First ascent

Last updated October 02, 2024

Jonathan Siegrist on the first free ascent (FFA) of Spectrum 5.14c (8c+), Red Rocks, Nevada. Spectrum514d.jpg — Jonathan Siegrist on the first free ascent (FFA) of *Spectrum* 5.14c (8c+), Red Rocks, Nevada.

In mountaineering and climbing, a first ascent (abbreviated to FA in guide books), is the first successful documented climb to the top of a mountain or the top of a particular climbing route. Early 20th-century mountaineers and climbers focused on reaching the tops of iconic mountains (e.g. the eight-thousanders) and climbing routes (e.g. the great north faces of the Alps) by whatever means possible, often using considerable amounts of aid climbing, and/or with large expedition style support teams that laid "siege" to the climb.

As all the key tops were summited, the manner in which each top was reached became important, particularly the ability to complete the ascent without artificial aid, which is called free climbing. In free climbing, the term first free ascent (abbreviated FFA) is used where a mountain or climbing route is ascended without any artificial aid (devices for protection in the event of a fall could be used as long as they did not aid progression). Completing the FFA of a climbing route is often called freeing (or more latterly sending) a route.

As the sport of climbing developed, additional types of ascent became notable and chronicled in guidebooks and journals. In mountaineering, and alpine climbing in particular, the first winter ascent is recorded, given the significantly greater difficulty. The first solo ascent is also commonly noted, although the first free solo ascent is a more controversial aspect, given the concerns about advocating such a dangerous form of climbing. With the rise in female participation in climbing, the first female free ascent (or FFFA) has also become notable.

In mountaineering and alpinism

As mountaineering developed in the 20th century, the attainment of a summit by almost any means was replaced by ascents that reflected the style used and the conditions faced. In 2008, the most prestigious annual prize in mountaineering, the Piolet d'Or, amended its focus to small light-weight alpine-style teams using no form of aid or support, rather than on large expedition-style teams using "siege" techniques.^[1]

The most notable types of mountaineering first ascents that are chronicled are:

First ascent. The most notable first ascents started with the golden age of alpinism when the main alpine peaks were summited (and often using aid climbing). In the 1930s, the focus moved to the first ascents of the great north faces of the Alps, and the Eiger in particular. The 1950s saw the first ascents of most of the fourteen eight-thousanders, and Everest in particular. By the 1980s, the rock spires of Trango Towers in the Karakorum, and Torres del Paine in Patagonia also had first ascents.

First winter ascent. The winter climbing season is between December 21 and March 20.^[2] The first winter ascents of the great north faces of the Alps were a coveted prize, particularly the "Trilogy" of the three hardest, the Eiger, the Matterhorn, and the Grandes Jorasses. The most notable first winter ascents were the Himalayan and Karakoram eight-thousanders,^[2] where the hardest, K2, was only summited in winter in 2021 (66 years after its first ascent) and considered a "holy grail" of mountaineering prizes.^[3]

First alpine-style (or unsupported) ascent. In 2008, the charter of the prestigious Piolet d'Or prize was amended to focus on small teams with no support making fast, but riskier, ascents on routes that had previously been done by expeditions (called alpine style).^[4]^[5] Multiple Piolet d'Or winners, whose ascents embodied this style, included Marko Prezelj, Mick Fowler, and Ueli Steck.^[4] The charter was amended to de-incentivize excessive risk-taking after several winners died (e.g. David Lama, and Hansjörg Auer).^[1]^[6]

First solo ascent. The most dangerous form of alpine-style ascent is the solo climbing ascent, performed by a single climber. The first solo ascents of the alpine north faces, including the first solo winter ascents, were coveted (the winter solo "Trilogy" was completed by Ivano Ghirardini in 1977–78); one of the most famous practitioners was the Italian Walter Bonatti.^[7] Himalayan solo ascents are also coveted, although problems around verification are more frequent due to the more remote nature of the routes, with notable disputes such as Tomo Česen's first solo ascent of the south face of Lhotse.^[7]^[4]^[6]

In rock climbing

In rock climbing, the manner in which the first free ascent was achieved became important to chronicle by climbing journals and magazines. The key differentiators were the style on which the route was free climbed (e.g. traditional climbing, sport climbing, or free solo climbing), whether the free climb was done on the first attempt (e.g. onsighted), and whether the climber had prior information (e.g. beta) on that first attempt.^[8]^[9]^[10]

