are crowned as king and queen of Jerusalem at Acre.^[87]
July 1 Aimery of Cyprus signs a treaty with al-Adil I securing the Crusader possessions from Acre to as far as Antioch for five years and eight months.^[87]
15 August. Innocent III issues the bull Post miserabile calling for the Fourth Crusade.^[88]
August. The Livonian Crusades begin with the Wars against Livs and Latgalians. Berthold of Hanover fails to defeat the Livonians and is killed.^[89]

1199

6 April. Richard the Lionheart dies and his brother John of England becomes king.^[90]
28 November. Due to the preaching of Fulk of Neuilly, a Crusade army is organized at a tournament held at Ecry-sur-Aisne by Theobald III of Champagne.^[91]^[92]
(Date unknown). Michael the Syrian writes his Chronicle in Syriac, covering history of the world down to 1196.^[93]

1200

17 February. Al-Adil I proclaims himself sultan of Egypt.^[94]
(Date unknown). Albert of Buxhoeveden, bishop of Riga, leads a crusade to conquer Latvia.^[95]
(Date unknown). The Livre au Roi , the earliest surviving text of the Assizes of Jerusalem, is written.^[96]

1201

March. Envoys are sent to Venice, then led by doge Enrico Dandolo, to negotiate sea transportation of the crusaders to Cairo, believed to be the best route to secure Jerusalem.^[97]
24 May. Theobald III of Champagne dies and is replaced by Boniface of Montferrat as leader of the crusade that summer.^[98]
(Date unknown). Alexios IV Angelos, son of Isaac II Angelos, takes refuge in Germany with his brother-in-law Philip of Swabia. He begins to get backing to be placed as Byzantine emperor.^[99]

1202

May. The Crusader force gathers in Venice, but in smaller numbers that expected. Unable to pay the Venetians for the boats they built, Enrico Dandolo proposes an attack on Adriatic ports as payment.^[c]^[100]
Spring. Crusaders who chose to continue to the Holy Land arrive in Acre.^[101]
Later. As part of the War of the Antiochene Succession, Leo I of Armenia attacks Antioch, defended by recently arrived Crusaders. Renard of Dampierre is captured, to be held prisoner until 1233.^[102]
10–24 November. The Crusaders and Venetians sack the city after the Siege of Zara.^[103]
Later. Innocent III excommunicates those who attacked Zara and orders them to proceed to Jerusalem. The excommunication is lifted for non-Venetians in February 1203.^[104]
Winter. Boniface of Montferrat meets with Alexios IV Angelos who offers to provide resources to the crusade in exchange for being placed as Byzantine emperor.^[99]
(Date unknown). Anders Sunesen leads a crusade against the Finns as part of the Danish Crusade.^[105]
(Date unknown). The Livonian Brothers of the Sword is established.^[106]

1203

April. The Crusaders depart for Constantinople.^[107]
11 July – 1 August. The Crusaders are victorious after the Siege of Constantinople.^[108]
19 July. Isaac II Angelos and Alexios IV Angelos become co-emperors of Byzantium.^[109]
Late August. Crusade leadership writes to Innocent III explaining their actions and vowing to proceed to Egypt in the spring.^[110]

1204

27 January. Nicholas Kanabos is proclaimed as rival Byzantine emperor. Isaac II Angelos dies shortly thereafter.^[99]
8 February. Alexios IV Angelos is murdered and Nicholas Kanabos is imprisoned. Alexios V Doukas becomes emperor.^[111]
12–15 April. The Crusaders and Venetians participate in the Sack of Constantinople, essentially ending the Byzantine empire. The new Latin Empire was created under Baldwin IX of Flanders, as Baldwin I.^[112]
May. Alexios I of Trebizond establishes the Empire of Trebizond with the backing of Tamar of Georgia.^[113]
September–October. The Byzantine empire is formally partitioned with the signing of the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae, creating the Frankokratia .^[114]
September. Realizing that the Fourth Crusade will not bring sufficient reinforcements to Acre, Aimery of Cyprus negotiates a six-year truce with al-Adil I.^[115]
December. Alexios V Doukas is captured by Thierry de Loos and executed by being thrown from the Column of Theodosios in Constantinople.^[111]
Late. Innocent III authorizes those who took a crusading vow but could not go may crusade in the Baltic instead.^[116]

Partition of the Byzantine Empire into The Latin Empire and its Crusader vassals, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond, and Despotate of Epirus after 1204. LatinEmpire2.png — Partition of the Byzantine Empire into The Latin Empire and its Crusader vassals, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond, and Despotate of Epirus after 1204.

1205

Early. Theodore I Laskaris founds the Empire of Nicaea.^[117]
18 March. Nicaea defeats the Latins at the Battle of Adramyttion, the first battle of the Nicaean–Latin wars.^[118]
1 April. Aimery of Cyprus dies and is succeeded by Hugh I of Cyprus. Isabella I of Jerusalem is the sole ruler of Jerusalem.^[119]
14 April. The Bulgarians are successful in the Battle of Adrianople, the first of the Bulgarian–Latin wars. This if followed by a similar victory at the Battle of Serres in June.^[120]
April. Isabella I of Jerusalem dies and is succeeded as queen of Jerusalem by her daughter Maria of Montferrat.^[121]
Summer. The Franks defeat the remaining Byzantines at the Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras completing their conquest of the Morea. The Principality of Achaea is founded shortly thereafter.^[122]
(Date unknown). The Seljuk Turks led by Kaykhusraw I fail in their first Siege of Trebizond with the defenses of the city led by Alexios I of Trebizond, emperor and claimant to the Byzantine throne.^[123]
(Date unknown). Othon de la Roche founds the Duchy of Athens.^[124]
(Date unknown). German monk Gunther of Pairis writes his Historia Constantinopolitana about the Fourth Crusade.^[125]

1206

31 January. Bulgarian forces under Kaloyan, defeat the remnants of the Latin army at the Battle of Rusion.^[120]
February. The Bulgarians attack and loot the fortified town after the Battle of Rodosto, defended by a Venetian garrison.^[120]
July. Baldwin I, Latin Emperor, captive since the Battle of Adrianople, dies at Baldwin's Tower and is succeeded by Henry of Flanders who is crowned on 20 August.^[126]
Late. Saint Dominic and Diego de Acebo establish the Monastery of Our Lady of Prouille which embraced Albigensianism.^[d]^[127]
(Date unknown). Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates writes Nicetæ Choniatæ Historia, covering the period 1118–1207.^[128]

1207

2 February. Terra Mariana (Old Livonia) is established as a vassal state of the Holy See.^[129]
March. The Seljuk Turks are successful at the Siege of Antalya.^[130]
May. Raymond VI of Toulouse is excommunicated for not dealing with the Cathars.^[68]
4 September. The Bulgarians defeat the Latins at the Battle of Messinopolis. Latin commander Boniface of Montferrat is killed.^[120]

1208

13 January. Senior papal legate Pierre de Castelnau meets with Raymond VI of Toulouse over the Cathar issue and is murdered the next day.^[131]
March. Innocent III calls for the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars.^[132]
Early June. The Bulgarians defeat the Latins at the Battle of Beroia.^[120]
30 June. The Latin Empire defeats the Bulgarians at the Battle of Philippopolis.^[133]

1209

Depiction of the death of Simon de Montfort during the Albigensian Crusade, by Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville, dated 1883. DeathMontfort.jpg — Depiction of the death of Simon de Montfort during the Albigensian Crusade, by Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville, dated 1883.

July. The Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars begins under the command of Arnaud Amalric.^[68]
22 July. The Crusaders conduct the Massacre at Béziers.^[e]^[134]
15 August. Cathar stronghold Carcassonne falls to the Crusaders.^[132]
Later. Simon de Montfort given control of the conquered territories of Béziers and Carcassonne and takes command of the Crusade.^[68]
(Date unknown). At the Council of Avignon, Raymond VI of Toulouse and the inhabitants of Toulouse are excommunicated for failing to expel the Cathars.^[68]

1210

Early June – 22 July. Simon de Montfort and Arnaud Amalric defeat the Cathars at the Siege of Minerve.^[132]
3 October. John of Brienne is crowned king of Jerusalem by virtue of his marriage to Maria of Montferrat.^[135]
(Date unknown). The forces of Peter II of Aragon defeat the defending Moorish forces at the Siege of al-Dāmūs.^[136]

1211

April. Simon de Montfort lays siege to Lavaur, destroying the city and its inhabitants.^[68]
17 June. The Nicean forces of Theodore I Laskaris defeat the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Antioch on the Meander. Kaykhusraw I, was killed on the field of battle and Alexios III Angelos was taken prisoner.^[137]
15 October. Latin forces under Henry of Flanders defeat the Niceans led by Theodore I Laskaris at the Battle of the Rhyndacus.^[138]

1212

Early. Simon de Montfort takes Toulouse, causing his brother-in-law Peter II of Aragon to intervene later in the year.^[68]
Early Spring. The Children's Crusade begins with disastrous results.^[139]
16 July. Alfonso VIII of Castile, Sancho VII of Navarre and Peter II of Aragon defeat the Moorish forces under Muhammad al-Nasir at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa.^[140]
(Date unknown). Isabella II of Jerusalem becomes queen of Jerusalem after the death of her mother Maria of Montferrat.^[141]
(Date unknown). Pope Innocent III calls for a crusade in Spain.^[83]
(Date unknown). Benedictine monk and chronicler Arnold of Lübeck writes Duellum Nicænum, a continuation of Helmold's Chronica Sclavorum.^[142]
(Date unknown). German knight and poet Wolfram von Eschenbach writes Willehalm , a tale involving Saracens.^[143]

Fifth Crusade

The Fifth Crusade attacked Egypt with disastrous results.^[144]

1213

18 January. Tamar of Georgia dies and is succeeded by her son George IV of Georgia.^[145]
19 April. Innocent III issues his papal bull Quia maior calling for what will become the Fifth Crusade.^[146]^[147]
12 September. Peter II of Aragon dies fighting his brother-in-law Simon de Montfort in the Battle of Muret, the last major battle of the Languedoc phase of the Albigensian Crusade.^[148]
(Date unknown). French knight and historian Geoffrey of Villehardouin writes his chronicle De la Conquête de Constantinople (On the Conquest of Constantinople) on the Fourth Crusade based on his experiences in the endeavor.^[149]
(Date unknown). Cistercian monk Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay writes his chronicle Historia Albigensis about the Albigensian Crusade, a primary source of that endeavor.^[150]

1214

1 November. The Seljuk Turks under Kaykaus I defeat the Empire of Trebizond at the Siege of Sinope. Alexios I of Trebizond is taken prisoner.^[151]
December. After the Battle of the Rhyndacus, the Treaty of Nymphaeum is signed between the Latin Empire and the Empire of Nicaea.^[138]

1215

8 January. Simon de Montfort is elected lord of Languedoc after his campaign against the Cathar heretics during the Albigensian Crusade.^[152]
Summer. Frederick II becomes king of Germany after the excommunication and abdication of Otto IV, taking the cross for the first time.^[153]
24 August. Raymond VI of Toulouse captures Beaucaire, the first heretic victory in the Albigensian Crusade.^[154]
11 November. The Fourth Lateran Council endorses the Fifth Crusade.^[83]

1216

14 February. Leo I of Armenia reconquers the Principality of Antioch and Raymond-Roupen is installed as prince.^[155]
18 July. Honorius III becomes pope, continuing the support of the new crusade.^[156]
(Date unknown). French knight Robert de Clari writes La Conquête de Constantinople, covering the period 1202–1205.^[157]

1217

1 July. Forces depart France on the Fifth Crusade.^[158]
30 July – 18 October. Portugal and the Crusaders under Soeiro II of Lisbon and William I of Holland defeat the Moors at the Siege of Alcácer do Sal, the first engagement of the Fifth Crusade.^[159]
23 August. The forces of Andrew II of Hungary depart from Split for Syria on what is known as the Crusade of Andrew II of Hungary (Hungarian Crusade), part of the Fifth Crusade.^[160]
21 September. The Livonian Brothers of the Sword defeat the Estonians at the Battle of St. Matthew's Day.^[161]
22 September. Simon de Montfort begins the Siege of Toulouse, to put down the Languedoc revolt of the Albigensian Crusade.^[162]
30 November – 7 December. The army of Andrew II of Hungary fails in their Siege of Mount Tabor against the fortress held by the Ayyubids.^[160]
15 December. The Hungarian Crusade ends with their defeat at the Battle of Machghara by the Ayyubids.^[160]

1218

10 January. Hugh I of Cyprus dies and is succeeded in Cyprus by his one-year old son Henry I of Cyprus.^[163]
March. Honorius III authorizes the Prussian Crusade.^[164]
27 May. The first of the Crusader ships arrive in Egypt. Led by John of Brienne, other commanders include Leopold VI of Austria, Simon III of Sarrebrück, and masters Peire de Montagut, Hermann of Salza and Guérin de Montaigu.^[165]
29 May. The Siege of Damietta begins.^[166]
25 June. Simon de Montfort dies at the Siege of Toulouse. His son Amaury de Montfort continues the Albigensian Crusade with little success.^[152]
1 August. Honorius III proclaims a new Albigensian Crusade.^[167]
24 August. The siege engines of Oliver of Paderborn breach the main tower of Damietta which is taken is taken the next day.^[166]
31 August. Al-Adil I dies and Al-Kamil becomes Ayyubid sultan of Egypt.^[168]
9 November. Papal delegate Pelagius Galvani arrives in Egypt and takes command of the Crusade from John of Brienne.^[169]

1219

Early. Valdemar II of Denmark invades Estonia, which is elevated to a crusade by Honorius III, and takes Tallinn (Revel).^[170]
May. Leopold VI of Austria returns home from the Fifth Crusade.^[171]
19 June. The forces of Valdemar II of Denmark defeat the Estonians at the Battle of Lyndanisse.^[172]
29 August. After his overtures of peace were rejected, al-Kamil defeats the Crusaders under Pelagius Galvani and John of Brienne at the Battle of Fariskur.^[173]
September. Saint Francis of Assisi arrives in Egypt to negotiate with the sultan.^[174]
5 November. The Crusaders take the city from the Ayyubids after the successful Siege of Damietta.^[166]

1220

Summer. An Egyptian fleet attacks a crusader fleet at Limassol, resulting in over a thousand casualties. The sea lanes had been left unguarded by Pelagius.^[175]
8 August. The Estonians defeat the invading Swedes at the Battle of Lihula, ending their aggression for centuries.^[176]
22 November. Frederick II and Constance of Aragon are crowned Holy Roman Emperor and Empress by Honorius III, taking the cross for the second time.^[153]
(Date unknown). Cardinal Oliver of Paderborn writes his Historia Damiatina, reflecting his experience in the Fifth Crusade.^[177]

1221

26–28 August. In the final battle of the Fifth Crusade, the Crusader forces under Pelagius Galvani and John of Brienne are defeated by the Ayyubid forces of al-Kamil at the Battle of Mansurah.^[178]
8 September. Pelagius Galvani surrenders and the Crusaders begin to depart Egypt. The Fifth Crusade has ended with nothing gained by the West.^[179]
(Date unknown). A Kievan Rus' force fails to defeat the Seljuk Turks under Kayqubad I at the Battle of Sudak.^[180]
(Date unknown). An Estonian force fails to take the city from the Danes in the Siege of Tallinn.^[181]

1222

September. The Mongols are successful at the Battle of Khunan, beginning the Mongol Invasions of Georgia.^[182]
(Date unknown). The Seljuk Turks fail in their second Siege of Trebizond.^[180]

Sixth Crusade

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, undertook the Sixth Crusade and made significant gains with no military actions.^[183]

1223

23 March. In a meeting between Honorius III and Frederick II and John of Brienne, preparations begin for the Sixth Crusade to recapture Jerusalem. Frederick agrees to lead the Crusade and again takes the cross.^[184]
14 July. Louis VIII of France becomes king after the death of his father Philip II of France.^[185]
(Date unknown). The Niceans defeat the Latins at the Battle of Poimanenon.^[186]

1224

(Date unknown). Amaury de Montfort cedes his titles and lands in Languedoc to Louis VIII of France.^[187]
(Date unknown). English chronicler Ralph of Coggeshall writes his Chronicon Anglicanum on the Fourth Crusade.^[188]

1225

9 November. Frederick II marries Isabella II of Jerusalem, becoming king of Jerusalem.^[189]
(Date unknown). At the first Siege of Jaén, the forces of the Taifa of Jayyān defeat the forces of Ferdinand III of Castile.^[190]
(Date unknown). Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson writes his Heimskringla concerning Scandinavian involvement in the Northern Crusades.^[191]

1226

10 June – 9 September. Louis VIII of France is successful in his Siege of Avignon as part of the Royal intervention phase of the Albigensian Crusade.^[192]
8 November. Louis IX of France becomes king after the death of his father Louis VIII of France.^[193]
(Date unknown). The Teutonic Knights undertake a new Crusade to subdue the pagan Prussians.^[59]
(Date unknown). French historian Jacques de Vitry writes his Historia Hierosolymitana on the Holy Land from the advent of Islam until the Fifth Crusade.^[194]

Frederick II meets al-Kamil. anonymous painting, 1341. Al-Kamil Muhammad al-Malik and Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor.jpg — Frederick II meets al-Kamil. anonymous painting, 1341.

