De Havilland Dove

Last updated

DH.104 Dove
De Havilland DH104 Dove 8 'D-INKA' (cropped).jpg
A 1949 de Havilland Dove (2017 air show)
General information
TypeShort-haul airliner
National originUnited Kingdom
Manufacturer de Havilland
StatusLimited service
Number built544 [1]
History
Manufactured1946–1967
First flight25 September 1945;78 years ago (1945-09-25)
Developed into de Havilland Heron
de Havilland Australia DHA-3 Drover

The de Havilland DH.104 Dove is a British short-haul airliner developed and manufactured by de Havilland. The design, which was a monoplane successor to the pre-war Dragon Rapide biplane, came about from the Brabazon Committee report which, amongst other aircraft types, called for a British-designed short-haul feeder for airlines. [2]

Contents

The Dove was a popular aircraft and is considered to be one of Britain's most successful postwar civil designs, with over 500 aircraft manufactured between 1946 and 1967. Several military variants were operated, such as the Devon by the Royal Air Force and the Sea Devon by the Royal Navy, and the type also saw service with a number of overseas military forces.

A longer four-engined development of the Dove, intended for use in the less developed areas of the world, was the Heron. A considerably re-designed three-engined variant of the Dove was built in Australia as the de Havilland Australia DHA-3 Drover.

Development and design

The development team for the Dove was headed by Ronald Bishop, [2] the creator of the de Havilland Mosquito, a wartime fighter-bomber, and the de Havilland Comet, the first commercial jet aircraft in the world. It had been developed to meet the Type VB requirement issued by the Brabazon Committee. [3] In concept, the Dove was developed to be the replacement of the pre-war Dragon Rapide. [2] It was also required to be competitive with the large numbers of surplus military transports in the aftermath of the Second World War, such as the Douglas DC-3. [4] Unlike the Dragon Rapide, the Dove's structure was entirely metal. [5] [6] It featured innovations including constant-speed propellers, flaps, and a retractable tricycle undercarriage. [7] [2]

In 1946, aviation magazine Flight praised the qualities of the newly developed Dove, noting its "modernity" as well as the aircraft's load-carrying capacity, safe engine-failure performance, and positive maintenance features. [3] Considerable attention was paid to aspects of maintainability, many of the components being designed to be interchangeable and easy to remove or replace, such as the rudder, elevator, and power units; other areas include the mounting of the engines upon four quick-release pickup points, the routing of cables and piping, and the detachable wings and tail cone. [8] The extensive use of special Redux metal-bonding adhesives reduced the need for riveting during the manufacturing process, reducing overall weight and air-skin friction. [9]

While standard passenger versions of the Dove would carry between eight and eleven passengers, the cabin was designed to allow operators to convert between higher and lower density seating configurations. [10] Features such as a single aircraft lavatory and an aft luggage compartment could be removed to provide increased seating. [11] Various specialised models were produced for other roles, such as aerial survey, air ambulance, and flying classroom. [12] A strengthened cabin floor structure was used to enable concentrated freight loads to be carried as well. [10] The Dove could also serve as an executive transport, and in such a configuration it was capable of seating five passengers; the executive model proved to be popular with various overseas customers, particularly those in the United States. [5]

The crew typically consisted of a pilot and radio operator, although rapidly removable dual flight controls could be installed for a second flying crewmember. [3] A combination of large windows and a transparent perspex cabin roof provided a high level of visibility from the cockpit. [10] [13] From a piloting perspective, the Dove was noted for possessing easy flying qualities and mild stall qualities. [14] A TKS anti-icing system was available for the Dove, involving an alcohol-based jelly delivered via porous metal strips embedded on the leading edges of the wings and tail. [13]

Operational service

RNZAF Devon C.1 of 42 Squadron at Wellington Airport in 1971 DH.104 Devon NZ1802 RNZAF 42 Sqn WELL 21.04.71 edited-2.jpg
RNZAF Devon C.1 of 42 Squadron at Wellington Airport in 1971

The Dove first flew on 25 September 1945. [2] In December 1946, the Dove entered service with Central African Airways. [6] Initial production of the Dove took place at de Havilland's Hatfield factory, but from 1951 the aircraft were built at the company's Broughton facility near Chester. [15] The final example of the type was delivered in 1967. Production of the Dove and its variants totalled 544 aircraft, [1] including two prototypes, 127 military-orientated Devons and 13 Sea Devons.

From 1946, large numbers were sold to scheduled and charter airlines around the world, replacing and supplementing the pre-war designed de Havilland Dragon Rapide and other older designs. The largest order for the Dove was placed by Argentina, which ultimately took delivery of 70 aircraft, [16] the majority of which were used by the Argentine Air Force. LAN Chile took delivery of twelve examples and these were operated from 1949 onwards until the aircraft were sold to several small regional airlines in the United States in 1954. [17] [ page needed ]

In excess of 50 Doves were sold to various operators in the United States by Jack Riley, an overseas distributor for the type. De Havilland later assumed direct control of U.S. sales, but did not manage to match this early commercial success for the type. [18]

An early batch of 30 Devons was delivered to the Royal Air Force [19] and they were used as VIP and light transports for over 30 years. The Royal New Zealand Air Force acquired 30 Devons between 1948 and 1954, and these remained in service for VIP, crew-training and light transport duties into the 1970s. [17] [ page needed ]

The Biafran Air Force operated a single Dove during the Nigerian Civil War; the aircraft was lost, to be subsequently found in 1970 on the premises of a school in Uli. [20] A second US-registered Riley Dove, N477PM delivered in 1967 to Port Harcourt from Switzerland, never reached Biafra because it was stopped by Algerian authorities. [20]

A Dove served as the first official aircraft of a Paraguayan head of state during the rule of Alfredo Stroessner. It was subsequently replaced by a de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter. [21]

A few Doves and civilianised Devons remained in use in 2011 in the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany and elsewhere with small commercial firms and with private pilot owners.

