Kart racing

Last updated

Kart racing
Klas 60.jpg
A sprint race at a karting event
Highest governing body CIK-FIA
First played1950s
Characteristics
Team membersYes
Mixed-sex Yes
Type Motorsport
EquipmentKart
Venue Kart circuit
Presence
Country or regionWorldwide
World Championships FIA Karting World Championship

Kart racing or karting is a motorsport discipline using open-wheel, four-wheeled vehicles known as go-karts or shifter karts. They are usually raced on scaled-down circuits, although some professional kart races are also held on full-size motorsport circuits. Karting is commonly perceived as the stepping stone to the higher ranks of motorsports, with most Formula One drivers—including Ayrton Senna, Michael Schumacher, Fernando Alonso, Kimi Räikkönen, Lewis Hamilton, Sebastian Vettel, Nico Rosberg, and Max Verstappen—having begun their careers in karting.

Contents

Karts vary widely in speed, and some (known as superkarts) can reach speeds exceeding 160 kilometres per hour (100 mph), while recreational go-karts intended for the general public may be limited to lower speeds.

History

Kart racing in Illinois in 1962 Photography by Victor Albert Grigas (1919-2017)00025 sept 62 (37295972680).jpg
Kart racing in Illinois in 1962
Kart racing in Berlin, East Germany, 1963 Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B1007-0016-001, 5. Berliner K-Wagen-Rennen.jpg
Kart racing in Berlin, East Germany, 1963

American Art Ingels is generally accepted to be the father of karting. A veteran hot rodder and a race car builder at Kurtis Kraft, he built the first kart in Southern California in 1956. [1] Early karting events were held in the Rose Bowl Stadium car park. [2] Instantly popular, Karting rapidly spread to other countries, [3] and currently has a large following in Europe.

The first kart manufacturer was an American company, Go Kart Manufacturing Co. (1957). In 1959, McCulloch was the first company to produce engines for karts. Its first engine, the McCulloch MC-10, [4] was an adapted chainsaw two-stroke engine. [5] Later, in the 1960s, motorcycle engines were also adapted for kart use, before dedicated manufacturers, especially in Italy (IAME), started to build engines for the sport.

Components

Chassis

The chassis are made of chromoly tubing. [6] [7] There is no suspension, so chassis have to be flexible enough to work as a suspension and stiff enough not to break or give way on a turn. Kart chassis are classified in the United States as "Open", "Caged", "Straight" or "Offset". All Commission Internationale de Karting–, Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile–, or CIK-FIA-approved chassis are "Straight" and "Open".

The stiffness of the chassis enables different handling characteristics for different circumstances. Typically, for dry conditions, a stiffer chassis is preferable, while in wet or other poor traction conditions, a more flexible chassis may work better. Temperature of the track can also affect handling and may prompt additional chassis adjustments. The best chassis allow for stiffening bars at the rear, front and side to be added or removed according to race conditions. [8]

Braking is achieved by a disc brake mounted on the rear axle. Front disc brakes are used in most shifter kart classes and are increasingly popular in other classes; however, certain classes do not allow them. Shifter karts have dual master cylinders, one for the front and one for the rear, and are adjustable to allow for front/rear bias changes.

Professionally raced karts typically weigh 165 to 175 lb (75 to 79 kg), complete without driver. Avanti, Tony Kart, Trulli, Birel, CRG, Gillard, Intrepid, Remo Racing, Kosmic, Zanardi or FA Kart and EKS are a few well-known examples of the many European manufacturers of race-quality chassis. Emmick, Coyote, Bandit, Shadow, MGM, Titan, PRC and Margay are American companies producing kart chassis.

Engines

Shifter kart engine Shifter Kart Engine.jpg
Shifter kart engine

Racing karts mostly use small two-stroke or four-stroke engines; however, as of 2022, there has been small-scale adoption of electric motors in racing karts.

Transmission

Purpose of transmission: There are three reasons for having a transmission in the automotive power train or drive train. The transmission can:

Karts do not have a differential. [7] The lack of a differential means that one rear tire must slide while cornering. This is achieved by designing the chassis so that the inside rear tire lifts up slightly when the kart turns the corner. This allows the tire to lose some of its grip and slide or lift off the ground completely.

Power is transmitted from the engine to the rear axle by a chain. Both engine and axle sprockets are removable. Their ratio must be adapted to the track configuration to obtain the most performance from the engine.