1227

January. The Livonian Brothers of the Sword and their allies defeat the last Estonian strongholds in the Battle of Muhu.^[181]
19 March. Gregory IX becomes pope.^[195]
22 July. Holstein forces defeat Valdemar II of Denmark and Otto the Child at the Battle of Bornhöved.^[170]
8 September. The forces of the Sixth Crusade depart Europe. Shortly thereafter, Frederick II is forced to return due to illness. The rest of the army, now under the command of Henry of Limburg and Gérold of Lausanne.^[196]
29 September. Gregory IX excommunicates Frederick II for his failure to fulfil his crusading vows.^[196]
11 November. After the death of his brother al-Muazzam Isa, al-Kamil takes control of Jerusalem. His brother al-Ashraf Musa maintains control of Syria.^[197]
(Date unknown). Henry of Latvia writes his Livonian Chronicle.^[176]

1228

4 May. Conrad II of Jerusalem becomes king of Jerusalem upon the death of his mother Isabella II of Jerusalem.
28 June. Gregory IX resinds his excommunication of Frederick II.^[196]
7 September. Frederick II arrives at Acre. He sends Thomas of Accera and Balian Grenier to negotiate with the sultan al-Kamil.^[198]
(Date unknown). Ibn Hud seizes power over much of al-Andalus.^[199]
(Date unknown). Willibrand of Oldenburg leads the Drenther Crusade against the residents of Drenthe, lasting until 1232.^[200]
(Date unknown). Gregory IX confirms the creation of the Order of Dobrzyń.^[201]

1229

13 February. Gregory IX issues a papal bull calling for a new crusade in Spain.^[202]
18 February. The Sixth Crusade end with the signing of the Treaty of Jaffa between Frederick II and al-Kamil. Jerusalem is restored to Christian rule.^[203]
17 March. Frederick II enters Jerusalem and crowns himself king. He departs eight days later.^[204]
12 April. Louis IX of France and Raymond VII of Toulouse sign the Treaty of Paris ending the Albigensian Crusade.^[205]
5 September. James I of Aragon begins the Conquest of Majorca resulting in the creation of the Kingdom of Majorca.^[206]
12 September. The Aragonese win the first engagement at Majorca at the Battle of Portopí.^[206]
(Date unknown). The Council of Toulouse entrusts the Inquisition to deal with the surviving heretics remaining from the Albigensian Crusade.^[207]
(Date unknown). The Chronicle of Ernoul is written.^[208]

1230

9 March. Bulgaria defeats Thessalonica at the Battle of Klokotnitsa.^[209]
24 June. The forces of Ferdinand III of Castile and García Fernández de Villamayor fail in their second Siege of Jaén.^[210]
10–12 August. The Seljuks and Ayyubids defeat the Khwarazmians at the Battle of Yassıçemen.^[211]
October. The Teutonic Knights occupy Chelmno Land and begin their conquest of Prussia as authorized by Gregory IX.^[212]
30 October. The Conquest of Majorca is completed.^[206]
(Date unknown). Berber historian Ibn Hammad writes his Akhbar muluk bani Ubayd wa-siratuhum about the Fatimids.^[213]

1231

Autumn. John of Brienne is crowned Latin Emperor.^[135]
(Date unknown). The crusade of Ferdinand III of Castile begins.^[214]
(Date unknown). The forces of Ferdinand III of Castile led by Alfonso de Molina and Álvaro Pérez de Castro defeat those of Ibn Hud at the Battle of Jerez, leading to the rise of Muhammad I of Granada.^[215]

1232

15 June. Forces loyal to Henry I of Cyprus defeat those of Richard Filangieri at the Battle of Agridi.^[216]
13 July. The Nasrid dynasty begins ruling the Emirate of Granada under Muhammad I of Granada, the first sultan of Granada.^[217]
(Date unknown). James I of Aragon begins his campaign against the Moors occupying Valencia.^[214]

1233

May–July. As part of his Valencian campaign, James I of Aragon and Bernat Guillem d'Entença defeat Zayyan ibn Mardanish at the Siege of Burriana.^[218]^[219]
(Date unknown). The papal attacks on heretics in the Stedinger Crusade is finally successful in 1234.^[220]
(Date unknown). Arab historian Ali ibn al-Athir writes his Complete Work of History.^[221]

Barons' Crusade

After the truce that ended the Sixth Crusade, a further military action known as the Barons' Crusade was launched by Theobald I of Navarre and Richard of Cornwall, returning the Kingdom of Jerusalem to its largest extent since 1187.^[222]

1234

7 April. Theobald I of Navarre becomes king.^[223]
17 November. Gregory IX issues the papal bull Rachel suum videns calling for a new crusade to the Holy Land. This would result in the Barons' Crusade to begin in 1239.^[224]

1235

(Date unknown). An inconclusive Siege of Constantinople was launched by John III Doukas Vatatzes of Nicaea and Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria against the city defended by John of Brienne.^[225]
(Date unknown). Hungarian prince Coloman fails to quell the heretics during the Bosnian Crusade.^[226]

1236

29 June. Ferdinand III of Castile captures Córdoba from Ibn Hud after the Siege of Córdoba, regaining the city held by the Moors since 711.^[227]
22 September. Pagan troops of Samogitians and Semigallians defeat the Livonian Brothers of the Sword at Battle of Saule.^[228]

1237

22 March. John of Brienne dies and is succeeded by Baldwin II, Latin Emperor.^[135]
15 August. James I of Aragon and Bernat Guillem d'Entença defeat Zayyan ibn Mardanish at the Battle of the Puig, completing their Valencian campaign.^[219]

1238

Spring. The Portuguese conquest of the Algarve begins.^[229]
(Date unknown). The Taifa of Valencia becomes part of Aragon.^[219]
(Date unknown). Ibn Hud is assassinated.^[199]

1239

20 March. Gregory IX excommunicates Frederick II, beginning his Crusade against the Hohenstaufen.^[230]
2 November. Theobald I of Navarre initiates the Barons' Crusade after the expiration of the ten-year treaty between the West and the Ayyubids.^[231]
13 November. The army of Theobald I of Navarre is defeated by the Ayyubids at the Battle at Gaza.^[232]
3 December. Theobald I of Navarre departs the Holy Land. Four days later, Damascene emir an-Nasir Dawud captures Jerusalem from the Franks but does not hold it.^[232]

1240

8 October. The English forces of Richard of Cornwall arrive in the Holy Land.^[233]
15 July. In the beginning of the Swedish–Novgorodian Wars, the Novgorods defeats the Kingdom of Sweden at the Battle of the Neva.^[234]
(Date unknown). The Teutonic Knights of the Livonian Order are unsuccessful in their Livonian campaign against Rus'.^[235]

1241

13 February. In the first Mongol invasion of Poland, the Mongols conduct their Sack of Sandomierz.^[236]
March. The First Mongol invasion of Hungary is successful.^[237]
9 April. The Battle of Legnica completes the Mongol invasion of Poland.^[238]
23 April. Richard of Cornwall completes the negotiation of the treaty with Al-Salih Ismail.^[222]
3 May. The forces of Richard of Cornwall depart Acre, ending the Barons' Crusade.^[231]
May–June.The fleet of the Republic of Venice defeats that of the Empire of Nicaea at the Battle of Constantinople.^[239]
August. The first of the Danish Campaigns to Novgorod is inconclusive.^[240]

1242

12 April. The forces of the Republic of Novgorod led by Alexander Nevsky defeat the forces of the Livonian Order at the Battle on the Ice. As a result, the Teutonic Order dropped all territorial claims over Russian lands^[241]
28 May. During the Royal intervention phase of the Albigensian Crusade, a group of Cathars killed a group of inquisitors at the Avignonet massacre.^[242]
(Date unknown). Aleppan historian Kamal al-Din writes his Chronicle of Aleppo.^[243]

1243

May. The royal forces of Louis IX of France defeat the Cathars at the Siege of Montségur.^[242]
25 June. Innocent IV becomes pope.^[244]
23 September. Innocent IV issues the papal bull Qui iustis causis authorizing crusades in Prussia and Livonia.^[244]

1244

22 May. The Moors surrender Xativa Castle to James I of Aragon following a five-month siege. The terms of surrender of the Moors were laid out in the subsequent Treaty of Xàtiva.^[245]
11 July – 23 August. The Khwarazmians destroy the city and its inhabitants after their successful Siege of Jerusalem.^[246]
17–18 October. The Ayyubid army as-Salih Ayyub, reinforced with Khwarezmian mercenaries, defeat the Franksh forces at the Battle of Forbie.^[247]
Late. After a near-fatal illness, Louis IX of France takes the cross (prior to papal authorization of a crusade).^[193]

Seventh Crusade

Louis IX of France launched the Seventh Crusade against Egypt, again resulting in disaster.^[248]

1245

28 June. At the First Council of Lyon, the Seventh Crusade to the Holy Land under Louis IX of France is authorized.^[249]
October. Jean de Joinville joins the Crusade.^[250]

1246

28 February. Kingdom of Castile and the Order of Santiago commanded by Ferdinand III of Castile and Grand Master Pelayo Pérez Correa defeat a defending force of the Taifa of Jaén and the Emirate of Granada under Muhammad I of Granada at the Third Siege of Jaén.^[251]
March. Muhammad I enters into peace agreement with Castile and Granada becomes its vassal.^[252]
15 April. James I of Aragon and his son-in-law Alfonso X of Castile enter into the Al-Azraq Treaty of 1245 with Moorish commander al-Azraq.^[253]
August. As an embassy of Innocent IV, Franciscan John of Plano Carpini travels to Mongolia to meet with Güyük Khan who demands that the pope pay him homage. Upon his return at the end of 1247, John reports to Rome that the Mongols were only out for conquest.^[254]

1247

May. Dominican Ascelin of Lombardy is sent to meet the Mongol general Baiju Noyan. Baiju and Ascelin discussed an alliance against the Ayyubids.^[255]
July. Castile begins the 16-month Siege of Seville.^[256]
August – 15 October. The Ayyubids defeat the Hospitallers at the Siege of Ascalon and occupy the city.^[257]

1248

25 August. The Seventh Crusade begins when Louis IX of France leaves Paris with his queen Margaret of Provence, her sister Beatrice of Provence and two of Louis' brothers, Charles I of Anjou and Robert I of Artois.^[258]
28 November. Ferdinand III of Castile, supported by Ramón de Bonifaz, defeats the Moors led by Axataf after the 16-month Siege of Seville.^[256]^[259]

1249

March. Afonso III of Portugal and Paio Peres Correia capture the Algarve from the Taifa of Niebla after the Siege of Faro.^[260] This marked the end of the Portuguese conquest of the Algarve and therefore their Reconquista efforts in the Iberian peninsula.^[229]
6 June. The Crusades capture the Egyptian city after the successful Siege of Damietta.^[261]
22 November. Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub dies and is succeeded by his son Turanshah.^[262]
Approximate. The Tavastians are defeated in the Second Swedish Crusade.^[263]

1250

8–11 February. Louis IX of France and his forces are defeated by the Ayyubids at the Battle of Mansurah (1250).^[264]
6 April. In the last major battle of the Seventh Crusade, the Franks are totally defeated by the Ayyubids at the Battle of Fariskur. Louis IX of France and much of his force is captured.^[265]
2 May. Turanshah is murdered by a group of Mamluks led by Baibars. He is succeeded by his father's widow Shajar al-Durr, marking the end of the Ayyubid dynasty.^[266]
6 May. Louis IX of France is freed and later goes to Acre where he works to free his captive force. He finally returns home in 1254.^[248]
31 July. Aybak becomes the first Mamluk sultan and later marries Shajar al-Durr.^[266]
13 December. Frederick II dies and the Holy Roman Empire enters the Great Interregnum.^[153]

1251

2 February. The Mamluks of Egypt defeat the Ayyubids of Syria at the Battle of al-Kura.^[267]
(Date unknown). A popular crusade known as the Shepherds' Crusade is formed to free Louis IX of France from captivity. The crusade does not advance out of France.^[268]
(Date unknown). Cistercian monk Alberic of Trois-Fontaines writes his Chronicle.^[269]

1252

15 May. Innocent IV issues the papal bull Ad exstirpanda , which authorizes the torture of heretics in the Inquisition.^[270]
(Date unknown). Italian historian Philip of Novara writes his History of the War between the Emperor Frederick and Sir John of Ibelin. This was included in Les Gestes des Chiprois.^[271]^[272]

1253

8 July. Theobald II of Navarre becomes king.^[273]

1254

24 April. Louis IX of France departs from Acre, ending the Seventh Crusade.^[248]
21 May. Conradin becomes the nominal king of Jerusalem upon the death of Conrad II of Jerusalem.^[274]

1256

15 December. Mongol forces under Hulagu Khan end their campaign against the Assassins and Abbasid Caliphate, begun in the Spring, with the capture of Alamut Castle.^[275]

1257

(Date unknown). Arab historian Ibn al-Jawzi writes his Al-Muntadham fi tarikh al-muluk wa-'l-umam (History of the caliph and the nation).^[276]

1258

10 February. The Mongols under Hulegu attack the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate and are successful if their Siege of Baghdad. Caliph al-Musta'sim is killed 10 days later and the caliphate goes into decline.^[277]

1259

Summer/Fall. The Empire of Nicaea is successful against the Despotate of Epirus, Kingdom of Sicily and Principality of Achaea in the Battle of Pelagonia.^[278]
Late. The Second Mongol invasion of Poland is successful.^[279]
(Date unknown). English chronicler Matthew Paris writes his Chronica Majora, presenting a universal history from Creation until 1259.^[280]

1260

18–24 January. Mongol leader Hulagu Khan, supported by forces of Bohemond VI of Antioch and Hethum I of Armenia, conquer the city in their Siege of Aleppo.^[281]
January–August. The Latin Empire defeats an attempt by the Empire of Nicaea to conquer the city in the Siege of Constantinople.^[282]
3 September. The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut.^[283]
10–23 September. After the Battle of Salé, a Castilian fleet sent by Alfonso X of Castile temporarily occupies Salé in Morocco.^[284]
24 October. Baybars becomes Mamluk sultan of Egypt.^[285]
(Date unknown). Persian historian Ata-Malik Juvayni writes his Tarīkh-i Jahān-gushā (History of the World Conqueror), an account of the Mongol Empire.^[286]

Map of the restored Byzantine Empire of Michael VIII Palaiologos and the surrounding states in 1265 ShepherdByzempire1265.jpg — Map of the restored Byzantine Empire of Michael VIII Palaiologos and the surrounding states in 1265

1261

24 July. The Empire of Nicaea is successful in their Reconquest of Constantinople, ousting the Latin Empire and restoring the Byzantine Empire.^[282]
15 August 1261. Michael VIII Palaiologos begins the Palaiologan dynasty to rule the Byzantine Empire until 1453.^[287]
29 August. Urban IV becomes pope.^[288]
25 November. After the 11-month Siege of Jerez, the Moorish enclave of Jerez de la Frontera is incorporated into the Crown of Castile.^[289]

1263

(Date unknown). The Principality of Achaea defeats the Byzantines at the Battle of Prinitza.^[290]
(Date unknown). The Achaea again defeats the Byzantines at the Battle of Makryplagi.^[282]

1265

5 February. Clement IV become pope.^[291]
8 February. Abaqa becomes second to rule the Mongol Ilkhanate, after the death of his father Hulagu Khan.^[292]
21 March – 29 April. The Mamluks under Baibars defeat the Knights Hospitaller in battle, resulting in the Fall of Arsuf.^[293]
October. James I of Aragon begins the Conquest of Murcia, taking the Muslim-held Taifa of Murcia on behalf of his ally Alfonso X of Castile. He is supported by Manuel of Castile and Paio Peres Correia.^[294]
Fall–Winter. Clement IV issues a general Crusade bull for the whole of Spain, when the kings of Aragon and Castile joined in the expedition against the Taifa of Murcia.^[295]
(Date unknown). Baibars destroys the city of Caesarea Maritima.^[296]

Eighth Crusade

Louis IX of France again takes the cross, launching Eighth Crusade against Tunis. His death marked the end of the crusade.^[248]

1266

5 January 1266. Charles I of Anjou and Beatrice of Provence crowned king and queen of Sicily.^[297]
Mid-January. Clement IV calls for a new expedition to the Holy Land which will become the Eighth Crusade.^[298]
31 January. Murcia surrenders to James I of Aragon.^[294]
13 June – 23 July. Baibars destroys the contingent of Knights Templar at the Siege of Safed.^[299]
24 August. Baibars conquers Cilician Armenia at the Battle of Mari.^[300]

1267

2 March. German knights depart on the Crusade of 1267 in response to the papal bull Expansis in cruce issued in August 1265. The crusade accomplished nothing.^[301]
24 March. Louis IX of France takes the cross to go on the Eighth Crusade.^[302]

Death of Louis IX in Tunis SmrtLudvika91270.jpg — Death of Louis IX in Tunis

1268

18 February. The combined forces of Danish Estonia and the Livonian Order engage the forces of Novgorod and Pskov at the inconclusive Battle of Wesenberg.^[303]
May. Baibars is successful in his Siege of Antioch.^[304]
29 October. Conradin is beheaded on orders of Charles I of Anjou. and is succeeded by Hugh III of Cyprus as king of Cyprus and Jerusalem.^[305]

1269

1 September. Fernando Sánchez de Castro and Pedro Fernández de Híjar begin the Crusade of the Infants of Aragon, abandoning it the next year with no results.^[306]
24 September 1269. Hugh III of Cyprus is crowned king of Jerusalem. The claim of Maria of Antioch to the throne is rejected.^[307]

1270

1 July. The Eighth Crusade begins as the forces of Louis IX of France depart for Tunis.^[308]
17 August. Philip of Montfort killed by Assassins on the orders of Baibars.^[309]
25 August. Louis IX of France dies while on the Eighth Crusade and succeeded by his son Philip III of France.^[310]
20 October. Lord Edward and his forces depart for Tunis. They will arrive too late for the Eighth Crusade and proceed to the Holy Land.^[311]
21 October. Hethum I of Armenia abdicates and is succeeded by his son Leo II of Armenia.^[312]
1 November. The Treaty of Tunis is signed, ending the Eighth Crusade. Philip III of France, Charles I of Anjou and Theobald II of Navarre signed for the Latin Christians and sultan Muhammad I al-Mustansir for Tunis.^[313]

Lord Edward's Crusade

English forces en route to the Eighth Crusade arrived too late and launched Lord Edward's Crusade in the Holy Land, the last major Western offensive there.^[314]

1270

18 November. Lord Edward and his forces arrive in Sardinia.^[311]

1271

Winter–Spring. Baibars besieges Safita in February, then takes Krak des Chevaliers, Gibelacar and Tripoli.^[315]
13 March – 8 April. Baibars captures the Hospitaller stonghold with the Fall of Krak des Chevaliers.^[316]
9 May. Lord Edward and his forces arrive in Acre.^[317]
Late May. Baibars offers Bohemond VI of Antioch a ten-year truce after the Siege of Tripoli.^[318]
1 September. Gregory X is elected pope and preaches new crusade in coordination with the Mongols.^[319]
(Date unknown). The Gran conquista de Ultramar, a late 13th-century Castilian chronicle of the crusades for the period 1095–1271, is written.^[320]

1272

21 February. Charles I of Anjou proclaimed king of Albania.^[321]
22 May. Lord Edward's Crusade, the last major crusade to the Holy Land, ends inconclusively with a ten-year truce with Baibars. Edward is attacked by an Assassin the next month.^[322]
20 November. Edward I of England becomes king after the death of his father Henry III three days earlier.^[323]

Decline and Fall of the Crusader States

The Mamluks under Baibars, later Qalawun, continued their onslaught on the Franks in the Levant, leading to the Fall of Tripoli in 1289 and, two years later, their successful Siege of Acre.^[311] The West would never recover Jerusalem even though the Crusades continued for many centuries.^[324]

1273

22 January. Muhammad II of Granada becomes the Nasrid ruler of the Emirate of Granada.^[325]
11 March. Gregory X issues the papal bull Dudum super generalis asking for information on Islamic threats to Christendom.^[326]
Early. Haymo Létrange puts Beirut and their ruler Isabella of Beirut under the protection of Baibars.^[327]
July. Al-Kahf, the last Assassin stronghold in Syria, falls to the Mamluks.^[328]
1 October. Rudolf I of Germany elected king, ending the Great Interregnum.^[329]
October. Philip of Courtenay becomes Latin Emperor upon the death of Baldwin II.^[330]
(Date unknown). William of Tripoli publishes De statu Saracenorum in response to the papal bull serving as a handbook for the Christian missionary on the history, law and beliefs of Islam.^[331]

1274

Early. Gregory X receives reports on the failure of the crusades including Gilbert of Tournai's Collectio de scandalis ecclesiae, Bruno of Olomouc's Relatio de statu ecclesiae in regno alemaniae, and Humbert of Romans' Opus tripartitum.^[332]
7 May – 17 July. The Second Council of Lyon discusses reconquest of the Holy Land.^[333] Representatives of the Ilkhanate attend and the Union of Churches approved.^[334]
(Date unknown). Byzantine forces are defeated by John I Doukas, ruler of Thessaly, at the Battle of Neopatras.^[335]
(Date unknown). The forces of Euboea and Crete are defeated by the Byzantines at the Battle of Demetrias.^[335]
(Date unknown). Geoffrey of Beaulieu writes his The Life of Saint Louis, a biography of Louis IX of France, as directed by the pope.^[336]

1275

March. Baibars continues his campaign against Armenia and demands the return of the Christian half of Latakia.^[337]
Spring. Marco Polo arrives at the court of Kublai Khan.^[338]
13 May. Marinid forces led by Abu Yusuf Yaqub begin their first Invasion of Spain.^[339]
4 June. Hugh III of Cyprus negotiates a truce with Baibars that protects Latakia in exchange for an annual tribute.^[337]
8 September. The Moors defeat Castile at the Battle of Écija.^[340]
21 October. The Moors defeat the army of Castile led by Sancho II de Aragon at the Battle of Martos. Sancho II was killed and Alfonso X of Castile was forced to accept a peace treaty.^[341]
(Date unknown). Philip III of France and Rudolf I of Germany take the cross without corresponding action.^[342]