The most notable types of rock climbing first ascents that are chronicled are:

First free ascent (traditional climbing only). Pre-1980s, the FFAs were by traditional climbing techniques. A distinction was recorded if a climber practiced the moves on a top rope, called "headpointing", although with the post-1980s dominance of "redpointing" as the definition of an FFA, such a distinction was dropped.^{[lower-alpha 1]}^[9]^[10] FFAs that set new grade milestones are notable, for both male and female climbers.^[12]

First greenpoint ascent (traditional climbing only). In the 2010s, traditional climbers used greenpointing (as a counterpoint to a "redpoint"), to describe climbing a pre-bolted sport climbing route, but only using "traditional protection" (i.e. protection that is not permanently fixed via pre-placed bolts or pitons).^[13]^[14] Sonnie Trotter's greenpoint of The Path (5.14a R, 2007), is a notable example.^[15]^[16]

First redpoint ascent (sport climbing only). In the 1980s, climbers wanted to ascend routes that had no opportunities for traditional climbing protection, and they had to be pre-bolted with protection (but not aid), which was called sport climbing. Sport climbing has since set all new grade milestones in rock climbing. The "redpoint" became the accepted definition for what determined a "first free ascent" in sport climbing.^[9]^[10]

First repeat ascent (traditional or sport climbing). The grading of a route can be complicated as the person making the FFA had no prior information or beta. The first repeat is therefore chronicled for confirmation of a grade, particularly when a new grade milestone is proposed. For the highest grades, the first repeat can take years (e.g. Action Directe or Jumbo Love ), or even decades (e.g. Open Air [ de ]).

First onsight ascent (traditional or sport climbing). An FFA that was onsighted, means it was done at the very first attempt, and without prior information (or beta).^[9]^[10] Climbing journals chronicle the progression of grade milestones of onsights both male and female climbers.^[12]

First flash ascent (traditional or sport climbing). An FFA that was flashed, means it was done at the first attempt, but with prior information (or beta).^[9]^[10] Climbing journals chronicle the progression of grade milestones for flashed routes by male and female climbers.^[12] With the availability of route beta online (e.g. videos of prior ascents), the distinction between onsight and flash ascents has diminished.^[17]

First free solo ascent (independent of traditional or sport climbing). Free soloing is practiced by a smaller community of climbers and is a controversial area given the risks undertaken and whether such risks should be recorded and thus implicitly endorsed.^[18] Free solo climbing grade milestones are chronicled,^[12] the most notable being Free Solo , the Oscar-winning film of Alex Honnold's first free solo ascent of Freerider in Yosemite.^[18]

Gender

First female free ascent (abbreviated FFFA).^[19] Important female climbers emerged in the 1980s including Lynn Hill and Catherine Destivelle and climbing journals began to chronicle milestones in female first free ascents.^[12] In some cases, an FFFA is also an FFA, the most famous example being Lynn Hill's 1993 FFA/FFFA of the 3,000-foot Nose on El Capitan (5.14a/b), considered the biggest prize in big wall climbing, announced by Hill to the world's climbing media by: "It goes, boys".^[20] By the 2000s, Josune Bereziartu, Angela Eiter, and Ashima Shiraishi closed the gap to the highest sport climbing grades achieved by men to within one/two notches,^[21]^[22] while Beth Rodden had fully closed the gap for traditional climbing.^[22]

Notable disputes

There have been notable disputes over claims of a first ascent (or first free ascent), for various reasons (disputes over the style employed, issues with verifiability, accusations of bad faith and fraud), and the most notable are where a new grade milestone and/or major advancement in difficulty is being proposed:^[8]

Mountaineering

First ascent of Everest: Arguably the most famous case of an unverified first ascent is whether George Mallory and/or Andrew Irvine reached the summit of Everest on the 1924 Everest expedition. Subsequent Everest expeditions have not been able to answer the question including the 1999 Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition, and the 2007 Altitude Everest expedition.