Variants

Early production Dove 1 of Skyways in June 1948 DH.104 Dove 1 G-AHRB Skyways Ringway 05.06.48 edited-2.jpg
Early production Dove 1 of Skyways in June 1948
Dove G-OPLC in 2003 Dh.dove.750pix.jpg
Dove G-OPLC in 2003
Riley Dove with Lycoming engines and taller swept fin at Long Beach airport in 1987 DH.104 Riley Dove N673R Long Beach CA 04.87-2.jpg
Riley Dove with Lycoming engines and taller swept fin at Long Beach airport in 1987

Carstedt CJ600F stretched cargo conversion of a Dove 1 fitted with TPE331 turboprops, at Dallas Addison in 1975 DH.104 Dove 1 Carstedt CJ600F Falcon N4921V ADD 19.10.75.jpg
Carstedt CJ600F stretched cargo conversion of a Dove 1 fitted with TPE331 turboprops, at Dallas Addison in 1975

Operators

de Havilland Devon De Havilland Devon XA880 - RAF Kemble - BB.jpg
de Havilland Devon
Dove 6A belonging to the National Test Pilot School departs the Mojave Airport Ntps-dh104-N11XW-090302-01-cradj-8.jpg
Dove 6A belonging to the National Test Pilot School departs the Mojave Airport
Cockpit Dove cockpit.jpg
Cockpit

Civil operators

Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia
Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium
Flag of Myanmar.svg  Burma
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark
Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana
Flag of India.svg  India
Dove with tail marking HW201 on display at HAL Aerospace Museum at Bengaluru, India De Havilland Dove on display at HAL Aerospace museum Bangalore.jpg
Dove with tail marking HW201 on display at HAL Aerospace Museum at Bengaluru, India
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
De Havilland Dove of the SAATAS East Indonesia at Darwin Airport, 1980s SAATAS East Indonesia de Havilland Dove DRW Wheatley.jpg
De Havilland Dove of the SAATAS East Indonesia at Darwin Airport, 1980s
Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan
Flag of Kenya (1921-1963).svg  Kenya, Flag of the Uganda Protectorate.svg  Uganda, Flag of Tanganyika (1923-1961).svg  Tanganyika and Flag of Zanzibar.svg  Zanzibar
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria
Flag of Southern Rhodesia (1924-1964).svg  Southern Rhodesia
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal

Portuguese Angola

Portuguese Cape Verde

Portuguese Mozambique

Transportes Aereos de Timor CR-TAG Dove at Bankstown Airport in the early 1970s. This aircraft is now in the Darwin Aviation Museum. A Bristol Freighter is also present Transportes Aereos De Timor De Havilland DH-104 Dove 1B Wheatley.jpg
Transportes Aéreos de Timor CR-TAG Dove at Bankstown Airport in the early 1970s. This aircraft is now in the Darwin Aviation Museum. A Bristol Freighter is also present

Portuguese Timor

Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone

Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg  South Africa

Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States
Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg  Yugoslavia

Military operators

Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina
Flag of the Congo Free State.svg  Belgian Congo
Flag of Biafra.svg  Biafra
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil
Flag of Ceylon.svg  Ceylon
Flag of Egypt (1922-1958).svg  Egypt
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia
Flag of India.svg  India
Flag of Iraq (1924-1959).svg  Iraq
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan
Flag of Katanga.svg  Katanga
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait
Flag of Laos (1952-1975).svg Kingdom of Laos
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon
Flag of Malaysia 23px.svg  Malaysia
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay
Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg  South Africa
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela
Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg  Yugoslavia

Accidents and incidents

Aircraft on display

Dove 1 on display at the Museo Nacional de Aeronautica de Argentina F-12 DH104 Dove Argentine Airforce (8164169390).jpg
Dove 1 on display at the Museo Nacional de Aeronautica de Argentina
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Denmark
Germany
India
Netherlands
New Zealand
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Sweden
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Venezuela

Appearances in fiction

A de Havilland Dove featured prominently in the Gavin Lyall adventure novel Shooting Script . G-ARBH features in the 1962 film The Wrong Arm of the Law as the personal aeroplane of Peter Sellers' character Pearly Gates.

Near the beginning of the 1980 film Flash Gordon, travel agent Dale Arden and New York Jets quarterback Flash Gordon board a de Havilland Dove which subsequently crashes into a greenhouse adjacent to the secret laboratory of Dr. Hans Zarkov. The atmospheric disturbances that caused the crash were instigated by planet Mongo's ruler Ming the Merciless. The crash sequence was filmed using a 30-inch-long model Dove diving into a miniature landscape. [102]

In season 2, episode 9 of the British TV series The Crown, Prince Philip is portrayed as flying a de Havilland Dove.

Specifications (Dove 7)

de Havilland Dove Srs 5 De Havilland Doves Series 5 3-view silhouette.jpg
de Havilland Dove Srs 5

Data from Flight International, [10] Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1966–67, [103] Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1967–68 [104]

General characteristics

Performance

138 mph (120 kn; 222 km/h) economical, 60% power, 8,000 ft (2,438 m) and 8,500 lb (3,856 kg) AUW
94 mph (82 kn; 151 km/h) flaps up
385 mi (335 nmi; 620 km) full fuel, 2,000 lb (907 kg) payload, 45 minutes hold and 5% reserve
295 ft/min (1.5 m/s) with one engine inoperative

See also

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Bibliography