1276

19 January. Abu Yusuf Yaqub ends his Invasion of Spain, and, with Muhammad II of Granada, agrees to a truce with Alfonso X of Castile for two years.^[339]
October. The Knights Templar purchase La Fauconnerie (La Féve), omitting to secure the consent of Hugh III of Cyprus.^[343]
October. Hugh III of Cyprus relocates from Acre to Cyprus.^[344]

1277

January/March. Philip of Sicily dies and the title to the Principality of Achaea reverts to his father Charles I of Anjou.^[345]
18 March. Charles I of Anjou secures the disputed title of king by purchasing Maria of Antioch's claim to the throne of Jerusalem.^[346]
15 April. Mamluk forces defeat a Mongol occupying force at the Battle of Elbistan.^[347]
25 November. Nicholas III is elected pope after the death of John XXI on 20 May 1277.^[348]
1 July. Baibars dies and is succeeded by sons Barakah and then Solamish.^[349]
August. Abu Yusuf Yaqub begins his second Invasion of Spain, ravaging the districts of Jerez de la Frontera, Seville and Córdoba.^[350]
Approximate. The Estoire d'Eracles, a history of the Crusades, is written.^[351]

1278

January. Charles I of Anjou is crowned king of Jerusalem at Acre and is recognized by the kingdom's barons. He appoints Roger of San Severino as his representative.^[352]
1 May. William of Villehardouin dies and his lands in Achaea revert to Charles I of Anjou.^[353]
24 May. Charles I of Anjou swears fealty to Nicholas III and promises not to invade the Byzantine Empire.^[354]
25 July. Castile defeated by the Marinids at the naval Battle off Algeciras.^[355]
5 August. Alfonso X of Castile launches the unsuccessful first Siege of Algeciras. Castilian forces were commanded by Peter of Castile and Alfonso Fernández el Niño.^[355]

1279

16 February. Alfonso III of Portugal dies and is succeeded by his son Denis of Portugal.^[356]
5 March. The Teutonic Knights are defeated by Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the Battle of Aizkraukle.^[357]
November. Qalawun becomes Mamluk sultan after deposing Solamish.^[358]

1280

April–June. Sunqur al-Ashqar, Mamluk governor of Damascus, revolts against Cairo. He flees after Qalawun invades the city.^[359]
23 June. The Emirate of Granada defeats Castile and León at the Battle of Moclín.^[360]
22 August. Nicholas III dies suddenly and the 1280–1281 papal election begins 22 September.^[361]
29 October. The Mongols sack Aleppo.^[362]
(Date unknown). The Byzantines defeat Sicily after the Siege of Berat.^[363]

1281

22 February. Martin IV is elected pope.^[364]
10 April. Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos is excommunicated.^[287]^[365]
3 May. Qalawun renews the truce with the Kingdom of Jerusalem for another ten years.^[366]
16 July. Bohemond VII of Tripoli agrees to Qalawun's truce for the County of Tripoli.^[366]
29 October. The Mamluks defeat a coalition of Mongols, Armenians and Hospitallers at the second Battle of Homs.^[367]

1282

January. Bohemond VII of Tripoli kills Guy II Embriaco, alienating the Genoese.^[368]
30 March. The War of the Sicilian Vespers begins with European powers and the papacy vying for control of Sicily.^[369]
28 April. Charles I of Anjou's fleet at Messina is sunk, and Mategriffon Castle is forced to surrender.^[370]
1 May. Guelphs and Ghibellines fight at the Battle of Forti, with the Guelph army defeated.^[371]
6 May. Tekuder becomes ruler of the Ilkhanate after the death of his brother Abaqa on 1 April, and soon converts to Islam taking the name Ahmad.^[372]
25 August. Tekuder sends an embassy to Qalawun seeking an alliance.^[373]
30 August. Peter III of Aragon lands in Sicily, claims the crown four days later and is excommunicated by Martin IV.^[374]^[375]
September/October. Hungary defeats the Cumans at the Battle of Lake Hód.^[376]
11 December. Andronikos II Palaiologos becomes Byzantine emperor, succeeding Michael VIII Palaiologos.^[377]
(Date unknown). Roger of Lauria named commander of the Aragonese fleet.^[378]
(Date unknown). George Akropolites publishes his Annales (Chronike Syngraphe), the main Greek source for the period 1203–1261.^[379]

1283

13 January. Martin IV declares the Aragonese Crusade against Peter III of Aragon.^[380]
Before 5 March. Ata-Malik Juvayni writes his Tarīkh-i Jahān-gushā (History of the World Conqueror), an account of the Mongol Empire.^[381]
8 July 1283, Roger of Lauria defeats the Angevins at the Battle of Malta.^[382]
Late July. Hugh III of Cyprus sails for Acre, arriving in August to lukewarm reception.^[383]
Summer. The Prussian rebellion against the Teutonic Knights collapses.^[384]
(Date unknown). German pilgrim Burchard of Mount Sion writes Descriptio Terrae Sanctae (Description of the Holy Land) of his travels in Syria, Egypt and Armenia.^[385]

1284

4 March. Hugh III of Cyprus dies in Tyre and his son John I of Cyprus crowned king of Jerusalem two months later. John is recognized as king only in Beirut and Tyre.^[386]
4 April. Alfonso X of Castile dies and is succeeded by his son Sancho IV of Castile.^[387]
5 June. Roger of Lauria defeats the Neapolitan fleet at the Battle of the Gulf of Naples, capturing the commander Charles II of Naples.^[388]
5–6 August. Pisa is ruined after loss to Genoa at the naval Battle of Meloria.^[389]
11 August. Arghun becomes the fourth ruler of the Ilkhanate after the murder of his uncle Tekuder.^[390] He relies on advice from the patriarch Yahballaha III.^[391]
16 August. Joan I of Navarre marries Philip IV of France, and thus Navarre forms a personal union with the Kingdom of France.^[392]^[393]

1285

7 January. Charles I of Anjou dies and is succeeded by his son Charles II of Naples, who also claims the crown of Jerusalem.^[394]
28 March. Martin IV dies and Honorius IV is elected pope on 2 April.^[395]
25 April – 24 May. Mamluks capture of the Hospitaller castle at Marqab.^[396]
20 May. John I of Cyprus dies, and his brother Henry II of Cyprus is crowned king of Cyprus.^[397]
26 June. Philip III of France invades Aragon in response to call to crusade of 1282.^[310]
4 September. The Aragonese fleet commanded by Roger of Lauria defeats a French and Genoese at the Battle of Les Formigues.^[398]
1 October. Aragon defeats the French at the Battle of the Col de Panissars.^[399]
5 October. Philip IV of France becomes king upon the death of his father Philip III of France.^[392]
5 October. Joan I of Navarre becomes queen consort of France by virtue of her marriage to Philip IV of France. Navarre goes under French rule.^[400]
Winter. The Teutonic Knights launch the Lithuanian Crusade.^[401]
(Date unknown). Arghun writes to Honorius IV proposing a military alliance against the Mamluks.^[402]
(Date unknown).The Second Mongol invasion of Hungary is unsuccessful, with the invaders retreating after just two months.^[403]

1286

March. Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr becomes Marinid sultan of Morocco upon the death of his father Abu Yusuf Ya'qub.^[404]
24 June. Henry II of Cyprus returns to Acre.^[405]
29 July. Angevin bailli Odo Poilechien, loyal to Charles II of Naples, hands the citadel over to Henry II at the insistence of the three military orders.^[406]
15 August. Henry II of Cyprus is crowned king of Jerusalem at Tyre. A few weeks later, he returns to Cyprus after appointing Philip of Ibelin as regent.^[397]

1287

22 March. A major earthquake strikes Syria causing serious damage to the walls of Latakia.^[407]
3 April. Honorius IV dies and Rome enters into lengthy 1287–1288 papal election.^[408]
Easter. Arghun's ambassador to the West, Rabban Bar Sauma, enters Constantinople.^[391]
20 April. Qalawun takes Latakia, claiming it is not covered by the truce of 1281.^[409]
31 May. The Genoese fleet defeats the Pisan and Venetian fleets at Acre, and begins a blockade of the city.^[410]
18 June. Rabban Bar Sauma records the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.^[411]
23 June. Aragon defeats Naples at the naval Battle of the Counts.^[412]
19 October. Bohemond VII of Tripoli dies, succeeded by his sister Lucia of Tripoli.^[413]
6 December. The third Mongol raid into Poland begins.^[414]

1288

28 October. Edward I of England enters into the Treaty of Canfranc with Alfonso III of Aragon to secure the release of Charles II of Naples, captured four years earlier.^[388]
Early. Lucia of Tripoli and her husband Narjot de Toucy arrive in Acre.^[413]
February. The Mongols are repulsed by Poland after the third of the Mongol raids into Poland.^[414]
22 February. Nicholas IV becomes pope, immediately supports a crusade to the Holy Land.^[408]
8 August. Nicholas IV declares a crusade against Ladislaus IV of Hungary.^[415]
28 October. Edward I of England enters into the Treaty of Canfranc with Alfonso III of Aragon to secure the release of Charles II of Naples, captured four years before.^[388]
(Date unknown). Nicholas IV sends envoy Giovanni da Montecorvino to Persia and China.^[416]

1289

27 March – 26 April. Mamluk sultan Qalawan begins the Siege of Tripoli, causing the fall of one of the last remnants of the kingdom in the Levant a month later.^[417]
Easter. Arghun sends Buscarello de Ghizolfi to Italy and France to announce that he intends to invade Syria in 1291.^[418]
May. Fort Nephin and Le Boutron are occupied by Qalawan. Peter Embriaco is allowed to retain his estates in Tripoli.^[419]
September. Jean de Grailly is sent to the West to appeal for help.^[420]
(Date unknown). Osman I forms what is to become the Ottoman Empire.^[421]
(Date unknown). Leo II of Armenia dies and is succeeded by his son Hethum II of Armenia.^[422]

1290

10 February. Nicholas IV calls for a crusade against the Mamluks.^[423]
August. Venetian and Aragonese crusaders arrive at Acre, and instigate a massacre of Muslims in the city.^[424]
Fall. The Egyptian army mobilizes towards Acre.^[425]
4 November. Qalawun leaves Cairo for Syria, en route to Acre. He dies six days later.^[426]
10 November. Qalawun's son al-Ashraf Khalil becomes Mamluk sultan.^[427]

1291

6 August. Genoese-Sevillian fleet led by Benedetto Zaccaria wins a victory over Marinid fleet at Alcácer Seguir.^[428]
Approximate. The annals of the Crusades Annales de Terre Sainte is written.^[351]
12 March. Mongol Ieader Arghun dies, destablizing the Ilkhanate.^[429]
4 April – 18 May. Crusaders lose their last stronghold in the Holy Land when Mamluk sultan Khalil successfully executes the Siege of Acre.^[430]^[431]
May–July. Tyre, Sidon, Beirut surrender to Mamluks.^[432]
18 June. Alfonso III of Aragon dies and is succeeded by his brother James II of Aragon.^[433]
15 July. Rudolf I of Germany dies,^[434] and is succeeded by his son Albert I.^[435]
30 July. Mamluks occupy Haifa.^[436]
3–14 August. Templar castles Tortosa and Château Pèlerin evacuated, but retain their presence on the island fortress of Ruad. The Fall of Ruad to the Mamluks on 26 September 1302 marks ends the presence of the Crusaders in the mainland of the Levant.^[436]

Notes

↑ Urban III allegedly collapsed when hear the news of the loss of Jerusalem, but William of Newburgh believed that the pope died before he heard the news.^[4]
↑ Richard the Lionheart famously refused to show deference to Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor and declared to him, "I am born of a rank which recognises no superior but God".^[62]
↑ The leaders of the Fourth Crusade were Boniface of Montferrat, Enrico Dandolo, Theobald III of Champagne, Baldwin of Flanders, Louis of Blois, Hugh IV of Saint-Pol, Conrad of Halberstadt, Martin of Pairis and Conon de Béthune
↑ The Cathars were also known as the Albigensians. Saint Dominic would later form the Dominicans.
↑ Arnaud Amalric reportingly said of the residents when asked how to distinguish Cathars from Catholics: "Kill them. The Lord knows those that are his own."