First ascent of Cerro Torre: In 1959, Cesare Maestri claimed he and Toni Egger [ it ] summited, but that Egger who had the camera, was swept to his death by an avalanche on the descent. Lionel Terry called it "the greatest climbing feat of all time".^[23] Inconsistencies in Maestri's account, and the lack of equipment on the route, led most to doubt his claim.^[23] Maestri further inflamed the controversy by returning in 1970 and drilling 400 bolts onto his new Compressor Route, to claim the second ascent.^[23] In 2012, yet more controversy followed when American climbers Hayden Kennedy and Jason Kruk, removed Maestri's bolts, enabling David Lama and Peter Ortner to make the FFA, for which all four won a 2013 Piolet d'Or.^[23]

Rock climbing

In 1995, French climber Fred Rouhling created a major controversy when he proposed Akira [ fr ] as the world's first-ever 9b (5.15b) route, when the highest grade at the time, Action Directe , was only at 9a (5.14d).^[24] Rouhling faced an unprecedented level of personal vilification from parts of the climbing community on whether he had actually climbed the route, as all other attempts had failed.^[24] In 2020, Sébastien Bouin made the first repeat of Akira and estimated its grade at 9a (5.14d), a grade Rouhling has climbed on other routes, and thus his FFA became accepted.^[25]^[26]

In 2003, Spanish climber Bernabé Fernández proposed Chilam Balam [ fr ] as the world's first-ever 9b+ (5.15c) route, when the highest grade at the time, Realization , was at 9a+ (5.15a). As with Fred Rouhling on Akira, his claim provoked a significant backlash from parts of the climbing community and even accusations that he never completed an FFA (the person who belayed him could not be identified to help verification).^[27] The route was repeated in 2011 by Adam Ondra who downgraded it,^[27] and further repeats reduced its grade to circa 9a+ (5.15a).^[28]^[29]

Notes

↑ While headpointing was once considered a lesser form of first free ascent in traditional climbing (and an FFA that had been headpointed would be asterisked as such), leading traditional climbers eventually followed the redpointing practices of sport climbers (i.e. practicing the route over-and-over in a safe way), and dispensed with the stigma associated with headpointing.^[11]

Related Research Articles

Traditional climbing is a type of free climbing in rock climbing where the lead climber places the protection equipment while ascending the route; when the lead climber has completed the route, the second climber then removes the protection equipment as they climb the route. Traditional climbing differs from sport climbing where the protection equipment is pre-drilled into the rock in the form of bolts.

A climbing route is a path by which a climber reaches the top of a mountain, or rock/ice-covered obstacle. The details of a climbing route are recorded in a climbing guidebook and/or in an online climbing route database, and will include elements such as the type of climbing route, the difficulty grade of the route–and beta on its crux(es)–and any risk or commitment grade, the length and number of pitches of the route, and the climbing equipment needed to complete the route.

Glossary of climbing terms relates to rock climbing, mountaineering, and to ice climbing.

Free climbing is a form of rock climbing in which the climber can only use climbing equipment for climbing protection but not as an artificial aid to help them in ascending the route. Free climbing, therefore, cannot use any of the tools that are used in aid climbing to help overcome the obstacles encountered while ascending a route. The development of free climbing was an important moment in the history of rock climbing, including the concept and definition of what determined a first free ascent of a route by a climber.

Sport climbing is a type of free climbing in rock climbing where the lead climber clips into pre-drilled permanent bolts for their protection while ascending a route. Sport climbing differs from the riskier traditional climbing where the lead climber has to insert temporary protection equipment while ascending.

Lead climbing is a technique in rock climbing where the lead climber clips their rope to the climbing protection as they ascend a pitch of the climbing route, while their second remains at the base of the route belaying the rope to protect the lead climber in the event that they fall. The term is used to distinguish between the two roles, and the greater effort and increased risk, of the role of the lead climber.

Top rope climbing is a form of rock climbing where the climber is securely attached to a climbing rope that runs through a fixed anchor at the top of the climbing route, and back down to the belayer at the base of the climb. A climber who falls will just hang from the rope at the point of the fall, and can then either resume their climb or have the belayer lower them down in a controlled manner to the base of the climb. Climbers on indoor climbing walls can use mechanical auto belay devices to top rope alone.

Black Rocks, is a small outcrop of ashover gritstone, between Cromford and Wirksworth in Derbyshire, the Peak District, England. It is an important crag in the history of British rock climbing, and has some of the most extreme climbing routes in Britain, including Gaia E8 6c.

