Reconstructed skeleton and holotype fossils on the lower right
The type specimen is a partial skeleton (designated FPDM-V97122) discovered in the Kitadani quarry near Katsuyama in the Fukui prefecture. It is thought that this specimen was not mature and an adult may have been larger. The remains of many other individuals have been found in the quarry, with numerous humeri, femurs, and teeth being assigned to this species.[2] However, the other individuals recovered from the same locality are mostly juveniles that were smaller than the holotype (Currie & Azuma, 2006), in the smallest case less than a quarter of the holotype's size. A tooth (NDC-P0001) discovered in a block of conglomerate from the Sebayashi Formation has been referred to Fukuiraptor as well.[3]
Description
Size comparison
As indicated by its slender phalanges, Fukuiraptor was a relatively lightly built animal, regardless of its maturity.[1] The immature holotype is estimated to reach 4.2 metres (14ft) long and weigh 175kg (386lb) in its initial description.[1] In 2010 Gregory Paul gave a length of 5 meters (16ft) and a weight of 300kg (660lbs).[4] In 2014, its body mass was estimated up to 250 kilograms (550lb).[5] Molina-Pérez and Larramendi estimated a length of 4.3 meters (14.1ft) and a weight of 590kg (1,300lbs) in 2016.[6]
The distinctive teeth of Fukuiraptor show similarities with both carcharodontosaurids (being very compressed and blade-like, as well as having wrinkled enamel) and tyrannosaurids (having oblique blood grooves near the serrations).[2] The holotype also had very large and flat manual unguals (hand claws), which played a role in its initial classification as a dromaeosaurid (as the hand claws were mistaken for foot claws) as well as its current classification as a megaraptoran.[7]
Classification
Initially considered a member of the Dromaeosauridae when first discovered, its initial describers considered it a carnosaur, related to Allosaurus. More recent studies consider it a megaraptoran, an enigmatic group which may have been part of the family Neovenatoridae.[7] However, more recently, another analysis has proposed that all megaraptorans are actually tyrannosauroids, which would reclassify Fukuiraptor as a tyrannosauroidcoelurosaur.[8] Recent cladistic analysis of the theropod Gualicho has suggested that Fukuiraptor and other megaraptorans are either allosauroids, or non-tyrannosauroid basal coelurosaurs.[9]
It has been suggested that Fukuiraptor is a close relative to the Australian megaraptoran known as Australovenator,[10] however a subsequent study has placed Australovenator as a megaraptorid megaraptoran alongside other derived South American taxa, while Fukuiraptor remains a megaraptoran outside of Megaraptoridae.[11]
Below is a cladogram reconstructing the position of Fukuiraptor in the Megaraptora as per Delcourt and Grillo, 2018.[11]
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