References

↑ Wolff & Hazard 1969, The Later Crusades.
1 2 Nicolle 2005a, The Third Crusade.
↑ Runciman 1952, pp. 462–466, The Siege of Jerusalem.
↑ Lock 2006, p. 72, Death of Urban III.
↑ James Francis Loughlin (1909). "Pope Gregory VIII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Smith, Thomas W. (2018). "Audita Tremendi and the Call for the Third Crusade Reconsidered, 1187–1188" . Viator. 49 (3): 63–101. doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.119574.
↑ Henry W. Davis (1911). "Richard I". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
↑ Runciman 1952, pp. 470–472, Defense of Tyre.
↑ James Francis Loughlin (1908). "Pope Clement III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1 2 Riley-Smith 1967, pp. 109–111, Siege of Belvoir Castle.
↑ Skovgaard-Petersen, Karen (2001). A Journey to the Promised Land: Crusading Theology in the Historia de Profectione Danorum in Hierosolymam (c. 1200). Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 35–37, 70, 75. ISBN 978-87-7289-714-1.
↑ Bengt Liljegren (2004). Rulers of Sweden. Historiska Media.
↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Henry II "the Saint". Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 273–274.
1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Philip II, king of France. Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 378–381.
↑ Fred A. Cazel (1955). “The Tax of 1185 in Aid of the Holy Land.” Speculum, Vol. 30, No. 3, ppgs. 385–392.
1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Frederick I, Roman Emperor. Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 45–46.
↑ Lock 2006, p. 73, Guy of Lusignan.
↑ Johnson 1969, pp. 87–122, Barbarossa's ultimatum to Saladin.
↑ Conder 1897, pp. 129–130, Siege of Laodicea.
↑ Conder 1897, pp. 130–132, Sieges of Sahyun Castle and al-Shughur.
1 2 Conder 1897, pp. 130–134, Sieges of Sahyun Castle, al-Shughur and Bourzey.
↑ Michael S Fulton (2024), Crusader Castle: The Desert Fortress of Kerak. pgs. 72–74.
↑ Lane-Poole 1898, p. 248, Fall of Safed.
↑ Johnson 1969, pp. 87–122, The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI.
1 2 Jonathan Wilson (2020). ““Neither age nor sex sparing”: the Alvor massacre 1189, an anomaly in the Portuguese Reconquista?” Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies12, pgs. 199–229.
↑ Thomas Andrew Archer (1896). "Richard I" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 46. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pgs. 136–145.
↑ Dana Cushing (2017). “The Siege of Silves in 1189: Attacked with Siege-Engines and Arrows.” Medieval Warfare, Vol. 7, No. 5, pgs. 48–53.
↑ Johnson 1969, pp. 94–96, Philippopolis.
↑ Hosler 2018, p. The Siege of Acre, 1189–1191.
↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Tancred (Sicily). Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 395.
↑ Painter 1969a, pp. 45–86, The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus.
↑ Kennedy 1994, pp. 43–44, Beaufort Castle.
1 2 Charles Wendell David (1939). “Narratio de Itinere Navali Peregrinorum Hierosolymam Tendentium et Silviam Capientium, A. D. 1189.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 81, No. 5, pp. 591–676.
↑ Aleksandar Stoyanov (2019). The Size of Bulgaria's Medieval Field Armies: A Case Study of Military Mobilization Capacity in the Middle Ages. The Journal of Military History, 83(3), pgs. 719–746
↑ Loud 2010, pp. 95–106, Battle of Philomalion.
↑ Johnson 1969, pp. 111–112, Battle of Iconium.
↑ Hamilton White (2021). The Tomar Hoard. Dolman Scott Publishing, pg. 23.
1 2 3 Isabella I, Queen of Jerusalem. Britannica.
1 2 Painter 1969b, pp. 59–60, Richard the Lionheart at Messina.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 36–38, King Tancred of Sicily.
1 2 Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem. Britannica.
↑ Thomas Joseph Shahan (1908). "Pope Celestine III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1 2 Painter 1969b, pp. 63–64, Richard at Limassol.
1 2 3 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Henry VI (Roman emperor). Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 278.
↑ Painter 1969b, pp. 64–65, Conquest of Cyprus.
↑ William Hunt (1885). "Berengaria" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. 4, pgs. 325–326.
1 2 Painter 1969b, pp. 67–69, Siege of Acre.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 53–55, Massacre at Ayyadieh.
↑ Sidney Dean (2014). “‘Crusader King’: From Arsuf to the Treaty of Jaffa.” Medieval Warfare, Vol. 4, No. 5, pgs. 27–34
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 57–58, Richard's victory.
↑ Conder 1897, pp. 360–361, The Sultan's expedition.
↑ Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Canute VI". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 222–223.
↑ Patrick A. Williams (1970). "The Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat: Another Suspect?". Traditio26 Fordham University: 381–389
↑ Luigi Villari (1911). "Dandolo". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 801–802.
↑ Battle of Jaffa. Britannica.
↑ Richard the Lionheart Makes Peace With Saladin. Jewish Virtual Library.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 73–75, Treaty between Saladin and Richard.
1 2 Runciman 1954, p. 74, Cæur-de-Lion.
1 2 Ernest Barker (1911). "The Teutonic Order". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 676–679.
↑ Henry W. Davis (1911). "Richard of Devizes". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 298.
↑ Anne-Marie Eddé (2021). al-Malik al-Afḍal b. Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn. Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online.
↑ Longford 1989, p. 85.
↑ Riley-Smith 1998, p. 12, Chronology, 1191–1216.
↑ Henry W. Davis (1911). "John of England". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 439–440.
↑ Casimir II the Just. Jewish Encyclopedia.
↑ Jochen Burgtorf (2016). The Antiochene War of Succession, pg. 199. In Boas, Adrian J. (ed.). The Crusader World . University of Wisconsin Press.
↑ Battle of Arcadiopolis. Byzantine Battles.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1907). "Albigenses". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, pgs. 267–269.
↑ John Bagnell Bury (1911). "Alexius III". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 577–578.
↑ Donvito, Philippo (2005). "Queen Tamar of Georgia (1184-1213): The Lioness of the Caucasus". Medieval Warfare. IV-2: Female Knights and Fighting Princesses - Medieval Women as Warriors: 19–23.
↑ Battle of Alacos. Britannica.
↑ Tsurtsumia, Mamuka (2014). "Couched Lance and Mounted Shock Combat in the East: The Georgian Experience". In Rogers, Clifford J.; DeVries, Kelly; France, John (eds.). Journal of Medieval Military History. Vol. XII. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 89–90. ISBN 9781843839361.
↑ Michal Lower (2014). “The Papacy and Christian Mercenaries of Thirteenth-Century North Africa.” Speculum 89: 601–631.
↑ Louviers, Treaty of (1196). The Oxford Companion to British History.
↑ Second Bulgarian Empire. HistoryMaps.
↑ Henry W. Davis (1911). "Ambrose (poet)". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 798.
↑ Kaufmann Kohler and Louis Ginzberg (1906). Ephraim B. Jacob. JewishEncyclopedia.
↑ Graham A. Loud (2014). "The German Crusade of 1197–1198". Crusades. 13: 143–172.
↑ Jean Richard (1979), The Latin Kingdom Of Jerusalem. North Holland Publishing, pg. 204.
↑ Hardwicke 1969, p. 529, Death of Henry I of Jerusalem.
↑ Johnson 1969, pp. 116–122, The Crusades of Henry VI.
1 2 Alan V. Murray (2015), The Crusades to the Holy Land, The Essential Reference Guide. ABC–CLIO, pg. 127.
1 2 3 Riley-Smith 1998, p. 12, Chronology of the Crusades in North Africa.
↑ Ruibal Rodríguez, Amador (1992). "La arquitectura militar de la frontera musulmana, en Castilla, en torno al 1200. El caso de Salvatierra" (PDF). El arte español en épocas de transición. Universidad de León. p. 40.
↑ McNeal & Wolff 1969, pp. 153–186, The Fourth Crusade.
↑ Michael Ott (1910). "Pope Innocent III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1 2 Hardwicke 1969, pp. 529–532, Aimery of Cyprus.
↑ Ryan 2008, p. 10, Post miserabile.
↑ MIchael Ott (1907). "Berthold". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ William Hunt (1892). "John (1167?–1216)". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 29. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pgs. 402–417.
↑ Louis René Bréhier (1909). "Foulque de Neuilly". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Edgar H. McNeal (1953). “Fulk of Neuilly and the Tournament of Écry.” Speculum, Vol. 28, No. 2, pgs. 371–375.
↑ Florence Jullien (2006). "Michael the Syrian". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Online edition.
↑ R. S. Humphreys (2011). "Ayyubids". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. III, Fasc. 2, pgs. 164-167.
↑ Tyerman 2006, pp. 689–694, Livonia, 1188–1300.
↑ Myriam Greilsammer (1995). Le livre au roi. Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres
↑ McNeal & Wolff 1969, pp. 162–163, The Venetians and the Crusade.
↑ Runciman 1954, p. 111, Boniface of Montferrat.
1 2 3 Charles M. Brand (1968). “A Byzantine Plan for the Fourth Crusade.” Speculum, Vol. 43, No. 3, pgs. 462–475.
↑ Louis René Bréhier (1908). "Enrico Dandolo". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Lock 2006, p. 83, Crusaders arrive at Acre.
↑ Hardwicke 1969, p. 533, War of the Antiochene Succession.
↑ Siege of Zara. Britannica.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 114–116, The Sack of Zara.
↑ Lind 2006a, pp. 436–439, Finland and the Crusades.
↑ Order of the Brothers of the Sword. Britannica.
↑ Phillips 2005, p. 113, Departure for Constantinople.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 116–118, Siege of Constantinople.
↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Isaac II (Angelus). Encyclopædia Britannica.14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 858.
↑ McNeal & Wolff 1969, p. 180, Letter to Innocent III from the Crusaders.
1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Alexius V. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 578.
↑ John C. Moore (1962). “Count Baldwin IX of Flanders, Philip Augustus, and the Papal Power.” Speculum, Vol. 37, No. 1, 1962, pgs. 79–89.
↑ A. A. Vasiliev (1936). “The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204-1222).” Speculum, Vol. 11, No. 1, pgs. 3–37.
↑ A. Carole (1965). "Partitio terrarum imperii Romanie". Studi Veneziani . 7: 125–305.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 129–130, Innocent III condemns the Crusade.
↑ Lock 2006, p. 87, The end of the Crusade.
↑ Fine 1994, p. 90, Theodore I Laskaris.
↑ Wolff 1969, Nicaea-Latin wars.
↑ Boas, Adrian (2015). The Crusader World. Routledge. p. 229. ISBN 978-1-317-40832-1.
1 2 3 4 5 Fine 1994, Bulgarian-Latin wars.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 103–104, Maria of Montferrat.
↑ Fine 1994, pp. 62–70, Battle of Kountouras.
↑ Michel Kursanskis (1988). L'empire de Trébizonde et les Turcs au 13e siècle. Revue des études byzantines46, pgs. 109–124.
↑ A. von Reumont (1871). "Der Herzog von Athen". Historische Zeitschrift (in German). 26 (1): 1–74.
↑ Andrew Holt (2005). Gunther von Pairis. Crusades-Encyclopedia.
↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Henry of Romania. Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 280.
↑ John Bonaventure O'Connor (1909). "St. Dominic". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Acominatus, Michael. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 150–151.
↑ "Terra Mariana". The Encyclopedia Americana. Americana Corp. 1967.
↑ Claude Cahen (1968). Pre-Ottoman Turkey: A General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History c. 1071-1330, pg. 119f
↑ Evans 1969, pp. 277, Pierre de Castelnau.
1 2 3 Paul Daniel Alphandéry (1911). "Albigenses". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 505–506.
↑ Fine 1994, p. 94, Battle of Philippopolis.
↑ Costen 1997, p. 121, Massacre at Béziers.
1 2 3 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). John of Brienne. Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 442.
↑ Peter II, King of Aragon. Britannica.
↑ Treadgold 1997, p. 717, Battle of Antioch on the Meander.
1 2 Charles M. Brand. (1991). "Rhyndakos River". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press.
↑ Zacour 1969, pp. 325–342, The Children's Crusade.
↑ Bishko 1975, pp. 422–424, Battle of Las Navas de Tolos.
↑ Guy Perry (2015). “Isabella II or Yolanda? The Name of the Queen of Jerusalem and Spouse of the Emperor Frederick II.” Medieval Prosopography, Vol. 30, pgs. 73–86.
↑ Werthschulte, Leila (2016). "Arnold of Lübeck". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.
↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Wolfram von Eschenbach. Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 775–776.
↑ Van Cleve 1969a, pp. 277–428, The Fifth Crusade.
↑ John Thomas Bealby (1911). "Georgia". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 758–761.
↑ "Summons to a Crusade, 1215". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. pp. 337–344.
↑ Thomas W. Smith (2019). How to craft a crusade call: Pope Innocent III and Quia maior (1213), Historical Research, 92(255), pgs. 2–23
↑ Martin Alvira-Cabrer (2008). Muret 1213: La batalla decisiva de la Cruzada contra los Cátaros. Ariel, Barcelona
↑ George Saintsbury (1911). "Geoffroy de Villehardouin". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 78–79.
↑ Christopher Kurpiewski (2005). Writing beneath the shadow of heresy: the Historia Albigensis of Brother Pierre Des Vaux-De-Cernay. Journal of Medieval History. 31, pgs. 1–27.
↑ Treadgold 1997, p. 718, Siege of Sinope.
1 2 Edwin Hubert Burton (1911). "Simon de Montfort". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1 2 3 Arthur William Holland (1911). "Frederick II, Roman Emperor". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 46–49.
↑ Lock 2006, p. 02, Siege of Beaucaire.
↑ Hardwicke 1969, pp. 538–539, Raymond Roupen installed at Antioch.
↑ Michael Ott (1910). "Pope Honorius III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company
↑ Peter S. Noble (2016). Robert de Clari. Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle Online.
↑ Van Cleve 1969a, pp. 377–428, The Fifth Crusade.
↑ Van Cleve 1969a, p. 395, Siege of Alcácer do Sal.
1 2 3 László Veszprémy (2002). “The Crusade of Andrew II, King of Hungary, 1217-1218”. Iacobus 13-14, pgs. 87–110.
↑ Frucht, Richard (2005). Battle of St. Matthew's Day on September 21, 1217. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6.
↑ Drm Peter (2014). The Siege of Toulouse in 1217-18, according to The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens. De Re Militari.
↑ Runciman 1954, p. 180, Henry I of Cyprus.
↑ Lock 2006, p. 92, Prussian Crusade.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 151–152, The Crusade Lands in Egypt, 1218.
1 2 3 Van Cleve 1969a, pp. 416–418, The Siege of Damietta.
↑ Lock 2006, p. 92, Albigensian Crusade.
↑ J. Jones, Michael O'Neal, Ralph Zerbonia (2005). Al-Kamil, Sultan Al-Malik. The Crusades Reference Library.
↑ Donovan 1950, pp. 38–68, The Conquest of Damietta.
1 2 Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Valdemar II". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 641–642.
↑ Van Cleve 1969a, pp. 410–412, Prelude to the Siege.
↑ Battle of Lyndanisse. Britannica.
↑ Van Cleve 1969a, p. 414, Battle of Fariskur.
↑ Paschal Robinson (1909). "St. Francis of Assisi". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Furber 1969, pp. 609–610, John and the Cypriots.
1 2 Marek Tamm (2013). "How to justify a crusade? The conquest of Livonia and new crusade rhetoric in the early thirteenth century". Journal of Medieval History. 39 (4): 431–455
↑ Bird, Jessalynn. "Oliver of Paderborn (died 1227)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 898–899.
↑ Van Cleve 1969a, pp. 425–428, The Battle of Mansurah.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 168–170, Pelagius Sues for Peace (1221).
1 2 A. C. S. Peacock (2006). “The Saliūq Campaign against the Crimea and the Expansionist Policy of the Early Reign of ‘Alā’ al-Dīn Kayqubād.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 16, No. 2, pgs. 133–149.
1 2 Mäesalu, Ain (1997). Eesti ajalugu (1. osa). Avita. p. 168.
↑ Robert Kennaway Douglas (1911). "Jenghiz Khan". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 316–318.
↑ Van Cleve 1969b, pp. 429–462, The Crusade of Frederick II.
↑ Van Cleve 1969b, p. 438, The Sixth Crusade.
↑ Margaret Bryant (1911). "Louis VIII of France". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 36–37.
↑ Snezhana Rakova (2002). "Battle of Poimanenon, 1224". Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor. Foundation of the Hellenic World.
↑ Lock 2006, p. 95, Languedoc.
↑ William Hunt (1887). "Ralph of Coggeshall". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 11. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pg. 223.
↑ Thomas W. Smith (2015). Between two kings: Pope Honorius III and the seizure of the kingdom of Jerusalem by Frederick II in 1225. Journal of Medieval History.
↑ Juan Eslava Galán (1987). "La campaña de 1225 y el primer cerco de Jaén por Fernando III". Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses (132): 30–31
↑ Pius Whittman (1912). "Snorri Sturluson". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Strayer 1971, pp. 133–134, Siege of Avignon.
1 2 Margaret Bryant (1911). "Louis IX of France". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 37–38.
↑ Louis René Bréhier (1910). "Jacques de Vitry". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Michael Ott (1909). "Pope Gregory IX". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1 2 3 Lock 2006, p. 97, Frederick II.
↑ Van Cleve 1969b, pp. 449–450, Al-Kamil takes control of Jerusalem.
↑ Van Cleve 1969b, pp. 449–459, Negotiations with the Sultan.
1 2 Ballandalus (2016). "The Reign of Ibn Hud (r. 1228-1238) according to Abu al-Walid ibn al-Hajj (d. 1318)".
↑ Rebecca C. Rist (2011). “Pope Gregory IX and the Grant of Indulgences for Military Campaigns in Europe in the 1230s: A Study in Papal Rhetoric.” Crusades.
↑ Kotliar, M. Knightly Order of Dobrzyń (ДОБЖИНСЬКИХ РИЦАРІВ ОРДЕН) . Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. 2004
↑ Riley-Smith 1998, p. 13, Chronology, 1218–1254.
↑ Van Cleve 1969b, pp. 456–457, Treaty of Jaffa ends the Sixth Crusade.
↑ Van Cleve 1969b, pp. 457–458, Frederick II crowns himself king of Jerusalem.
↑ Sumption 1978, p. 225, Peace of Paris, 1229.
1 2 3 David Abulafia (2002). A Mediterranean Emporium: The Catalan Kingdom of Majorca. Cambridge University Press.
↑ Joseph Blötzer (1910). "Inquisition". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Louis de Mas Latrie (1871). Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier . Ve. Jules Renouard.
↑ George Akropolites (2007). The History. Oxford University Press.
↑ Juan Eslava Galán (1987). "La campaña de 1225 y el primer cerco de Jaén por Fernando III". Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses (132): 30–31
↑ "The Aftermath and Background of the Battle of Yassıçemen". CNN Türk (in Turkish).
↑ Wiesław Sieradzan (2012). Political Thought of the 14th-and 15th Centuries during the Polish-Teutonic Order Trials and Disputes. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-83-231-2925-7.
↑ Ed. (1986). Ibn Ḥamādu. Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online.
1 2 Riley-Smith 1998, p. 13, Chronology of the Crusades in Europe and North Africa.
↑ Colin Smith (1989). The Battle of Jerez in 1231. From: Christians and Moors in Spain, Aris & Phillips.
↑ John L. Lamonte (1947). “The Lords of Caesarea in the Period of the Crusades.” Speculum, Vol. 22, No. 2, pgs. 145–161.
↑ A. Haluici Miranda and H. Terrasse (2012). “G̲h̲arnāṭa”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, et al.
↑ Bernat Guillem d'Entença. Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana .
1 2 3 Jerónimo Zurita y Castro (2003). "Book III". Anales de Aragón
↑ Megan Cassidy-Welch (2013), "The Stedinger Crusade: War, Remembrance, and Absence in Thirteenth-Century Germany", Viator44 (2): 159–174
↑ Ibn al-Athīr. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium.
1 2 Painter 1969c, pp. 463–486, The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239-1241.
↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Thibaut IV. Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 845–846.
↑ Iben Fonnesberg-Schmidt (2007), The Popes and the Baltic Crusades: 1147–1254 . Brill, pgs. 197–198.
↑ Christopher Wright (2016). “Constantinople and the Coup d’État in Palaiologan Byzantium.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 70, pgs. 271–292.
↑ Fine 1994, pp. 143–146, Bosnian Crusade.
↑ Philip K. Hitti (1973). Capital Cities of Arab Islam. pg. 159.
↑ Christiansen 1997, pp. 102–103, Battle of Saule.
1 2 António Castro Henriques (2003). Conquista do Algarve, 1189-1249 . Tribuna da História.
↑ Van Cleve 1972, pp. 433–434.
1 2 Peter Jackson (1987). “The Crusades of 1239-41 and Their Aftermath.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 50, No. 1, pgs. 32–60.
1 2 Runciman 1954, pp. 214–215, Frankish Defeat at Gaza.
↑ Henry William Davis (1911). "Richard, Earl of Cornwall". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
↑ John H. Lind (1991). Early Russian-Swedish Rivalry: The battle on the Neva in 1240 and Birger Magnussons’ second crusade to Tavastia. Scandinavian Journal of History, pgs. 269–295.
↑ William L. Urban (2004). The Livonian Crusade. Lithuanian Research and Studies Center
↑ Michael B. Zdan (1957). “The Dependence of Halych-Volyn’ Rus’ on the Golden Horde.” The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 35, No. 85, pgs. 505–522
↑ Panos Sophoulis (2015). The Mongol Invasion of Croatia and Serbia in 1242. Fragmenta Hellenoslavica, Vol. 2.
↑ Battle of Liegnitz, 9 April 1241. Ars Bellica.
↑ Ruth Macrides (2007). George Akropolites: The History. Oxford University Press, pgs. 203–206.
↑ Anti Selart (2015). Livonia, Rus’ and the Baltic Crusades in the Thirteenth Century. Brill.
↑ Richard Hellie (2016). Alexander Nevskii's April 5, 1242 Battle on the Ice. Russian History, vol. 33, no. 2/4, 2006, pp. 283–87.
1 2 Sean McGlynn (2015). Kill Them All - Cathars and Carnage in the Albigensian Crusade. History Press.
↑ Kamāl al-Dīn (1896): Histoire d'Alep , in Revue de l'Orient Latin
1 2 MIchael Ott (1910). "Pope Innocent IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Isabel A. O’Connor (2003). A Forgotten Community. The Mudejar Aljama of Xàtiva, 1240-1327. Brill.
↑ Runciman 1954, p. 188, Siege of Jerusalem.
↑ Runciman 1954, p. 227, Battle of Forbie.
1 2 3 4 Strayer 1969b, pp. 487–521, The Crusades of Louis IX.
↑ Carl Theodor Mirbt (1911). "Councils of Lyons". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pg. 176.
↑ George Saintsbury (1911). "Sire Jean de Joinville". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 492–493.
↑ Kennedy 2014, pp. 277–278.
↑ Kennedy 2014, pp. 277–278, The Siege of Jaén.
↑ Robert I. Burns and Paul E. Chevedden (2000). “A Unique Bilingual Surrender Treaty from Muslim-Crusader Spain.” The Historian, Vol. 62, No. 3, pgs. 510–34
↑ Henry Yule and Charles Raymond Beasley (1911). "Joannes de Plano Carpini". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 397–399.
↑ Roux 1993, pp. 313–316, Ascelin of Cremone.
1 2 O'Callaghan 2013, pp. 113–116, The Siege of Seville.
↑ Runciman 1954, p. 229, Legalized anarchy.
↑ Strayer 1969b, pp. 493, Louis IX departs on the Seventh Crusade.
↑ Teòfilo Ruiz (2003). "Bonifaz, Ramón". In Gerli, E. Michael (ed.). Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, pgs. 177–178.
↑ Jayne & Prestage 1911, p. 141, Alphonso III, 1248–1279.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 262–263, Louis at Damietta (1249).
↑ Bosworth 2004, p. 70, The Ayyūbids.
↑ Lind 2006b, pp. 1126–1130, Sweden and the Crusades.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 266–267, Battle of Mansourah.
↑ Tyerman 2006, pp. 793_802, Defeat, February–March 1250.
1 2 Bosworth 2004, p. 76, The Mamlūks.
↑ Professor Jaroslav Folda (2005). Crusader art in the Holy Land : from the Third Crusade to the fall of Acre, 1187-1291. Cambridge University Press. pp. 248, 249. ISBN 9780521835831.
↑ Louis René Bréhier (1911). "Crusade of the Pastoureaux". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Régis Rech (2016). “Alberich of Troisfontaines”, in: Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle, Edited by: Graeme Dunphy, et al.
↑ Tavuzzi, Michael (2007). Renaissance Inquisitors: Dominican Inquisitors and Inquisitorial Districts in Northern Italy, 1474-1527. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. pp. 4–5. ISBN 9789047420606.
↑ John L. La Monte (1936). The Wars of Frederick II Against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus. Columbia University Press.
↑ Laura Minervini (2004). Les Gestes des Chiprois et la tradition historiographique de l'Orient latin . Le Moyen Age, Tome CX, pgs. 315–325.
↑ García Arancón and María Raquel (2018), "Teobaldo II", Diccionario Biográfico electrónico,
↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Conradin. Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 968–969.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 249–250, Mongol invasion of the Levant.
↑ Alex Mallett (2010). “Ibn al-Jawzī”, in: Christian-Muslim Relations 600 - 1500, General Editor: David Thomas.
↑ Runciman 1954, p. 253, The fall of Baghdad to the Mongols.
↑ Deno John Geanakoplos (1953). “Greco-Latin Relations on the Eve of the Byzantine Restoration: The Battle of Pelagonia-1259.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 7, pgs. 99–141.
↑ Florin Curta (2019). Catastrophe, Pax Mongolica, and Globalization. Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages.
↑ Hunt, William (1895). "Matthew Paris". In Dictionary of National Biography. 43. pp. 207-–213.
↑ Anne-Marie Eddé (1987). "La Prise d'Alep par les Mongols en 658/1260." Quaderni Di Studi Arabi, Vol. 5/6, 1987, pgs. 226–240.
1 2 3 Wolff 1969, pp. 187–234, The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1261.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 312–313, Battle of Ain Salut.
↑ Riley-Smith 1998, p. 14, Chronology, 1255–1285.
↑ Peter Thorau (2010) “Baybars I, al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three, Edited by: Kate Fleet, et al.
↑ Lane, George (2012). "Jovayni, 'Alā-al-Din". Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.). Vol. XV, Fasc. 1, pp. 63–68.
1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Michael VIII Palaiologos. Encyclopædia Britannica.18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 359–360.
↑ Douglas Raymund Webster (1912). "Pope Urban IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ O'Callaghan 2016, pp. 165–175, Siege of Jerez.
↑ Juho Wilskman (2012). The Battle of Prinitsa in 1263. Byzantinische Zeitschrift. 105 (1): 167–198.
↑ James Francis Loughlin (1908). "Pope Clement IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company
↑ Peter Jackson (2011) "Abaqa," Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 1, pgs. 61-63.
↑ Jonathan Riley-Smith (2012). The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, c.1070-1309. Springer.
1 2 Harvey 1992, pp. 45–53, Conquest of Murcia.
↑ Eduardo de Hinojosa y Naveros (1908). "Bull of the Crusade". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ "Caesarea- from Roman City to Crusader Fortress". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2019-12-01.
↑ Dunbabin 1998, p. 4, Charles and Beatrice crowned in Rome.
↑ Strayer 1969b, p. 509, Clement IV calls for the Eighth Crusade.
↑ Uri Zvi Shachar (2020). "Enshrined Fortification: A Trialogue on the Rise and Fall of Safed". The Medieval History Journal. 23 (2): 265–290
↑ Angus Donal Stewart (2001). The Armenian Kingdom and the Mamluks. Leiden: Brill.
↑ Christoph T. Maier (1994). Preaching the Crusades: Mendicant Friars and the Cross in the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press, pgs. 79–80.
↑ Strayer 1969b, p. 509, Louis IX again take sthe cross.
↑ Anti Selart (2015). Livonia, Rus’ and the Baltic Crusades in the Thirteenth Century. Leiden: Brill.
↑ E. S. Bouchier (1921). A Short History of Antioch : 3OO B.C. – A.D. 1268. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 327–328, Hugh, king of Cyprus and Jerusalem.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 330–334, The Crusade of the Infants of Aragon.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 329–330, Hugh's Coronation.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 291–292, Louis' last crusade.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 332–333, Murder of Philip of Montfort.
1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Philip III, king of France. Encyclopædia Britannica.21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 381.
1 2 3 Runciman 1969c, pp. 557–598, The Crusader States, 1243–1291.
↑ Charles Raymond Beazley (1911). "Hayton". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 114–115.
↑ Michael Lower (2018). The Tunis Crusade of 1270: A Mediterranean History. Oxford University Press.
↑ Henry Summerson (2005). "Lord Edward's crusade (act. 1270–1274)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
↑ Richard 1999, pp. 442–443, The End of the Frankish Holy Land.
↑ D. J. Cathcart King (1949), "The Taking of Le Krak des Chevaliers in 1271", Antiquity, 23 (90): 83–92.
↑ Runciman 1969c, p. 582, Edward arrives at Acre.
↑ Runciman 1954, p. 334, Bohemond VI.
↑ Johann Peter Kirsch (1909). "Pope Gregory X". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia.6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Cesar Domínguez Prieto (2016). “Gran conquista de Ultramar”, in: Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle, Edited by: Graeme Dunphy, et al.
↑ Dunbabin 1998, p. 91, Kingdom of Albania.
↑ Henry Summerson (2005). "Lord Edward's Crusade". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
↑ William Hunt. Edward I. In: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 17, pgs. 14–38.
↑ Adrian Fortescue (1910). "Jerusalem (After 1291)". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Latham, J.D. and Fernández-Puertas, A., "Naṣrids", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
↑ Throop 1940, p. 115, Dudum super generalis.
↑ J. F. A. Mason (2005). Lestrange [Le Strange], John (c. 1194–1269). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
↑ Griffithes Wheeler Thatcher (1911). "Assassins". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 774–775.
↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Rudolph I. Encyclopædia Britannica.23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 816.
↑ Wolff, Robert Lee. "Mortgage and Redemption of an Emperor's Son: Castile and the Latin Empire of Constantinople." Speculum, vol. 29, no. 1, 1954, pgs. 45–84.
↑ Burman, Thomas E. (2023). "William of Tripoli", in: Christian-Muslim Relations 600 - 1500, David Thomas, Ed.
↑ Leopold 2000, pp. 16–18, Reports on the Failure of the Crusades.
↑ Pierre-Louis-Théophile-Georges Goyau (1910). "Second Council of Lyons (1274)". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York.
↑ Setton 1976, pp. 106–122, The Papal Interregnum, Gregory X, and the Council of Lyon (1268–1274).
1 2 Longnon 1969, pp. 235–276, The Frankish States in Greece, 1204-1311.
↑ Anja Rathmann-Lutz (2016). The Sanctity of Louis IX. Early Lives of Saint Louis by Geoffrey of Beaulieu and William of Chartres, French History, Volume 30, Issue 1, March, pgs. 139–140
1 2 Runciman 1954, pp. 343–344, The Regency at Tripoli.
↑ Henry Yule and Charles Raymond Beazley (1911). "Polo, Marco". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 7–11.
1 2 O'Callaghan 2011, pp. 65–69, Marinid Invasion of Spain.
↑ Peter Linehan (2008). Spain, 1157-1300: A Partible Inheritance. Wiley, pgs. 153–160.
↑ O'Callaghan 2011, p. 68, Battle of Martos.
↑ Runciman 1954, p. 342, Royals take the Cross.
↑ Maranzani, Barbara (2019). "Knights Templar Hot Spots in the Holy Land". History.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 345–346, King Hugh retires to Cyprus.
↑ Miller 1908, pp. 161–162, The Angevins in Greece (1278–1307).
↑ Abulafia, David (2000). "Charles of Anjou reassessed" . Journal of Medieval History. 26: 93–114. doi:10.1016/S0304-4181(99)00012-3.
↑ Amitai-Preiss 1995, pp. 174–176, Battle of Elbistan.
↑ Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1911). "Pope Nicholas III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia.11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Wiet, G., "Baybars I", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.
↑ O'Callaghan 2011, p. 77, Second Marinid Expedition to Spain.
1 2 Minervini, Laura (2004). "Les Gestes des Chiprois et la tradition historiographique de l'Orient latin" . Le Moyen Âge (2): 315–325. doi:10.3917/rma.102.0315.
↑ Runciman 1954, p. 346, Charles' Coronation.
↑ Setton 1976, p. 127, William of Villehardouin.
↑ Fine 1994, p. 186, Charles swears fealty.
1 2 O'Callaghan 2011, pp. 75–76, Siege of Algeciras.
↑ Kingsley Garland Jayne and Edgar Prestage (1911). "Portugal. Diniz, 1279–1325". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 141.
↑ Urban 1975, pp. 283–286, Battle of Aizkraukle.
↑ Northrup 1998, pp. 84–126, The Qalāwūn Sultanate.
↑ Northrup 1998, pp. 101–102, Sunqur al-Ashqar.
↑ Fancy, Hussein (2016). The Mercenary Mediterranean: Sovereignty, Religion, and Violence in the Medieval Crown of Aragon. University of Chicago Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-226-32978-9.
↑ Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes (1911). "Pope Nicholas III". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 650.
↑ Richard 1999, pp. 452–453, The Efforts of the Mongols.
↑ Fine 1994, pp. 185–186, Siege of Berat.
↑ Michael Ott (1909). "Pope Martin IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia.9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Geanakoplos 1975, p. 41, Michael VIII Palaiologos.
1 2 Runciman 1954, p. 391, Qalawun's Truce.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 391–392, Battle of Homs.
↑ Richard 1985, pp. 216–217, Revolt of the Embriaco Brothers.
↑ Amari, M., Ellesmere, F. Egerton. (1850). History of the War of the Sicilian Vespers . London: R. Bentley.
↑ Schneidman, J. Lee (1969). "Ending the War of the Sicilian Vespers" . Journal of Peace Research. 6 (4): 335–347. doi:10.1177/002234336900600404.
↑ Edmund Garratt Gardner (1910). "Guelphs and Ghibellines". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Peter Jackson (2011) "Ahmad Takūdār." Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 6, pp. 661-662.
↑ Allouche, A. (1990). Tegüder's Ultimatum to Qalawun. International Journal of Middle East Studies,22(4), 437-446
↑ Dunbabin 1998, p. 109, Peter III of Aragon.
↑ Chaytor 1969, p. 101, Peter III of Aragon.
↑ Kovács, Szilvia, "Kumans", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three, Ed.: Kate Fleet, et al.
↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Andronicus II. Encyclopædia Britannica.1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 976.
↑ David McDowall Hannay (1911). "Roger de Lauria". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 285–286.
↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Acropolita, George. Encyclopædia Britannica.1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 156.
↑ Housley 1982, p. 20, Crusade against the Sicilians.
↑ George Lane (2012). "'Alā-al-Din Jovayni". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XV, Fasc. 1, pp. 63–68.
↑ "The Battle of Malta". U.S. Naval Institute. 2023-07-01.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 393–394, Collapse of Charles of Anjou's Power.
↑ Barker, Ernest (1911). "The Teutonic Order". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 676–679.
↑ Bartlett, John R. (2013). "Burchard's "Descriptio Terrae Sanctae": The Early Revision" . Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 145: 61–71. doi:10.1179/0031032812Z.00000000033.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 394–395, John I's Coronation.
↑ David McDowall Hannay (1911). "Alphonso X, El Sabio". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 735.
1 2 3 Runciman 1958, p. 246, Battle of the Gulf of Naples.
↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Meloria. Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 98.
↑ Peter Jackson (2011). Arḡūn Khan. Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4, pp. 402-404.
1 2 Borbone, Pier Giorgio. "A 13th-Century Journey from China to Europe. 'The Story of Mar Yahballaha and Rabban Sauna'" Egitto e Vicino Oriente, vol. 31, 2008, pgs. 221–242.
1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Philip IV, king of France. Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 381–382.
↑ Elena Woodacre (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274-1512 . Palgrave Macmillan.
↑ Norman Housley (1984). "Charles II of Naples and the Kingdom of Jerusalem". Byzantion. 54 (2): 527–535
↑ Michael Ott (1910). "Pope Honorius IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia.7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Milwright, Marcus, "al-Marqab", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three, Ed. Kate Fleet, et al.
1 2 Runciman 1954, pp. 394–395, Henry II becomes king.
↑ Strayer, J. R. "The Crusade against Aragon". Speculum, Vol. 28, No. 1, 1953, pp. 102–113.
↑ Blumberg, Arnold. "The Crusade against Aragon: An Unjust and Unnecessary Enterprise." Medieval Warfare, vol. 6, no. 2, 2016, pgs. 13–15.
↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Navarre. Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 281–282.
↑ Murray, Alan V. (2010). "The Saracens of the Baltic: Pagan and Christian Lithuanians in the Perception of English and French Crusades to Late Medieval Prussia." Journal of Baltic Studies, vol. 41, no. 4, pgs. 413–29.
↑ Grousset 1934, p. 700, Arghun and the Pope.
↑ Bryan Cartledge (2011). The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary. C. Hurst & Co.
↑ Bosworth 2004, pp. 41–42, The Marinades.
↑ Edbury 1991, pp. 74–100, The Defence of Latin Syria.
↑ Nicolle 2005b, p. 15, Odo Poilechien.
↑ M. Sbeinati, et al. (2005). "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D." Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 48, p. 374
1 2 Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1911). "Pope Nicholas IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 402–404, The fall of Lattakieh.
↑ Venning & Frankopan 2015, p. 399, Blockade of Acre.
↑ Mount Etna. Wonder of Sicily.
↑ Chaytor 1969, pp. 97–108, Pedro III.
1 2 Runciman 1954, pp. 403–405, Lucia, Countess of Tripoli.
1 2 Jackson 2005, pp. 202–205, Mongol Invasion of Poland.
↑ Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Ladislaus IV". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 59–60.
↑ Charles Raymond Beazley (1911). "Monte Corvino, Giovanni di". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 18. (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 763–764.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 406–407, The Fall of Tripoli.
↑ Jean Richard (1990) "Buscarello de Ghizolfi." Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6, pg. 569.
↑ Runciman 1969, p. 593, Truce with Qalawun.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 408–409, Jean de Grailly.
↑ Fleifel, Bassel (2021). Osman I, Father of Kings. WikiJournal of Humanities, 4(1):1
↑ Stewart 2001, pp. 65–183, Het'um II (1289–1307).
↑ Richard 1999, pp. 463–464, The Crusade of Nicholas IV.
↑ Asbridge 2012, pp. 651–652, The Holy Land Reclaimed.
↑ Runciman 1954, p. 410, Qalawun mobilizes.
↑ Northrup 1998, p. 158, The Death of Qalāwūn.
↑ Ziada 1969, pp. 753–754, al-Ashraf Khalil.
↑ O'Callaghan 2011, p. 96, Naval Battle at Alcácer Seguir.
↑ Reuven Amitai (2012). "Il-Khanids i: Dynastic History." Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 6, pp. 645-654.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 387–423, The Fall of Acre.
↑ Nicolle 2005b, pp. 1–91, Acre 1291. Bloody Sunset to the Crusader States.
↑ Runciman 1954, pp. 420–422, The Destruction of Acre.
↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). James II of Aragon. Encyclopædia Britannica.15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 142.
↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Rudolph I. Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 816.
↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Albert I (German king). Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 496.
1 2 Runciman 1954, pp. 422–423, The Death of Outremer.