In rock climbing, redpointing means to free-climb a climbing route from the ground to the top while lead climbing, after having practiced the route or after having failed the first attempt. Climbers will try to redpoint a route after having failed to onsight it, or flash it. The first successful redpoint of a route, in the absence of any prior onsight or flash, is recorded as the first free ascent (FFA) of that route.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Free solo climbing</span> Form of climbing without protection

Free solo climbing, or free soloing, is a form of rock climbing where the climbers climb solo without ropes or other protective equipment, using only their climbing shoes and their climbing chalk. Free soloing is the most dangerous form of climbing, and, unlike bouldering, free soloists climb above safe heights, where a fall can be fatal. Though many climbers have free soloed climbing grades they are very comfortable on, only a tiny group free solo regularly, and at grades closer to the limit of their abilities.

Beta is a climbing term that designates information about how to ascend a climbing route, and the specific climbing techniques required—and how to apply them—to overcome the key challenges encountered. Traditionally sourced in climbing guidebooks, online databases and apps now provide detailed climbing beta. The term is attributed to Texan climber Jack Mileski.

The Piolets d'Or is an annual mountaineering and alpine climbing award organized by the Groupe de Haute Montagne (GHM), and previously with co-founder Montagnes Magazine, since its founding in 1992. Golden ice axes are presented to the annual winners at a weekend awards festival based on their achievements in the previous year. It is considered mountaineering's highest honor and is referred to as the "Oscars of mountaineering".

In the history of rock climbing, the three main sub-disciplines – bouldering, single-pitch climbing, and big wall climbing – can trace their origins to late 19th-century Europe. Bouldering started in Fontainebleau, and was advanced by Pierre Allain in the 1930s, and John Gill in the 1950s. Big wall climbing started in the Dolomites, and was spread across the Alps in the 1930s by climbers such as Emilio Comici and Riccardo Cassin, and in the 1950s by Walter Bonatti, before reaching Yosemite where it was led in the 1950s to 1970s by climbers such as Royal Robbins. Single-pitch climbing started pre-1900 in both the Lake District and in Saxony, and by the late-1970s had spread widely with climbers such as Ron Fawcett (Britain), Bernd Arnold (Germany), Patrick Berhault (France), Ron Kauk and John Bachar (USA).

Michael Fowler is a British rock climber, ice climber, mountaineer and climbing author. He is internationally noted for his alpine climbing and was awarded the Piolet d'Or three times, with Paul Ramsden, in 2003, 2013, and 2016, for alpine-style first ascents of faces in the Himalayas. Fowler was one of the first British rock climbers to free an E6-graded traditional rock climbing route, and the first ice climber to free a consensus grade VI mixed Scottish winter route.

Big wall climbing is a form of rock climbing that takes place on long multi-pitch routes that normally require a full day, if not several days, to ascend. In addition, big wall routes are typically sustained and exposed, where the climbers remain suspended from the rock face, even sleeping hanging from the face, with limited options to sit down or escape unless they abseil back down the whole route, which is a complex and risky action. It is therefore a physically and mentally demanding form of climbing.

Catherine Destivelle is a French rock climber and mountaineer who is considered one of the greatest and most important female climbers in the history of the sport. She came to prominence in the mid-1980s for sport climbing by winning the first major female climbing competitions, and by being the first female to redpoint a 7c+/8a sport climbing route with Fleur de Rocaille in 1985, and an 8a+ (5.13c) route with Choucas in 1988. During this period, she was considered the strongest female sport climber in the world along with Lynn Hill, however, in 1990 she retired to focus on alpine climbing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alpine climbing</span> Type of mountaineering

Alpine climbing is a type of mountaineering that uses any of a broad range of advanced climbing skills, including rock climbing, ice climbing, and/or mixed climbing, to summit typically large routes in an alpine environment. While alpine climbing began in the European Alps, it is used to refer to climbing in any remote mountainous area, including in the Himalayas and Patagonia. The derived term alpine style refers to the fashion of alpine climbing to be in small lightly equipped teams who carry their equipment, and do all of the climbing.

Anak Verhoeven is a Belgian rock climber who specializes in sport climbing and in competition lead climbing. She has repeatedly won the Belgian National Championship in lead climbing. In 2016, she ranked first on the IFSC World Ranking List. In 2017, she won both the World Games and IFSC Climbing European Championships. Verhoeven is also one of the strongest female sport climbers, and in 2017, became the first-ever woman in history to establish a new 9a+ (5.15a) route, Sweet Neuf.

Barbara Zangerl is an Austrian rock climber who is widely considered as one of the best all-round female climbers in the world. At various stages in her career, she has climbed at, or just below, the highest climbing grades achieved by a female in every major rock climbing discipline, including bouldering, traditional climbing, sport climbing, multi-pitch climbing and big wall climbing.

