GNGT2

GNGT2
Identifiers
Aliases	GNGT2 , G-GAMMA-8, G-GAMMA-C, GNG8, GNG9, GNGT8, G protein subunit gamma transducin 2, HG3I
External IDs	OMIM: 139391 MGI: 893584 HomoloGene: 11325 GeneCards: GNGT2
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 17 (human) [1] Band 17q21.32 Start 49,202,791 bp [1] End 49,210,574 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 11 (mouse) [2] Band 11 D|11 59.01 cM Start 95,728,042 bp [2] End 95,736,560 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in monocyte spleen lymph node blood appendix smooth muscle tissue right lung gallbladder upper lobe of left lung tibia Top expressed in thymus yolk sac spleen interventricular septum esophagus ankle joint lens plantaris muscle extensor digitorum longus muscle duodenum More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function signal transducer activity GTPase activity G-protein beta-subunit binding Cellular component heterotrimeric G-protein complex plasma membrane membrane G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex Biological process G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway signal transduction phototransduction Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 2793 14710 Ensembl ENSG00000167083 ENSMUSG00000038811 UniProt O14610 Q61017 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001198754 NM_001198755 NM_001198756 NM_031498 NM_001038664 NM_001284393 NM_001284397 NM_023121 RefSeq (protein) NP_001185683 NP_001185684 NP_001185685 NP_113686 NP_001033753 NP_001271322 NP_001271326 NP_075610 Location (UCSC) Chr 17: 49.2 – 49.21 Mb Chr 11: 95.73 – 95.74 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2 is a signalling protein protein that in humans and vertebrates is encoded by the GNGT2 gene. ^{[5] [6] [7]} Either GNGT1 or GNGT2 is the gamma subunit of the G_βγ part of transducin (written G(T) or G_t), a heterotrimeric G-protein naturally expressed in vertebrate retina rod and cone cell of the eye, where it is thought to play a crucial role in phototransduction. GNGT2 only occurs in cone cells, and GNGT1 only occurs in rod cells.

As the gamma subunit (G_γ) of three different families of G proteins (G(I)/G_i, G(S)/G_s and G(O)G_o), GNGT2 is expressed in at least 23 tissues ^[8] and other cell types, including monocytes of the vertebrate innate immune system, where at increased levels it has been shown to be a potential prognostic marker for some types of cancer, including esophageal cancer. ^[9]

Several transcript variants encoding the GNGT2 protein have been found for the GNGT2 gene. There is evidence for use of multiple polyadenylation sites by this gene. ^[6]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000167083 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000038811 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Ong OC, Hu K, Rong H, Lee RH, Fung BK (Nov 1997). "Gene structure and chromosome localization of the G gamma c subunit of human cone G-protein (GNGT2)". Genomics. 44 (1): 101–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4814. PMID   9286705.
6. "Entrez Gene: GNGT2 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), gamma transducing activity polypeptide 2".
7. "GNGT2 Gene search NCBI". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2024-02-18. Retrieved 2024-02-18. vertebrates (410)
8. "GNGT2 G protein subunit gamma transducin 2 [Homo sapiens (Human)] - Gene - NCBI".
9. Liu, GM; Ji X, X; Lu TC, TC; Duan, LW (2019-12-28). "Comprehensive multi-omics analysis identified core molecular processes in esophageal cancer and revealed GNGT2 as a potential prognostic marker". World J. Gastroenterol. 25 (48): 6890–6901. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i48.6890 . PMC   6938725 . PMID   31908393.

Further reading

• Cohen NA, Sha Q, Makhina EN, et al. (1997). "Inhibition of an inward rectifier potassium channel (Kir2.3) by G-protein betagamma subunits". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (50): 32301–5. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.50.32301 . PMID   8943291.
• Huang CL, Jan YN, Jan LY (1997). "Binding of the G protein betagamma subunit to multiple regions of G protein-gated inward-rectifying K+ channels". FEBS Lett. 405 (3): 291–8. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00197-X. PMID   9108307. S2CID   44072628.
• Cook LA, Schey KL, Cleator JH, et al. (2002). "Identification of a region in G protein γ subunits conserved across species but hypervariable among subunit isoforms". Protein Sci. 10 (12): 2548–55. doi:10.1110/ps.ps.26401. PMC   2374038 . PMID   11714923.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . PMC   139241 . PMID   12477932.
• Cuello F, Schulze RA, Heemeyer F, et al. (2003). "Activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by a high energy phosphate transfer via nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) B and Gbeta subunits. Complex formation of NDPK B with Gbeta gamma dimers and phosphorylation of His-266 IN Gbeta". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (9): 7220–6. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M210304200 . PMID   12486123.
• Ivanina T, Rishal I, Varon D, et al. (2003). "Mapping the Gbetagamma-binding sites in GIRK1 and GIRK2 subunits of the G protein-activated K+ channel". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (31): 29174–83. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M304518200 . PMID   12743112.
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC   528928 . PMID   15489334.
• DePuy SD, Yao J, Hu C, et al. (2006). "The molecular basis for T-type Ca2+ channel inhibition by G protein β2γ2 subunits". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (39): 14590–5. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10314590D. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0603945103 . PMC   1600004 . PMID   16973746.