Bibliography

Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1995). Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Îlkhânid War, 1260–1281 . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521462266.
Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (1999). The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy. Brill. ISBN 9789004110489.
Asbridge, Thomas (2012). The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781849836883.
Baldwin, Marshall W. (1985). "Missions to the East in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 452–518. ISBN 978-0-299-09144-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Barber, Malcolm (2012). The Crusader States. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300189315.
Bishko, Charles J. (1975). "The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095–1492" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 396–456. ISBN 978-0-299-06670-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). The New Islamic dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748621378.
Cahen, Claude (1969a). "The Turks in Iran and Anatolia before the Mongol Invasions" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 661–692. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Cahen, Claude (1969b). "The Mongols and the Near East" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 715–734. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Chaytor, Henry John (1969) [1933]. A History of Aragon and Catalonia. Methuen & Company, Limited. ISBN 9780404014797.
Conder, Claude R. (1897). Life of Saladin. Palestine exploration fund. [Publications]. Palestinian Exploration Fund.
Costen, M. D. (1997). The Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719043321.
Christiansen, Eric (1997). The Northern Crusades (2nd ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-026653-5.
Donovan, Joseph P. (1950). Pelagius and the Fifth Crusade. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-1512801491.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Dunbabin, Jean (1998). Charles I of Anjou: Power, Kingship and State-Making in Thirteenth-Century Europe. Longman. ISBN 9781780937670.
Edbury, Peter W. (1991). The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191–1374. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26876-9.
Evans, Austin P. (1969). "The Albigensian Crusade" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 277–324. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-19.
Fine, John V. A. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472082605.
Furber, Elizabeth Chapin (1969). "The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1191–1291" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 599–629. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Geanakoplos, Deno John (1975). Byzantium and the Crusades, 1261–1354 (PDF). A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume III.
Gerli, E. Michael (2017). Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351665780.
Gibb, H. A. R. (1969). "The Aiyūbids" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 693–714. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Grousset, René (1934). Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem. Plon, Paris.
Hardwicke, Mary Nickerson (1969). "The Crusader States, 1192–1243" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 522–556. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Harvey, Leonard Patrick (1992). Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226319629.
Hazard, Harry W., ed. (1975a). The Fourteenth and Fifteen Centuries. Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.), A History of the Crusades, University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299066741.
Hazard, Harry W. (1975b). "Moslem North Africa, 1049–1394" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 457–485. ISBN 978-0-299-06670-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Hazard, Harry W. (1975). "Moslem North Africa, 1049–1394" (PDF). In Hazard, Harry W. (ed.). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.), A History of the Crusades, University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299066741. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Hillenbrand, Carole (1999). The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN 9780415929141.
Hillebrand, Carole, ed. (2021). Islam and the Crusades: Collected Essays. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9781474485906.
Hosler, Alan D. (2018). The Siege of Acre, 1189–1191: Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, and the Battle that Decided the Third Crusade. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300215502.
Housley, Norman (1982). The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades against Christian Lay Powers, 1254–1343. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821925-5.
Housley, Norman (1992a). The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198221364.
Housley, Norman (1992b). "The Iberian Peninsula: The Rewards and Problems with Conquest, 1274–1415". The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar. Oxford University Press. pp. 267–290. ISBN 9780198221364.
Jayne, Kingsley Garland; Prestage, Edgar (1911). "Portugal" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 22 (11th ed.).
Hussey, Joan M. (1969). "Byzantium and the Crusades, 1081–1204" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 123–152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Jackson, Peter (2005). The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410. Pearson Longman. ISBN 9780582368965.
Johnson, Edgar N. (1969). "The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 87–122. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Kennedy, Hugh N. (1994). Crusader Castles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521799133.
Kennedy, Hugh N. (2014). Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of Al-Andalus. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317870401.
Lane-Poole, Stanley (1898). Saladin and the Fall of Jerusalem. Heroes of the nations,[v. 24]. G. P. Putnam.
Leopold, Antony R. (2000). How to Recover the Holy Land: The Crusade Proposals of the Late Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries. Ashgate. ISBN 9780754601203.
Lewis, Bernard (1969). "The Ismā'īlites and the Assassins" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 99–134. ISBN 978-0-299-04834-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Lind, John H. (2006a). "Finland". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.). The Crusades—An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 436–439. ISBN 9781576078624.
Lind, John H. (2006b). "Sweden". In Murray, Alan V. (ed.). The Crusades—An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1126–1130. ISBN 9781576078624.
Lindholm, David; Nicolle, David (2007). The Scandinavian Baltic Crusades, 1100–1500. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 9781841769882.
Lock, Peter (2006). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203389638. ISBN 9780415393126.
Longford, Elizabeth (1989), The Oxford Book of Royal Anecdotes, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780192141538
Longnon, Jean (1969). "The Frankish States in Greece, 1204–1311" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 235–276. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0.
Loud, G. A. (2010). The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick and Related Texts. Ashgate. ISBN 9780754665755.
Madden, Thomas F. (2008). The Fourth Crusade: Event, Aftermath and Perceptions. Ashgate Publishing Company. ISBN 9780754663195.
McNeal, Edgar H.; Wolff, Robert Lee (1969). "The Fourth Crusade" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 153–186. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Miller, William (1908). The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece, 1204–1566. Harvard University.
Murray, Alan V. (2006). The Crusades—An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576078624.
Nersessian, Sirarpie Der (1969). "The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 630–660. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Nicholson, Helen J.; Nicolle, David (2005). God's Warriors: Crusaders, Saracens and the Battle for Jerusalem. Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781841769431.
Nicolle, David (2005a). The Third Crusade, 1191: Richard the Lionheart, Saladin and the Struggle for Jerusalem. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 9781841768687.
Nicolle, David (2005b). Acre 1291: Bloody Sunset of the Crusader States. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-1-84176-862-5.
Northrup, Linda (1998). From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (1279-1290). Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 9783515068611.
O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812204636.
O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2013). Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812203066.
O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2016). The Learned King: The Reign of Alfonso X of Castile. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9781512805451.
Painter, Sidney (1969a). "The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 45–86. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Painter, Sidney (1969b). "The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239-1241" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 463–486. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Painter, Sidney (1969c). "The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239-1241" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 463–486. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Phillips, Jonathan P. (2005). The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 9781101127728.
Queller, Donald E.; Madden, Thomas F. (1999). The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812217131.
Richard, Jean C. (1985). The Political and Ecclesiastical Organization of the Crusader States (PDF). A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume V.
Richard, Jean C. (1999). The Crusades, c.1071–c.1291 [Histoire des croisades]. Translated by Birrell, Jean. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521625661.
Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1967). The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus, 1050–1310. Macmillan St Martin's Press.
Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1998). The Atlas of the Crusades. Facts on File. ISBN 9780816021864.
Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192854285.
Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195334036.
Roux, Jean-Paul (1993). Histoire de l'Empire Mongol. Fayard. ISBN 9782213031644.
Runciman, Steven (1952). A History of the Crusades, Volume Two: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521347716.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Runciman, Steven (1954). A History of the Crusades, Volume Three: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521347723.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Runciman, Steven (1958). The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107604742.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Runciman, Steven (1969). "The Crusader States, 1243–1291" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 557–598. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Runciman, Steven (1969c). "The Crusader States, 1243–1291" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 557–598. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Ryan, Vincent (2008). "Richard I and the Early Evolution of the Fourth Crusade". In Madden, Thomas F. (ed.). The Fourth Crusade: Event, Aftermath and Perceptions. Ashgate Publishing Company. pp. 3–14. ISBN 9780754663195.
Setton, Kenneth M., ed. (1969–1989). A History of the Crusades. Six Volumes. University of Wisconsin Press.
Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571, Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth centuries. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-114-9.
Slack, Corliss K. (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Crusades. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810878303.
Strayer, Joseph R. (1969a). "The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 343–376. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Stewart, Angus Donal (2001). The Armenian Kingdom and the Mamluks. Brill. ISBN 9789004122925.
Strayer, Joseph R. (1969b). "The Crusades of Louis IX" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 487–521. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Strayer, Joseph R. (1971). The Albigensian Crusades. New York: The Dial Press. ISBN 9780472064762.
Suárez Fernández, Luis (1976). Historia de España antigua y media. Rialp. ISBN 9788432118845.
Sumption, Jonathan (1978). The Albigensian Crusade. Faber. ISBN 9780571110643.
Throop, Palmer A. (1940). Criticism of the Crusade: A Study of Public Opinion and Crusade Propaganda. Porcupine Press. ISBN 9780879916183.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Treadgold, Warren T. (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804726306.
Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Belknap Press. ISBN 9780674023871.
Tyerman, Christopher (2009). The Crusades. Sterling Publishing Company. ISBN 9781402768910.
Urban, William L. (1975). The Baltic Crusade. Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-87580-052-3.
Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969a). "The Fifth Crusade" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 377–428. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-09.
Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969b). "The Crusade of Frederick II" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 429–462. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1972). The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: Immutator Mundi. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198225133.
Venning, Timothy; Frankopan, Peter (2015). A Chronology of the Crusades. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317496434.
Watts, Henry Edward (1894). The Christian Recovery of Spain: Being the Story of Spain from the Moorish Conquest to the Fall of Granada (711-1492 A.D.). New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Wellhausen, Julius (1927). The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall. Translated by Weir, Margaret Graham. University of Calcutta.
Wheeler, Benjamin W. (1969). "The Reconquest of Spain before 1095" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 31–39. ISBN 978-0-299-04834-1.
Wieruszowski, Helene (1969). "The Norman Kingdom of Sicily and the Crusades" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 3–44. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Wolff, Robert L. (1969). "The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1261" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 187–234. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Wolff, Robert L.; Hazard, Harry W., eds. (1969). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.), A History of the Crusades, University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299048440.
Zacour, Norman P. (1969). "The Children's Crusade" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 325–342. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.
Ziada, Mustafa M. (1969). "The Mamluk Sultans to 1293" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 735–758. ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-01-04.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[5] Urban III allegedly collapsed when hear the news of the loss of Jerusalem, but William of Newburgh believed that the pope died before he heard the news.^[4]