References

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1 2 Bisharat, Andrew (27 February 2016). "Climbers Make History Making First Winter Ascent of Pakistan's 'Killer Mountain'". National Geographic . Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
↑ Beaumont, Peter (6 January 2021). "Nepalese team makes first successful winter ascent of K2". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
1 2 3 McDonald, Bernadette (2017). "Piolets d'Or: A Short History of the Golden Ice Axe". Himalayan Journal . 72. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
↑ Boermans, Menno (14 April 2015). "Highlights from the 23rd Piolets d'Or". Alpinist . Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023. The Piolets d'Or (Golden Ice Axes) were long considered to be the 'Oscars of Mountaineering'
1 2 Parnell, Ian (1 July 2006). "Victors of the Unwinnable". Alpinist . Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
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1 2 Sanzarro, Francis (22 March 2022). "Who Did It First? Style, Grades and Dispute in First Ascents". Climbing . Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
1 2 3 4 5 Pardy, Aaron (5 November 2022). "Redpoint, Pinkpoint, and Headpoint – What Do They Mean?". Gripped Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
1 2 3 4 5 "What Is A Redpoint In Climbing? – Climbing Jargon Explained". Climber. 2 October 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
↑ Huttom, Mike (3 November 2022). "How the World's Boldest Climbing Area Got that Way: How headpointing became a legitimate, go-to tactic on Peak District gritstone". Climbing . Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
1 2 3 4 5 Oviglia, Maurizio (23 December 2012). "The evolution of free climbing". PlanetMountain.com. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
↑ "Heiko Queitsch greenpoint climbing in the Frankenjura". PlanetMountain. 3 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
↑ "Chasin the Trane greenpoint in the Frankenjura". PlanetMountain. 7 November 2011. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
↑ "Sonnie Trotter finds The Path 5.14 R at Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada". PlanetMountain. 23 August 2007. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
↑ Lambert, Erik (31 August 2007). "Trotter Chops Bolts, Sends Marathon Project". Alpinist . Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
↑ Pardy, Aaron (2 November 2022). "Onsight and Flash – What Do They Mean?". Gripped Magazine. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
1 2 Osius, Alison (4 June 2022). "Free Solo Rock Climbing and the Climbers Who Have Defined the Sport". Climbing . Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
↑ "North America, United States, Nevada, Rainbow Wall, Various Activity". American Alpine Journal . 41 (73): 228. 1999. Archived from the original on 2023-02-11. Retrieved 2023-02-11. A month later, Roxanna Brock teamed up with Bobbi Bensman to do the first female free ascent (FFFA) of the route in a day.
↑ Editorial (1 June 2016). "The 25 Greatest Moments in Yosemite Climbing History". Outside . Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
↑ Bishart, Andrew (1 March 2017). "American Woman Reaches a New Milestone in Rock Climbing". National Geographic. Archived from the original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
1 2 Walsh, Megan (14 November 2017). "Can't Keep Her Down: A Consolidated History of Women's Climbing Achievements". Climbing. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
1 2 3 4 Roberts, David (29 January 2012). "Patagonia's Cerro Torre Gets the Chop: Maestri Unbolted". National Geographic . Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
1 2 Ward, Pete (2004). "The Other Side of Fred Rouhling". Climbing . Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
↑ Corrigan, Keven (23 November 2020). "Fred Rouhling's Akira Sees First Repeats Since 1995 FA, Receives Downgrade". Climbing . Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
↑ "Fred Rouhling's Akira finally repeated after 25 years by Sébastien Bouin, Lucien Martinez". PlanetMountain. 23 November 2020. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
1 2 Fox, Amanda (13 April 2011). "Ondra Grabs Ascent of Chilam Balam". Climbing . Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
↑ "Sébastian Bouin Claims Third Ascent of Chilam Balam (5.15b), Spain". Rock & Ice . 2014. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
↑ "Dani Andrada does fourth ascent of Chilam Balam". Climber. 16 November 2015. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023.

External links

Peter Mortimer's film First Ascent on Didier Berthod's failed first free ascent of Cobra Crack Archived 2008-09-04 at the Wayback Machine , Alpinist (Issue 17, 2006)

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[12] While headpointing was once considered a lesser form of first free ascent in traditional climbing (and an FFA that had been headpointed would be asterisked as such), leading traditional climbers eventually followed the redpointing practices of sport climbers (i.e. practicing the route over-and-over in a safe way), and dispensed with the stigma associated with headpointing.^[11]

[NYT-1] 1 2 Levy, Michael (2021-11-29). "A Climbing Award That May Be a Winner's Last". The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2021-11-30. Retrieved 2021-11-30.

[NG-2] 1 2 Bisharat, Andrew (27 February 2016). "Climbers Make History Making First Winter Ascent of Pakistan's 'Killer Mountain'". National Geographic . Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.

[3] Beaumont, Peter (6 January 2021). "Nepalese team makes first successful winter ascent of K2". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.

[HJ-4] 1 2 3 McDonald, Bernadette (2017). "Piolets d'Or: A Short History of the Golden Ice Axe". Himalayan Journal . 72. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.

[5] Boermans, Menno (14 April 2015). "Highlights from the 23rd Piolets d'Or". Alpinist . Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023. The Piolets d'Or (Golden Ice Axes) were long considered to be the 'Oscars of Mountaineering'

[IP-6] 1 2 Parnell, Ian (1 July 2006). "Victors of the Unwinnable". Alpinist . Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2023.

[MT-7] 1 2 Twight, Mark (2001). "My Way: A Short Talk with Tomo Cesen". Kiss Or Kill: Confessions of a Serial Climber. Mountaineering Books. pp. 63–74. ISBN 978-0898867633. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.

[CL2-8] 1 2 Sanzarro, Francis (22 March 2022). "Who Did It First? Style, Grades and Dispute in First Ascents". Climbing . Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.

[GR1-9] 1 2 3 4 5 Pardy, Aaron (5 November 2022). "Redpoint, Pinkpoint, and Headpoint – What Do They Mean?". Gripped Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022.

[CR1-10] 1 2 3 4 5 "What Is A Redpoint In Climbing? – Climbing Jargon Explained". Climber. 2 October 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2022.

[11] Huttom, Mike (3 November 2022). "How the World's Boldest Climbing Area Got that Way: How headpointing became a legitimate, go-to tactic on Peak District gritstone". Climbing . Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.

[PM-13] 1 2 3 4 5 Oviglia, Maurizio (23 December 2012). "The evolution of free climbing". PlanetMountain.com. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022.

[14] "Heiko Queitsch greenpoint climbing in the Frankenjura". PlanetMountain. 3 August 2012. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.

[15] "Chasin the Trane greenpoint in the Frankenjura". PlanetMountain. 7 November 2011. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.

[16] "Sonnie Trotter finds The Path 5.14 R at Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada". PlanetMountain. 23 August 2007. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.

[17] Lambert, Erik (31 August 2007). "Trotter Chops Bolts, Sends Marathon Project". Alpinist . Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.

[18] Pardy, Aaron (2 November 2022). "Onsight and Flash – What Do They Mean?". Gripped Magazine. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.

[CFS-19] 1 2 Osius, Alison (4 June 2022). "Free Solo Rock Climbing and the Climbers Who Have Defined the Sport". Climbing . Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.

[20] "North America, United States, Nevada, Rainbow Wall, Various Activity". American Alpine Journal . 41 (73): 228. 1999. Archived from the original on 2023-02-11. Retrieved 2023-02-11. A month later, Roxanna Brock teamed up with Bobbi Bensman to do the first female free ascent (FFFA) of the route in a day.

[OutsideUSA-21] Editorial (1 June 2016). "The 25 Greatest Moments in Yosemite Climbing History". Outside . Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.

[22] Bishart, Andrew (1 March 2017). "American Woman Reaches a New Milestone in Rock Climbing". National Geographic. Archived from the original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.

[CL1-23] 1 2 Walsh, Megan (14 November 2017). "Can't Keep Her Down: A Consolidated History of Women's Climbing Achievements". Climbing. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.

[NG1-24] 1 2 3 4 Roberts, David (29 January 2012). "Patagonia's Cerro Torre Gets the Chop: Maestri Unbolted". National Geographic . Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.

[PW-25] 1 2 Ward, Pete (2004). "The Other Side of Fred Rouhling". Climbing . Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.

[26] Corrigan, Keven (23 November 2020). "Fred Rouhling's Akira Sees First Repeats Since 1995 FA, Receives Downgrade". Climbing . Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.

[27] "Fred Rouhling's Akira finally repeated after 25 years by Sébastien Bouin, Lucien Martinez". PlanetMountain. 23 November 2020. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.

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