[64] Richard the Lionheart famously refused to show deference to Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor and declared to him, "I am born of a rank which recognises no superior but God".^[62]

[102] The leaders of the Fourth Crusade were Boniface of Montferrat, Enrico Dandolo, Theobald III of Champagne, Baldwin of Flanders, Louis of Blois, Hugh IV of Saint-Pol, Conrad of Halberstadt, Martin of Pairis and Conon de Béthune

[130] The Cathars were also known as the Albigensians. Saint Dominic would later form the Dominicans.

[138] Arnaud Amalric reportingly said of the residents when asked how to distinguish Cathars from Catholics: "Kill them. The Lord knows those that are his own."

[FOOTNOTEWolffHazard1969The_Later_Crusades-1] Wolff & Hazard 1969, The Later Crusades.

[FOOTNOTENicolle2005aThe_Third_Crusade-2] 1 2 Nicolle 2005a, The Third Crusade.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1952462–466The_Siege_of_Jerusalem-3] Runciman 1952, pp. 462–466, The Siege of Jerusalem.

[FOOTNOTELock200672Death_of_Urban_III-4] Lock 2006, p. 72, Death of Urban III.

[6] James Francis Loughlin (1909). "Pope Gregory VIII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[7] Smith, Thomas W. (2018). "Audita Tremendi and the Call for the Third Crusade Reconsidered, 1187–1188" . Viator. 49 (3): 63–101. doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.5.119574.

[8] Henry W. Davis (1911). "Richard I". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1952470–472Defense_of_Tyre-9] Runciman 1952, pp. 470–472, Defense of Tyre.

[10] James Francis Loughlin (1908). "Pope Clement III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[FOOTNOTERiley-Smith1967109–111Siege_of_Belvoir_Castle-11] 1 2 Riley-Smith 1967, pp. 109–111, Siege of Belvoir Castle.

[Skovgaard-12] Skovgaard-Petersen, Karen (2001). A Journey to the Promised Land: Crusading Theology in the Historia de Profectione Danorum in Hierosolymam (c. 1200). Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 35–37, 70, 75. ISBN 978-87-7289-714-1.

[13] Bengt Liljegren (2004). Rulers of Sweden. Historiska Media.

[14] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Henry II "the Saint". Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 273–274.

[:7-15] 1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Philip II, king of France. Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 378–381.

[16] Fred A. Cazel (1955). “The Tax of 1185 in Aid of the Holy Land.” Speculum, Vol. 30, No. 3, ppgs. 385–392.

[:0-17] 1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Frederick I, Roman Emperor. Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 45–46.

[FOOTNOTELock200673Guy_of_Lusignan-18] Lock 2006, p. 73, Guy of Lusignan.

[FOOTNOTEJohnson196987–122Barbarossa's_ultimatum_to_Saladin-19] Johnson 1969, pp. 87–122, Barbarossa's ultimatum to Saladin.

[FOOTNOTEConder1897129–130Siege_of_Laodicea-20] Conder 1897, pp. 129–130, Siege of Laodicea.

[FOOTNOTEConder1897130–132Sieges_of_Sahyun_Castle_and_al-Shughur-21] Conder 1897, pp. 130–132, Sieges of Sahyun Castle and al-Shughur.

[FOOTNOTEConder1897130–134Sieges_of_Sahyun_Castle,_al-Shughur_and_Bourzey-22] 1 2 Conder 1897, pp. 130–134, Sieges of Sahyun Castle, al-Shughur and Bourzey.

[23] Michael S Fulton (2024), Crusader Castle: The Desert Fortress of Kerak. pgs. 72–74.

[FOOTNOTELane-Poole1898248Fall_of_Safed-24] Lane-Poole 1898, p. 248, Fall of Safed.

[FOOTNOTEJohnson196987–122The_Crusades_of_Frederick_Barbarossa_and_Henry_VI-25] Johnson 1969, pp. 87–122, The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI.

[:1-26] 1 2 Jonathan Wilson (2020). ““Neither age nor sex sparing”: the Alvor massacre 1189, an anomaly in the Portuguese Reconquista?” Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies12, pgs. 199–229.

[:2-27] Thomas Andrew Archer (1896). "Richard I" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 46. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pgs. 136–145.

[28] Dana Cushing (2017). “The Siege of Silves in 1189: Attacked with Siege-Engines and Arrows.” Medieval Warfare, Vol. 7, No. 5, pgs. 48–53.

[FOOTNOTEJohnson196994–96Philippopolis-29] Johnson 1969, pp. 94–96, Philippopolis.

[FOOTNOTEHosler2018The_Siege_of_Acre,_1189–1191-30] Hosler 2018, p. The Siege of Acre, 1189–1191.

[31] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Tancred (Sicily). Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 395.

[FOOTNOTEPainter1969a45–86The_Third_Crusade:_Richard_the_Lionhearted_and_Philip_Augustus-32] Painter 1969a, pp. 45–86, The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus.

[FOOTNOTEKennedy199443–44Beaufort_Castle-33] Kennedy 1994, pp. 43–44, Beaufort Castle.

[:3-34] 1 2 Charles Wendell David (1939). “Narratio de Itinere Navali Peregrinorum Hierosolymam Tendentium et Silviam Capientium, A. D. 1189.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 81, No. 5, pp. 591–676.

[35] Aleksandar Stoyanov (2019). The Size of Bulgaria's Medieval Field Armies: A Case Study of Military Mobilization Capacity in the Middle Ages. The Journal of Military History, 83(3), pgs. 719–746

[FOOTNOTELoud201095–106Battle_of_Philomalion-36] Loud 2010, pp. 95–106, Battle of Philomalion.

[FOOTNOTEJohnson1969111–112Battle_of_Iconium-37] Johnson 1969, pp. 111–112, Battle of Iconium.

[38] Hamilton White (2021). The Tomar Hoard. Dolman Scott Publishing, pg. 23.

[:4-39] 1 2 3 Isabella I, Queen of Jerusalem. Britannica.

[FOOTNOTEPainter1969b59–60Richard_the_Lionheart_at_Messina-40] 1 2 Painter 1969b, pp. 59–60, Richard the Lionheart at Messina.

[FOOTNOTERunciman195436–38King_Tancred_of_Sicily-41] Runciman 1954, pp. 36–38, King Tancred of Sicily.

[:5-42] 1 2 Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem. Britannica.

[43] Thomas Joseph Shahan (1908). "Pope Celestine III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[FOOTNOTEPainter1969b63–64Richard_at_Limassol-44] 1 2 Painter 1969b, pp. 63–64, Richard at Limassol.

[:6-45] 1 2 3 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Henry VI (Roman emperor). Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 278.

[FOOTNOTEPainter1969b64–65Conquest_of_Cyprus-46] Painter 1969b, pp. 64–65, Conquest of Cyprus.

[47] William Hunt (1885). "Berengaria" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. 4, pgs. 325–326.

[FOOTNOTEPainter1969b67–69Siege_of_Acre-48] 1 2 Painter 1969b, pp. 67–69, Siege of Acre.

[FOOTNOTERunciman195453–55Massacre_at_Ayyadieh-49] Runciman 1954, pp. 53–55, Massacre at Ayyadieh.

[50] Sidney Dean (2014). “‘Crusader King’: From Arsuf to the Treaty of Jaffa.” Medieval Warfare, Vol. 4, No. 5, pgs. 27–34

[FOOTNOTERunciman195457–58Richard's_victory-51] Runciman 1954, pp. 57–58, Richard's victory.

[FOOTNOTEConder1897360–361The_Sultan's_expedition-52] Conder 1897, pp. 360–361, The Sultan's expedition.

[53] Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Canute VI". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 222–223.

[54] Patrick A. Williams (1970). "The Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat: Another Suspect?". Traditio26 Fordham University: 381–389

[55] Luigi Villari (1911). "Dandolo". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 801–802.

[56] Battle of Jaffa. Britannica.

[57] Richard the Lionheart Makes Peace With Saladin. Jewish Virtual Library.

[FOOTNOTERunciman195473–75Treaty_between_Saladin_and_Richard-58] Runciman 1954, pp. 73–75, Treaty between Saladin and Richard.

[FOOTNOTERunciman195474Cæur-de-Lion-59] 1 2 Runciman 1954, p. 74, Cæur-de-Lion.

[:23-60] 1 2 Ernest Barker (1911). "The Teutonic Order". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 676–679.

[61] Henry W. Davis (1911). "Richard of Devizes". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 298.

[62] Anne-Marie Eddé (2021). al-Malik al-Afḍal b. Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn. Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Online.

[63] Longford 1989, p. 85.

[FOOTNOTERiley-Smith199812Chronology,_1191–1216-65] Riley-Smith 1998, p. 12, Chronology, 1191–1216.

[66] Henry W. Davis (1911). "John of England". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 439–440.

[67] Casimir II the Just. Jewish Encyclopedia.

[68] Jochen Burgtorf (2016). The Antiochene War of Succession, pg. 199. In Boas, Adrian J. (ed.). The Crusader World . University of Wisconsin Press.

[69] Battle of Arcadiopolis. Byzantine Battles.

[:15-70] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1907). "Albigenses". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, pgs. 267–269.

[71] John Bagnell Bury (1911). "Alexius III". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 577–578.

[72] Donvito, Philippo (2005). "Queen Tamar of Georgia (1184-1213): The Lioness of the Caucasus". Medieval Warfare. IV-2: Female Knights and Fighting Princesses - Medieval Women as Warriors: 19–23.

[73] Battle of Alacos. Britannica.

[74] Tsurtsumia, Mamuka (2014). "Couched Lance and Mounted Shock Combat in the East: The Georgian Experience". In Rogers, Clifford J.; DeVries, Kelly; France, John (eds.). Journal of Medieval Military History. Vol. XII. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 89–90. ISBN 9781843839361.

[75] Michal Lower (2014). “The Papacy and Christian Mercenaries of Thirteenth-Century North Africa.” Speculum 89: 601–631.

[76] Louviers, Treaty of (1196). The Oxford Companion to British History.

[77] Second Bulgarian Empire. HistoryMaps.

[78] Henry W. Davis (1911). "Ambrose (poet)". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 798.

[79] Kaufmann Kohler and Louis Ginzberg (1906). Ephraim B. Jacob. JewishEncyclopedia.

[:8-80] Graham A. Loud (2014). "The German Crusade of 1197–1198". Crusades. 13: 143–172.

[81] Jean Richard (1979), The Latin Kingdom Of Jerusalem. North Holland Publishing, pg. 204.

[FOOTNOTEHardwicke1969529Death_of_Henry_I_of_Jerusalem-82] Hardwicke 1969, p. 529, Death of Henry I of Jerusalem.

[FOOTNOTEJohnson1969116–122The_Crusades_of_Henry_VI-83] Johnson 1969, pp. 116–122, The Crusades of Henry VI.

[:9-84] 1 2 Alan V. Murray (2015), The Crusades to the Holy Land, The Essential Reference Guide. ABC–CLIO, pg. 127.

[FOOTNOTERiley-Smith199812Chronology_of_the_Crusades_in_North_Africa-85] 1 2 3 Riley-Smith 1998, p. 12, Chronology of the Crusades in North Africa.

[86] Ruibal Rodríguez, Amador (1992). "La arquitectura militar de la frontera musulmana, en Castilla, en torno al 1200. El caso de Salvatierra" (PDF). El arte español en épocas de transición. Universidad de León. p. 40.

[FOOTNOTEMcNealWolff1969153–186The_Fourth_Crusade-87] McNeal & Wolff 1969, pp. 153–186, The Fourth Crusade.

[88] Michael Ott (1910). "Pope Innocent III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[FOOTNOTEHardwicke1969529–532Aimery_of_Cyprus-89] 1 2 Hardwicke 1969, pp. 529–532, Aimery of Cyprus.

[FOOTNOTERyan200810Post_miserabile-90] Ryan 2008, p. 10, Post miserabile.

[91] MIchael Ott (1907). "Berthold". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[92] William Hunt (1892). "John (1167?–1216)". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 29. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pgs. 402–417.

[93] Louis René Bréhier (1909). "Foulque de Neuilly". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[94] Edgar H. McNeal (1953). “Fulk of Neuilly and the Tournament of Écry.” Speculum, Vol. 28, No. 2, pgs. 371–375.

[95] Florence Jullien (2006). "Michael the Syrian". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Online edition.

[:223-96] R. S. Humphreys (2011). "Ayyubids". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. III, Fasc. 2, pgs. 164-167.

[FOOTNOTETyerman2006689–694Livonia,_1188–1300-97] Tyerman 2006, pp. 689–694, Livonia, 1188–1300.

[98] Myriam Greilsammer (1995). Le livre au roi. Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres

[FOOTNOTEMcNealWolff1969162–163The_Venetians_and_the_Crusade-99] McNeal & Wolff 1969, pp. 162–163, The Venetians and the Crusade.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954111Boniface_of_Montferrat-100] Runciman 1954, p. 111, Boniface of Montferrat.

[:12-101] 1 2 3 Charles M. Brand (1968). “A Byzantine Plan for the Fourth Crusade.” Speculum, Vol. 43, No. 3, pgs. 462–475.

[103] Louis René Bréhier (1908). "Enrico Dandolo". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[FOOTNOTELock200683Crusaders_arrive_at_Acre-104] Lock 2006, p. 83, Crusaders arrive at Acre.

[FOOTNOTEHardwicke1969533War_of_the_Antiochene_Succession-105] Hardwicke 1969, p. 533, War of the Antiochene Succession.

[106] Siege of Zara. Britannica.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954114–116The_Sack_of_Zara-107] Runciman 1954, pp. 114–116, The Sack of Zara.

[FOOTNOTELind2006a436–439Finland_and_the_Crusades-108] Lind 2006a, pp. 436–439, Finland and the Crusades.

[109] Order of the Brothers of the Sword. Britannica.

[FOOTNOTEPhillips2005113Departure_for_Constantinople-110] Phillips 2005, p. 113, Departure for Constantinople.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954116–118Siege_of_Constantinople-111] Runciman 1954, pp. 116–118, Siege of Constantinople.

[112] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Isaac II (Angelus). Encyclopædia Britannica.14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 858.

[FOOTNOTEMcNealWolff1969180Letter_to_Innocent_III_from_the_Crusaders-113] McNeal & Wolff 1969, p. 180, Letter to Innocent III from the Crusaders.

[:14-114] 1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Alexius V. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 578.

[115] John C. Moore (1962). “Count Baldwin IX of Flanders, Philip Augustus, and the Papal Power.” Speculum, Vol. 37, No. 1, 1962, pgs. 79–89.

[116] A. A. Vasiliev (1936). “The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204-1222).” Speculum, Vol. 11, No. 1, pgs. 3–37.

[117] A. Carole (1965). "Partitio terrarum imperii Romanie". Studi Veneziani . 7: 125–305.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954129–130Innocent_III_condemns_the_Crusade-118] Runciman 1954, pp. 129–130, Innocent III condemns the Crusade.

[FOOTNOTELock200687The_end_of_the_Crusade-119] Lock 2006, p. 87, The end of the Crusade.

[FOOTNOTEFine199490Theodore_I_Laskaris-120] Fine 1994, p. 90, Theodore I Laskaris.

[FOOTNOTEWolff1969Nicaea-Latin_wars-121] Wolff 1969, Nicaea-Latin wars.

[122] Boas, Adrian (2015). The Crusader World. Routledge. p. 229. ISBN 978-1-317-40832-1.

[FOOTNOTEFine1994Bulgarian-Latin_wars-123] 1 2 3 4 5 Fine 1994, Bulgarian-Latin wars.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954103–104Maria_of_Montferrat-124] Runciman 1954, pp. 103–104, Maria of Montferrat.

[FOOTNOTEFine199462–70Battle_of_Kountouras-125] Fine 1994, pp. 62–70, Battle of Kountouras.

[126] Michel Kursanskis (1988). L'empire de Trébizonde et les Turcs au 13e siècle. Revue des études byzantines46, pgs. 109–124.

[127] A. von Reumont (1871). "Der Herzog von Athen". Historische Zeitschrift (in German). 26 (1): 1–74.

[128] Andrew Holt (2005). Gunther von Pairis. Crusades-Encyclopedia.

[129] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Henry of Romania. Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 280.

[131] John Bonaventure O'Connor (1909). "St. Dominic". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[132] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Acominatus, Michael. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 150–151.

[EA-133] "Terra Mariana". The Encyclopedia Americana. Americana Corp. 1967.

[134] Claude Cahen (1968). Pre-Ottoman Turkey: A General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History c. 1071-1330, pg. 119f

[FOOTNOTEEvans1969277Pierre_de_Castelnau-135] Evans 1969, pp. 277, Pierre de Castelnau.

[:16-136] 1 2 3 Paul Daniel Alphandéry (1911). "Albigenses". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 505–506.

[FOOTNOTEFine199494Battle_of_Philippopolis-137] Fine 1994, p. 94, Battle of Philippopolis.

[FOOTNOTECosten1997121Massacre_at_Béziers-139] Costen 1997, p. 121, Massacre at Béziers.

[:30-140] 1 2 3 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). John of Brienne. Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 442.

[:34-141] Peter II, King of Aragon. Britannica.

[FOOTNOTETreadgold1997717Battle_of_Antioch_on_the_Meander-142] Treadgold 1997, p. 717, Battle of Antioch on the Meander.

[:17-143] 1 2 Charles M. Brand. (1991). "Rhyndakos River". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press.

[FOOTNOTEZacour1969325–342The_Children's_Crusade-144] Zacour 1969, pp. 325–342, The Children's Crusade.

[FOOTNOTEBishko1975422–424Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolos-145] Bishko 1975, pp. 422–424, Battle of Las Navas de Tolos.

[146] Guy Perry (2015). “Isabella II or Yolanda? The Name of the Queen of Jerusalem and Spouse of the Emperor Frederick II.” Medieval Prosopography, Vol. 30, pgs. 73–86.

[147] Werthschulte, Leila (2016). "Arnold of Lübeck". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle.

[148] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Wolfram von Eschenbach. Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 775–776.

[FOOTNOTEVan_Cleve1969a277–428The_Fifth_Crusade-149] Van Cleve 1969a, pp. 277–428, The Fifth Crusade.

[150] John Thomas Bealby (1911). "Georgia". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 758–761.

[151] "Summons to a Crusade, 1215". Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. pp. 337–344.

[152] Thomas W. Smith (2019). How to craft a crusade call: Pope Innocent III and Quia maior (1213), Historical Research, 92(255), pgs. 2–23

[153] Martin Alvira-Cabrer (2008). Muret 1213: La batalla decisiva de la Cruzada contra los Cátaros. Ariel, Barcelona

[154] George Saintsbury (1911). "Geoffroy de Villehardouin". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 78–79.

[155] Christopher Kurpiewski (2005). Writing beneath the shadow of heresy: the Historia Albigensis of Brother Pierre Des Vaux-De-Cernay. Journal of Medieval History. 31, pgs. 1–27.

[FOOTNOTETreadgold1997718Siege_of_Sinope-156] Treadgold 1997, p. 718, Siege of Sinope.

[:19-157] 1 2 Edwin Hubert Burton (1911). "Simon de Montfort". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[:21-158] 1 2 3 Arthur William Holland (1911). "Frederick II, Roman Emperor". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 46–49.

[FOOTNOTELock200602Siege_of_Beaucaire-159] Lock 2006, p. 02, Siege of Beaucaire.

[FOOTNOTEHardwicke1969538–539Raymond_Roupen_installed_at_Antioch-160] Hardwicke 1969, pp. 538–539, Raymond Roupen installed at Antioch.

[161] Michael Ott (1910). "Pope Honorius III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company

[162] Peter S. Noble (2016). Robert de Clari. Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle Online.

[FOOTNOTEVan_Cleve1969a377–428The_Fifth_Crusade-163] Van Cleve 1969a, pp. 377–428, The Fifth Crusade.

[FOOTNOTEVan_Cleve1969a395Siege_of_Alcácer_do_Sal-164] Van Cleve 1969a, p. 395, Siege of Alcácer do Sal.

[:18-165] 1 2 3 László Veszprémy (2002). “The Crusade of Andrew II, King of Hungary, 1217-1218”. Iacobus 13-14, pgs. 87–110.

[166] Frucht, Richard (2005). Battle of St. Matthew's Day on September 21, 1217. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6.

[167] Drm Peter (2014). The Siege of Toulouse in 1217-18, according to The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens. De Re Militari.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954180Henry_I_of_Cyprus-168] Runciman 1954, p. 180, Henry I of Cyprus.

[FOOTNOTELock200692Prussian_Crusade-169] Lock 2006, p. 92, Prussian Crusade.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954151–152The_Crusade_Lands_in_Egypt,_1218-170] Runciman 1954, pp. 151–152, The Crusade Lands in Egypt, 1218.

[FOOTNOTEVan_Cleve1969a416–418The_Siege_of_Damietta-171] 1 2 3 Van Cleve 1969a, pp. 416–418, The Siege of Damietta.

[FOOTNOTELock200692Albigensian_Crusade-172] Lock 2006, p. 92, Albigensian Crusade.

[173] J. Jones, Michael O'Neal, Ralph Zerbonia (2005). Al-Kamil, Sultan Al-Malik. The Crusades Reference Library.

[FOOTNOTEDonovan195038–68The_Conquest_of_Damietta-174] Donovan 1950, pp. 38–68, The Conquest of Damietta.

[:25-175] 1 2 Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Valdemar II". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 641–642.

[FOOTNOTEVan_Cleve1969a410–412Prelude_to_the_Siege-176] Van Cleve 1969a, pp. 410–412, Prelude to the Siege.

[177] Battle of Lyndanisse. Britannica.

[FOOTNOTEVan_Cleve1969a414Battle_of_Fariskur-178] Van Cleve 1969a, p. 414, Battle of Fariskur.

[179] Paschal Robinson (1909). "St. Francis of Assisi". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[FOOTNOTEFurber1969609–610John_and_the_Cypriots-180] Furber 1969, pp. 609–610, John and the Cypriots.

[:26-181] 1 2 Marek Tamm (2013). "How to justify a crusade? The conquest of Livonia and new crusade rhetoric in the early thirteenth century". Journal of Medieval History. 39 (4): 431–455

[182] Bird, Jessalynn. "Oliver of Paderborn (died 1227)". In Murray, Alan V (ed.). The Crusades - An Encyclopedia. pp. 898–899.

[FOOTNOTEVan_Cleve1969a425–428The_Battle_of_Mansurah-183] Van Cleve 1969a, pp. 425–428, The Battle of Mansurah.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954168–170Pelagius_Sues_for_Peace_(1221)-184] Runciman 1954, pp. 168–170, Pelagius Sues for Peace (1221).

[:22-185] 1 2 A. C. S. Peacock (2006). “The Saliūq Campaign against the Crimea and the Expansionist Policy of the Early Reign of ‘Alā’ al-Dīn Kayqubād.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 16, No. 2, pgs. 133–149.

[:24-186] 1 2 Mäesalu, Ain (1997). Eesti ajalugu (1. osa). Avita. p. 168.

[187] Robert Kennaway Douglas (1911). "Jenghiz Khan". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 316–318.

[FOOTNOTEVan_Cleve1969b429–462The_Crusade_of_Frederick_II-188] Van Cleve 1969b, pp. 429–462, The Crusade of Frederick II.

[FOOTNOTEVan_Cleve1969b438The_Sixth_Crusade-189] Van Cleve 1969b, p. 438, The Sixth Crusade.

[190] Margaret Bryant (1911). "Louis VIII of France". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 36–37.

[191] Snezhana Rakova (2002). "Battle of Poimanenon, 1224". Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor. Foundation of the Hellenic World.

[FOOTNOTELock200695Languedoc-192] Lock 2006, p. 95, Languedoc.

[193] William Hunt (1887). "Ralph of Coggeshall". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. 11. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pg. 223.

[194] Thomas W. Smith (2015). Between two kings: Pope Honorius III and the seizure of the kingdom of Jerusalem by Frederick II in 1225. Journal of Medieval History.

[195] Juan Eslava Galán (1987). "La campaña de 1225 y el primer cerco de Jaén por Fernando III". Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses (132): 30–31

[196] Pius Whittman (1912). "Snorri Sturluson". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[FOOTNOTEStrayer1971133–134Siege_of_Avignon-197] Strayer 1971, pp. 133–134, Siege of Avignon.

[:32-198] 1 2 Margaret Bryant (1911). "Louis IX of France". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 37–38.

[199] Louis René Bréhier (1910). "Jacques de Vitry". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[200] Michael Ott (1909). "Pope Gregory IX". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[FOOTNOTELock200697Frederick_II-201] 1 2 3 Lock 2006, p. 97, Frederick II.

[FOOTNOTEVan_Cleve1969b449–450Al-Kamil_takes_control_of_Jerusalem-202] Van Cleve 1969b, pp. 449–450, Al-Kamil takes control of Jerusalem.

[FOOTNOTEVan_Cleve1969b449–459Negotiations_with_the_Sultan-203] Van Cleve 1969b, pp. 449–459, Negotiations with the Sultan.

[:36-204] 1 2 Ballandalus (2016). "The Reign of Ibn Hud (r. 1228-1238) according to Abu al-Walid ibn al-Hajj (d. 1318)".

[205] Rebecca C. Rist (2011). “Pope Gregory IX and the Grant of Indulgences for Military Campaigns in Europe in the 1230s: A Study in Papal Rhetoric.” Crusades.

[eohu-206] Kotliar, M. Knightly Order of Dobrzyń (ДОБЖИНСЬКИХ РИЦАРІВ ОРДЕН) . Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. 2004

[FOOTNOTERiley-Smith199813Chronology,_1218–1254-207] Riley-Smith 1998, p. 13, Chronology, 1218–1254.

[FOOTNOTEVan_Cleve1969b456–457Treaty_of_Jaffa_ends_the_Sixth_Crusade-208] Van Cleve 1969b, pp. 456–457, Treaty of Jaffa ends the Sixth Crusade.

[FOOTNOTEVan_Cleve1969b457–458Frederick_II_crowns_himself_king_of_Jerusalem-209] Van Cleve 1969b, pp. 457–458, Frederick II crowns himself king of Jerusalem.

[FOOTNOTESumption1978225Peace_of_Paris,_1229-210] Sumption 1978, p. 225, Peace of Paris, 1229.

[:35-211] 1 2 3 David Abulafia (2002). A Mediterranean Emporium: The Catalan Kingdom of Majorca. Cambridge University Press.

[212] Joseph Blötzer (1910). "Inquisition". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[213] Louis de Mas Latrie (1871). Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier . Ve. Jules Renouard.

[214] George Akropolites (2007). The History. Oxford University Press.

[215] Juan Eslava Galán (1987). "La campaña de 1225 y el primer cerco de Jaén por Fernando III". Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Giennenses (132): 30–31

[216] "The Aftermath and Background of the Battle of Yassıçemen". CNN Türk (in Turkish).

[Sieradzan2012-217] Wiesław Sieradzan (2012). Political Thought of the 14th-and 15th Centuries during the Polish-Teutonic Order Trials and Disputes. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-83-231-2925-7.

[218] Ed. (1986). Ibn Ḥamādu. Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition Online.

[FOOTNOTERiley-Smith199813Chronology_of_the_Crusades_in_Europe_and_North_Africa-219] 1 2 Riley-Smith 1998, p. 13, Chronology of the Crusades in Europe and North Africa.

[220] Colin Smith (1989). The Battle of Jerez in 1231. From: Christians and Moors in Spain, Aris & Phillips.

[221] John L. Lamonte (1947). “The Lords of Caesarea in the Period of the Crusades.” Speculum, Vol. 22, No. 2, pgs. 145–161.

[222] A. Haluici Miranda and H. Terrasse (2012). “G̲h̲arnāṭa”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, et al.

[223] Bernat Guillem d'Entença. Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana .

[:37-224] 1 2 3 Jerónimo Zurita y Castro (2003). "Book III". Anales de Aragón

[225] Megan Cassidy-Welch (2013), "The Stedinger Crusade: War, Remembrance, and Absence in Thirteenth-Century Germany", Viator44 (2): 159–174

[226] Ibn al-Athīr. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium.

[FOOTNOTEPainter1969c463–486The_Crusade_of_Theobald_of_Champagne_and_Richard_of_Cornwall,_1239-1241-227] 1 2 Painter 1969c, pp. 463–486, The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239-1241.

[228] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Thibaut IV. Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 845–846.

[229] Iben Fonnesberg-Schmidt (2007), The Popes and the Baltic Crusades: 1147–1254 . Brill, pgs. 197–198.

[230] Christopher Wright (2016). “Constantinople and the Coup d’État in Palaiologan Byzantium.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 70, pgs. 271–292.

[FOOTNOTEFine1994143–146Bosnian_Crusade-231] Fine 1994, pp. 143–146, Bosnian Crusade.

[232] Philip K. Hitti (1973). Capital Cities of Arab Islam. pg. 159.

[FOOTNOTEChristiansen1997102–103Battle_of_Saule-233] Christiansen 1997, pp. 102–103, Battle of Saule.

[:38-234] 1 2 António Castro Henriques (2003). Conquista do Algarve, 1189-1249 . Tribuna da História.

[FOOTNOTEVan_Cleve1972433–434-235] Van Cleve 1972, pp. 433–434.

[:27-236] 1 2 Peter Jackson (1987). “The Crusades of 1239-41 and Their Aftermath.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 50, No. 1, pgs. 32–60.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954214–215Frankish_Defeat_at_Gaza-237] 1 2 Runciman 1954, pp. 214–215, Frankish Defeat at Gaza.

[238] Henry William Davis (1911). "Richard, Earl of Cornwall". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

[239] John H. Lind (1991). Early Russian-Swedish Rivalry: The battle on the Neva in 1240 and Birger Magnussons’ second crusade to Tavastia. Scandinavian Journal of History, pgs. 269–295.

[240] William L. Urban (2004). The Livonian Crusade. Lithuanian Research and Studies Center

[241] Michael B. Zdan (1957). “The Dependence of Halych-Volyn’ Rus’ on the Golden Horde.” The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 35, No. 85, pgs. 505–522

[242] Panos Sophoulis (2015). The Mongol Invasion of Croatia and Serbia in 1242. Fragmenta Hellenoslavica, Vol. 2.

[243] Battle of Liegnitz, 9 April 1241. Ars Bellica.

[244] Ruth Macrides (2007). George Akropolites: The History. Oxford University Press, pgs. 203–206.

[245] Anti Selart (2015). Livonia, Rus’ and the Baltic Crusades in the Thirteenth Century. Brill.

[246] Richard Hellie (2016). Alexander Nevskii's April 5, 1242 Battle on the Ice. Russian History, vol. 33, no. 2/4, 2006, pp. 283–87.

[:29-247] 1 2 Sean McGlynn (2015). Kill Them All - Cathars and Carnage in the Albigensian Crusade. History Press.

[248] Kamāl al-Dīn (1896): Histoire d'Alep , in Revue de l'Orient Latin

[:31-249] 1 2 MIchael Ott (1910). "Pope Innocent IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[250] Isabel A. O’Connor (2003). A Forgotten Community. The Mudejar Aljama of Xàtiva, 1240-1327. Brill.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954188Siege_of_Jerusalem-251] Runciman 1954, p. 188, Siege of Jerusalem.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954227Battle_of_Forbie-252] Runciman 1954, p. 227, Battle of Forbie.

[FOOTNOTEStrayer1969b487–521The_Crusades_of_Louis_IX-253] 1 2 3 4 Strayer 1969b, pp. 487–521, The Crusades of Louis IX.

[254] Carl Theodor Mirbt (1911). "Councils of Lyons". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pg. 176.

[255] George Saintsbury (1911). "Sire Jean de Joinville". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 492–493.

[FOOTNOTEKennedy2014277–278-256] Kennedy 2014, pp. 277–278.

[FOOTNOTEKennedy2014277–278The_Siege_of_Jaén-257] Kennedy 2014, pp. 277–278, The Siege of Jaén.

[258] Robert I. Burns and Paul E. Chevedden (2000). “A Unique Bilingual Surrender Treaty from Muslim-Crusader Spain.” The Historian, Vol. 62, No. 3, pgs. 510–34

[259] Henry Yule and Charles Raymond Beasley (1911). "Joannes de Plano Carpini". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press, pgs. 397–399.

[FOOTNOTERoux1993313–316Ascelin_of_Cremone-260] Roux 1993, pp. 313–316, Ascelin of Cremone.

[FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2013113–116The_Siege_of_Seville-261] 1 2 O'Callaghan 2013, pp. 113–116, The Siege of Seville.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954229Legalized_anarchy-262] Runciman 1954, p. 229, Legalized anarchy.

[FOOTNOTEStrayer1969b493Louis_IX_departs_on_the_Seventh_Crusade-263] Strayer 1969b, pp. 493, Louis IX departs on the Seventh Crusade.

[264] Teòfilo Ruiz (2003). "Bonifaz, Ramón". In Gerli, E. Michael (ed.). Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, pgs. 177–178.

[FOOTNOTEJaynePrestage1911141Alphonso_III,_1248–1279-265] Jayne & Prestage 1911, p. 141, Alphonso III, 1248–1279.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954262–263Louis_at_Damietta_(1249)-266] Runciman 1954, pp. 262–263, Louis at Damietta (1249).

[FOOTNOTEBosworth200470The_Ayyūbids-267] Bosworth 2004, p. 70, The Ayyūbids.

[FOOTNOTELind2006b1126–1130Sweden_and_the_Crusades-268] Lind 2006b, pp. 1126–1130, Sweden and the Crusades.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954266–267Battle_of_Mansourah-269] Runciman 1954, pp. 266–267, Battle of Mansourah.

[FOOTNOTETyerman2006793_802Defeat,_February–March_1250-270] Tyerman 2006, pp. 793_802, Defeat, February–March 1250.

[FOOTNOTEBosworth200476The_Mamlūks-271] 1 2 Bosworth 2004, p. 76, The Mamlūks.

[folda-272] Professor Jaroslav Folda (2005). Crusader art in the Holy Land : from the Third Crusade to the fall of Acre, 1187-1291. Cambridge University Press. pp. 248, 249. ISBN 9780521835831.

[273] Louis René Bréhier (1911). "Crusade of the Pastoureaux". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[274] Régis Rech (2016). “Alberich of Troisfontaines”, in: Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle, Edited by: Graeme Dunphy, et al.

[275] Tavuzzi, Michael (2007). Renaissance Inquisitors: Dominican Inquisitors and Inquisitorial Districts in Northern Italy, 1474-1527. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. pp. 4–5. ISBN 9789047420606.

[276] John L. La Monte (1936). The Wars of Frederick II Against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus. Columbia University Press.

[277] Laura Minervini (2004). Les Gestes des Chiprois et la tradition historiographique de l'Orient latin . Le Moyen Age, Tome CX, pgs. 315–325.

[278] García Arancón and María Raquel (2018), "Teobaldo II", Diccionario Biográfico electrónico,

[279] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Conradin. Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 968–969.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954249–250Mongol_invasion_of_the_Levant-280] Runciman 1954, pp. 249–250, Mongol invasion of the Levant.

[281] Alex Mallett (2010). “Ibn al-Jawzī”, in: Christian-Muslim Relations 600 - 1500, General Editor: David Thomas.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954253The_fall_of_Baghdad_to_the_Mongols-282] Runciman 1954, p. 253, The fall of Baghdad to the Mongols.

[283] Deno John Geanakoplos (1953). “Greco-Latin Relations on the Eve of the Byzantine Restoration: The Battle of Pelagonia-1259.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 7, pgs. 99–141.

[284] Florin Curta (2019). Catastrophe, Pax Mongolica, and Globalization. Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages.

[285] Hunt, William (1895). "Matthew Paris". In Dictionary of National Biography. 43. pp. 207-–213.

[286] Anne-Marie Eddé (1987). "La Prise d'Alep par les Mongols en 658/1260." Quaderni Di Studi Arabi, Vol. 5/6, 1987, pgs. 226–240.

[FOOTNOTEWolff1969187–234The_Latin_Empire_of_Constantinople,_1204–1261-287] 1 2 3 Wolff 1969, pp. 187–234, The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1261.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954312–313Battle_of_Ain_Salut-288] Runciman 1954, pp. 312–313, Battle of Ain Salut.

[FOOTNOTERiley-Smith199814Chronology,_1255–1285-289] Riley-Smith 1998, p. 14, Chronology, 1255–1285.

[290] Peter Thorau (2010) “Baybars I, al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three, Edited by: Kate Fleet, et al.

[291] Lane, George (2012). "Jovayni, 'Alā-al-Din". Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.). Vol. XV, Fasc. 1, pp. 63–68.

[:102-292] 1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Michael VIII Palaiologos. Encyclopædia Britannica.18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 359–360.

[293] Douglas Raymund Webster (1912). "Pope Urban IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan2016165–175Siege_of_Jerez-294] O'Callaghan 2016, pp. 165–175, Siege of Jerez.

[295] Juho Wilskman (2012). The Battle of Prinitsa in 1263. Byzantinische Zeitschrift. 105 (1): 167–198.

[296] James Francis Loughlin (1908). "Pope Clement IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company

[297] Peter Jackson (2011) "Abaqa," Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 1, pgs. 61-63.

[298] Jonathan Riley-Smith (2012). The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, c.1070-1309. Springer.

[FOOTNOTEHarvey199245–53Conquest_of_Murcia-299] 1 2 Harvey 1992, pp. 45–53, Conquest of Murcia.

[:022-300] Eduardo de Hinojosa y Naveros (1908). "Bull of the Crusade". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[301] "Caesarea- from Roman City to Crusader Fortress". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2019-12-01.

[FOOTNOTEDunbabin19984Charles_and_Beatrice_crowned_in_Rome-302] Dunbabin 1998, p. 4, Charles and Beatrice crowned in Rome.

[FOOTNOTEStrayer1969b509Clement_IV_calls_for_the_Eighth_Crusade-303] Strayer 1969b, p. 509, Clement IV calls for the Eighth Crusade.

[304] Uri Zvi Shachar (2020). "Enshrined Fortification: A Trialogue on the Rise and Fall of Safed". The Medieval History Journal. 23 (2): 265–290

[305] Angus Donal Stewart (2001). The Armenian Kingdom and the Mamluks. Leiden: Brill.

[306] Christoph T. Maier (1994). Preaching the Crusades: Mendicant Friars and the Cross in the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press, pgs. 79–80.

[FOOTNOTEStrayer1969b509Louis_IX_again_take_sthe_cross-307] Strayer 1969b, p. 509, Louis IX again take sthe cross.

[308] Anti Selart (2015). Livonia, Rus’ and the Baltic Crusades in the Thirteenth Century. Leiden: Brill.

[309] E. S. Bouchier (1921). A Short History of Antioch : 3OO B.C. – A.D. 1268. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954327–328Hugh,_king_of_Cyprus_and_Jerusalem-310] Runciman 1954, pp. 327–328, Hugh, king of Cyprus and Jerusalem.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954330–334The_Crusade_of_the_Infants_of_Aragon-311] Runciman 1954, pp. 330–334, The Crusade of the Infants of Aragon.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954329–330Hugh's_Coronation-312] Runciman 1954, pp. 329–330, Hugh's Coronation.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954291–292Louis'_last_crusade-313] Runciman 1954, pp. 291–292, Louis' last crusade.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954332–333Murder_of_Philip_of_Montfort-314] Runciman 1954, pp. 332–333, Murder of Philip of Montfort.

[:113-315] 1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Philip III, king of France. Encyclopædia Britannica.21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 381.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1969c557–598The_Crusader_States,_1243–1291-316] 1 2 3 Runciman 1969c, pp. 557–598, The Crusader States, 1243–1291.

[317] Charles Raymond Beazley (1911). "Hayton". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 114–115.

[318] Michael Lower (2018). The Tunis Crusade of 1270: A Mediterranean History. Oxford University Press.

[319] Henry Summerson (2005). "Lord Edward's crusade (act. 1270–1274)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

[FOOTNOTERichard1999442–443The_End_of_the_Frankish_Holy_Land-320] Richard 1999, pp. 442–443, The End of the Frankish Holy Land.

[321] D. J. Cathcart King (1949), "The Taking of Le Krak des Chevaliers in 1271", Antiquity, 23 (90): 83–92.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1969c582Edward_arrives_at_Acre-322] Runciman 1969c, p. 582, Edward arrives at Acre.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954334Bohemond_VI-323] Runciman 1954, p. 334, Bohemond VI.

[324] Johann Peter Kirsch (1909). "Pope Gregory X". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia.6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[325] Cesar Domínguez Prieto (2016). “Gran conquista de Ultramar”, in: Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle, Edited by: Graeme Dunphy, et al.

[FOOTNOTEDunbabin199891Kingdom_of_Albania-326] Dunbabin 1998, p. 91, Kingdom of Albania.

[:1222-327] Henry Summerson (2005). "Lord Edward's Crusade". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

[328] William Hunt. Edward I. In: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 17, pgs. 14–38.

[329] Adrian Fortescue (1910). "Jerusalem (After 1291)". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[:20-330] Latham, J.D. and Fernández-Puertas, A., "Naṣrids", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.

[FOOTNOTEThroop1940115Dudum_super_generalis-331] Throop 1940, p. 115, Dudum super generalis.

[332] J. F. A. Mason (2005). Lestrange [Le Strange], John (c. 1194–1269). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

[333] Griffithes Wheeler Thatcher (1911). "Assassins". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 774–775.

[334] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Rudolph I. Encyclopædia Britannica.23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 816.

[335] Wolff, Robert Lee. "Mortgage and Redemption of an Emperor's Son: Castile and the Latin Empire of Constantinople." Speculum, vol. 29, no. 1, 1954, pgs. 45–84.

[336] Burman, Thomas E. (2023). "William of Tripoli", in: Christian-Muslim Relations 600 - 1500, David Thomas, Ed.

[FOOTNOTELeopold200016–18Reports_on_the_Failure_of_the_Crusades-337] Leopold 2000, pp. 16–18, Reports on the Failure of the Crusades.

[:222-338] Pierre-Louis-Théophile-Georges Goyau (1910). "Second Council of Lyons (1274)". In Catholic Encyclopedia. 4. New York.

[FOOTNOTESetton1976106–122The_Papal_Interregnum,_Gregory_X,_and_the_Council_of_Lyon_(1268–1274)-339] Setton 1976, pp. 106–122, The Papal Interregnum, Gregory X, and the Council of Lyon (1268–1274).

[FOOTNOTELongnon1969235–276The_Frankish_States_in_Greece,_1204-1311-340] 1 2 Longnon 1969, pp. 235–276, The Frankish States in Greece, 1204-1311.

[341] Anja Rathmann-Lutz (2016). The Sanctity of Louis IX. Early Lives of Saint Louis by Geoffrey of Beaulieu and William of Chartres, French History, Volume 30, Issue 1, March, pgs. 139–140

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954343–344The_Regency_at_Tripoli-342] 1 2 Runciman 1954, pp. 343–344, The Regency at Tripoli.

[343] Henry Yule and Charles Raymond Beazley (1911). "Polo, Marco". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 7–11.

[FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan201165–69Marinid_Invasion_of_Spain-344] 1 2 O'Callaghan 2011, pp. 65–69, Marinid Invasion of Spain.

[:40-345] Peter Linehan (2008). Spain, 1157-1300: A Partible Inheritance. Wiley, pgs. 153–160.

[FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan201168Battle_of_Martos-346] O'Callaghan 2011, p. 68, Battle of Martos.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954342Royals_take_the_Cross-347] Runciman 1954, p. 342, Royals take the Cross.

[348] Maranzani, Barbara (2019). "Knights Templar Hot Spots in the Holy Land". History.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954345–346King_Hugh_retires_to_Cyprus-349] Runciman 1954, pp. 345–346, King Hugh retires to Cyprus.

[FOOTNOTEMiller1908161–162The_Angevins_in_Greece_(1278–1307)-350] Miller 1908, pp. 161–162, The Angevins in Greece (1278–1307).

[351] Abulafia, David (2000). "Charles of Anjou reassessed" . Journal of Medieval History. 26: 93–114. doi:10.1016/S0304-4181(99)00012-3.

[FOOTNOTEAmitai-Preiss1995174–176Battle_of_Elbistan-352] Amitai-Preiss 1995, pp. 174–176, Battle of Elbistan.

[353] Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1911). "Pope Nicholas III". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia.11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[:242-354] Wiet, G., "Baybars I", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Ed. P. Bearman, et al.

[FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan201177Second_Marinid_Expedition_to_Spain-355] O'Callaghan 2011, p. 77, Second Marinid Expedition to Spain.

[:39-356] 1 2 Minervini, Laura (2004). "Les Gestes des Chiprois et la tradition historiographique de l'Orient latin" . Le Moyen Âge (2): 315–325. doi:10.3917/rma.102.0315.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954346Charles'_Coronation-357] Runciman 1954, p. 346, Charles' Coronation.

[FOOTNOTESetton1976127William_of_Villehardouin-358] Setton 1976, p. 127, William of Villehardouin.

[FOOTNOTEFine1994186Charles_swears_fealty-359] Fine 1994, p. 186, Charles swears fealty.

[FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan201175–76Siege_of_Algeciras-360] 1 2 O'Callaghan 2011, pp. 75–76, Siege of Algeciras.

[361] Kingsley Garland Jayne and Edgar Prestage (1911). "Portugal. Diniz, 1279–1325". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 141.

[FOOTNOTEUrban1975283–286Battle_of_Aizkraukle-362] Urban 1975, pp. 283–286, Battle of Aizkraukle.

[FOOTNOTENorthrup199884–126The_Qalāwūn_Sultanate-363] Northrup 1998, pp. 84–126, The Qalāwūn Sultanate.

[FOOTNOTENorthrup1998101–102Sunqur_al-Ashqar-364] Northrup 1998, pp. 101–102, Sunqur al-Ashqar.

[365] Fancy, Hussein (2016). The Mercenary Mediterranean: Sovereignty, Religion, and Violence in the Medieval Crown of Aragon. University of Chicago Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-226-32978-9.

[366] Carlton Joseph Huntley Hayes (1911). "Pope Nicholas III". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 650.

[FOOTNOTERichard1999452–453The_Efforts_of_the_Mongols-367] Richard 1999, pp. 452–453, The Efforts of the Mongols.

[FOOTNOTEFine1994185–186Siege_of_Berat-368] Fine 1994, pp. 185–186, Siege of Berat.

[369] Michael Ott (1909). "Pope Martin IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia.9. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos197541Michael_VIII_Palaiologos-370] Geanakoplos 1975, p. 41, Michael VIII Palaiologos.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954391Qalawun's_Truce-371] 1 2 Runciman 1954, p. 391, Qalawun's Truce.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954391–392Battle_of_Homs-372] Runciman 1954, pp. 391–392, Battle of Homs.

[FOOTNOTERichard1985216–217Revolt_of_the_Embriaco_Brothers-373] Richard 1985, pp. 216–217, Revolt of the Embriaco Brothers.

[:03-374] Amari, M., Ellesmere, F. Egerton. (1850). History of the War of the Sicilian Vespers . London: R. Bentley.

[375] Schneidman, J. Lee (1969). "Ending the War of the Sicilian Vespers" . Journal of Peace Research. 6 (4): 335–347. doi:10.1177/002234336900600404.

[:253-376] Edmund Garratt Gardner (1910). "Guelphs and Ghibellines". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[377] Peter Jackson (2011) "Ahmad Takūdār." Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 6, pp. 661-662.

[378] Allouche, A. (1990). Tegüder's Ultimatum to Qalawun. International Journal of Middle East Studies,22(4), 437-446

[FOOTNOTEDunbabin1998109Peter_III_of_Aragon-379] Dunbabin 1998, p. 109, Peter III of Aragon.

[FOOTNOTEChaytor1969101Peter_III_of_Aragon-380] Chaytor 1969, p. 101, Peter III of Aragon.

[381] Kovács, Szilvia, "Kumans", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three, Ed.: Kate Fleet, et al.

[382] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Andronicus II. Encyclopædia Britannica.1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 976.

[:283-383] David McDowall Hannay (1911). "Roger de Lauria". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 285–286.

[384] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Acropolita, George. Encyclopædia Britannica.1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 156.

[FOOTNOTEHousley198220Crusade_against_the_Sicilians-385] Housley 1982, p. 20, Crusade against the Sicilians.

[386] George Lane (2012). "'Alā-al-Din Jovayni". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XV, Fasc. 1, pp. 63–68.

[387] "The Battle of Malta". U.S. Naval Institute. 2023-07-01.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954393–394Collapse_of_Charles_of_Anjou's_Power-388] Runciman 1954, pp. 393–394, Collapse of Charles of Anjou's Power.

[389] Barker, Ernest (1911). "The Teutonic Order". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 676–679.

[390] Bartlett, John R. (2013). "Burchard's "Descriptio Terrae Sanctae": The Early Revision" . Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 145: 61–71. doi:10.1179/0031032812Z.00000000033.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954394–395John_I's_Coronation-391] Runciman 1954, pp. 394–395, John I's Coronation.

[392] David McDowall Hannay (1911). "Alphonso X, El Sabio". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 735.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1958246Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Naples-393] 1 2 3 Runciman 1958, p. 246, Battle of the Gulf of Naples.

[394] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Meloria. Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 98.

[395] Peter Jackson (2011). Arḡūn Khan. Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4, pp. 402-404.

[:262-396] 1 2 Borbone, Pier Giorgio. "A 13th-Century Journey from China to Europe. 'The Story of Mar Yahballaha and Rabban Sauna'" Egitto e Vicino Oriente, vol. 31, 2008, pgs. 221–242.

[Chisholm,_Hugh_1911_p_IV-397] 1 2 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Philip IV, king of France. Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 381–382.

[398] Elena Woodacre (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274-1512 . Palgrave Macmillan.

[399] Norman Housley (1984). "Charles II of Naples and the Kingdom of Jerusalem". Byzantion. 54 (2): 527–535

[400] Michael Ott (1910). "Pope Honorius IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia.7. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[401] Milwright, Marcus, "al-Marqab", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three, Ed. Kate Fleet, et al.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954394–395Henry_II_becomes_king-402] 1 2 Runciman 1954, pp. 394–395, Henry II becomes king.

[:332-403] Strayer, J. R. "The Crusade against Aragon". Speculum, Vol. 28, No. 1, 1953, pp. 102–113.

[:132-404] Blumberg, Arnold. "The Crusade against Aragon: An Unjust and Unnecessary Enterprise." Medieval Warfare, vol. 6, no. 2, 2016, pgs. 13–15.

[:41-405] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Navarre. Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 281–282.

[406] Murray, Alan V. (2010). "The Saracens of the Baltic: Pagan and Christian Lithuanians in the Perception of English and French Crusades to Late Medieval Prussia." Journal of Baltic Studies, vol. 41, no. 4, pgs. 413–29.

[FOOTNOTEGrousset1934700Arghun_and_the_Pope-407] Grousset 1934, p. 700, Arghun and the Pope.

[408] Bryan Cartledge (2011). The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary. C. Hurst & Co.

[FOOTNOTEBosworth200441–42The_Marinades-409] Bosworth 2004, pp. 41–42, The Marinades.

[FOOTNOTEEdbury199174–100The_Defence_of_Latin_Syria-410] Edbury 1991, pp. 74–100, The Defence of Latin Syria.

[FOOTNOTENicolle2005b15Odo_Poilechien-411] Nicolle 2005b, p. 15, Odo Poilechien.

[412] M. Sbeinati, et al. (2005). "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D." Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 48, p. 374

[:274-413] 1 2 Nicholas Aloysius Weber (1911). "Pope Nicholas IV". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954402–404The_fall_of_Lattakieh-414] Runciman 1954, pp. 402–404, The fall of Lattakieh.

[FOOTNOTEVenningFrankopan2015399Blockade_of_Acre-415] Venning & Frankopan 2015, p. 399, Blockade of Acre.

[416] Mount Etna. Wonder of Sicily.

[FOOTNOTEChaytor196997–108Pedro_III-417] Chaytor 1969, pp. 97–108, Pedro III.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954403–405Lucia,_Countess_of_Tripoli-418] 1 2 Runciman 1954, pp. 403–405, Lucia, Countess of Tripoli.

[FOOTNOTEJackson2005202–205Mongol_Invasion_of_Poland-419] 1 2 Jackson 2005, pp. 202–205, Mongol Invasion of Poland.

[420] Robert Nisbet Bain (1911). "Ladislaus IV". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 59–60.

[421] Charles Raymond Beazley (1911). "Monte Corvino, Giovanni di". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 18. (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pgs. 763–764.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954406–407The_Fall_of_Tripoli-422] Runciman 1954, pp. 406–407, The Fall of Tripoli.

[423] Jean Richard (1990) "Buscarello de Ghizolfi." Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 6, pg. 569.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1969593Truce_with_Qalawun-424] Runciman 1969, p. 593, Truce with Qalawun.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954408–409Jean_de_Grailly-425] Runciman 1954, pp. 408–409, Jean de Grailly.

[:62-426] Fleifel, Bassel (2021). Osman I, Father of Kings. WikiJournal of Humanities, 4(1):1

[FOOTNOTEStewart200165–183Het'um_II_(1289–1307)-427] Stewart 2001, pp. 65–183, Het'um II (1289–1307).

[FOOTNOTERichard1999463–464The_Crusade_of_Nicholas_IV-428] Richard 1999, pp. 463–464, The Crusade of Nicholas IV.

[FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012651–652The_Holy_Land_Reclaimed-429] Asbridge 2012, pp. 651–652, The Holy Land Reclaimed.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954410Qalawun_mobilizes-430] Runciman 1954, p. 410, Qalawun mobilizes.

[FOOTNOTENorthrup1998158The_Death_of_Qalāwūn-431] Northrup 1998, p. 158, The Death of Qalāwūn.

[FOOTNOTEZiada1969753–754al-Ashraf_Khalil-432] Ziada 1969, pp. 753–754, al-Ashraf Khalil.

[FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan201196Naval_Battle_at_Alcácer_Seguir-433] O'Callaghan 2011, p. 96, Naval Battle at Alcácer Seguir.

[434] Reuven Amitai (2012). "Il-Khanids i: Dynastic History." Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 6, pp. 645-654.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954387–423The_Fall_of_Acre-435] Runciman 1954, pp. 387–423, The Fall of Acre.

[FOOTNOTENicolle2005b1–91Acre_1291._Bloody_Sunset_to_the_Crusader_States-436] Nicolle 2005b, pp. 1–91, Acre 1291. Bloody Sunset to the Crusader States.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954420–422The_Destruction_of_Acre-437] Runciman 1954, pp. 420–422, The Destruction of Acre.

[438] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). James II of Aragon. Encyclopædia Britannica.15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 142.

[439] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Rudolph I. Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 816.

[:312-440] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Albert I (German king). Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pg. 496.

[FOOTNOTERunciman1954422–423The_Death_of_Outremer-441] 1 2 Runciman 1954, pp. 422–423, The Death of Outremer.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[a]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[b]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[c]