In the early days, karts were direct drive, requiring push starts. The inconvenience of that configuration led to the centrifugal clutch for the club level classes. Dry centrifugal clutches are now used in many categories; Rotax Max is one example. They have become the norm as the top international classes have switched to 125 cc clutch-equipped engines as of January 2007.

Tires

Wheels and tires are much smaller than those used on a normal car. Wheels are made of magnesium alloy, aluminum, or composite materials. Tires can support cornering forces in excess of 2 g (20 m/s²), depending on chassis, engine, and motor setup. Some car tire manufacturers, such as MG Bridgestone, Dunlop, and Maxxis make tires for karts. There are also specific kart tire manufacturers, which include MG, Vega, MOJO, LeCont, Cobra, Hoosier and Burris.

Similarly to other motorsports, kart tires have different types for use appropriate to track conditions:

Data acquisition

As in other motor sports, several data acquisition systems have been developed for kart racing. These systems allow the driver to monitor from a display fixed on the steering wheel some parameters such as RPM, timing of laps (including sectors), number of laps, best lap, cooling system temperature, exhaust gas temperature and sometimes speed or even gear for shifter karts.

Some of those systems are able to record (logging) laps data from the sensors, allowing replay of an entire running session or/and direct download to a personal computer equipped with a data analysis software. More sophisticated systems allow for more information such as lateral and longitudinal acceleration (g-force), throttle position, steering wheel position and brake pressure.

Racing

Kart racing is generally accepted as the most economical form of motorsport available on four wheels. As a free-time activity, it can be performed by almost anybody, and as a motorsport in itself, it is one of the sports regulated by FIA (under the name of CIK), permitting licensed racing for anyone from the age of 8 onward.

In the United States, there is not as much FIA involvement; instead, many organizations regulate racing, such as the IKF (International Kart Federation), WKA (World Karting Association), KART (Karters of America Racing Triad), USPKS (United States Pro Karting Series) SKUSA (SuperKartsUSA).

In the UK, the Motor Sports Association (MSA) regulates most "owner driver" Karting. Some associations, such as NatSKA (National Schools Karting Association), organize race meetings throughout the country under the authority of the MSA. Various four-stroke "hire kart" series such as EPEC (European Prokart Endurance Championship) [16] or BRKC (British Rental Kart Championship) [17] fall outside the governance of the MSA. Billed as the UK's first national karting league, the Elite Karting League also falls outside of MSA governance.

In Australia, kart racing is administered by one of the following Karting bodies: [18]

Racing classes start at age 7 or 8 (5 in the United States with "Kid Karts") and generally run in 3-year age groupings or weight divisions until "senior" status is reached at age 15 or 16, depending on the series.[ citation needed ]

Racing formats

Typically, race formats are one of the following:

Sprint

Sprint race at Eastern Creek, Australia KartingNSKC.jpg
Sprint race at Eastern Creek, Australia

Sprint racing takes place on dedicated kart circuits resembling small road courses, with left and right turns, Hair Pins, Chicanes, short and Long Straight a ways. Tracks range from 1/4-mile (400 metres) to over 1 mile (1,600 metres) in length.

The sprint format is a series of short-duration races, normally for a small number of laps, that qualify for a final which last 20 minutes or more, with a variety of point scoring calculations to determine the event's overall winner. Typical duration does not normally exceed 25 minutes. Here, speed and successful passing is of the most importance. It normally occurs in the format of qualifying, one to three heats and a final race for trophy positions.

Sprint Racing in the United States and Canada are held at three primary levels, Club Racing (local races at purpose-built tracks), Regional Racing - Like the California Pro Kart Challenge, The Texas Sprint Racing Series, The Florida based Sunshine Karting Championship Series, Route 66 in the Midwest and the F1 Gear Up Challenge in the Northeast. National Level Karting takes place across North America in dedicated National Series like the SKUSA Pro Tour, the USPKS Championship Series, WKA Manufacture's Cup and the ROK CUP USA. The SKUSA Pro Tour Championship is one of the most coveted, and the SKUSA Super Nats Event held in Las Vegas annually is one of the largest Kart Races in the world attracting drivers from every continent. The SKUSA SuperNats event has been run continuously for 25 years now, and a SuperNats win is considered a legendary win in Karting circles.[ citation needed ]

The FIA championships, including the Karting World Championship, SKUSA SuperNats and all SKUSA Pro Tour, USPKS and ROK Cup USA Nationals take place in this format.

Sprint Racing can be held at a dedicated purpose-built Track (most of which also rent club karts for family fun), and sprint races are also held at kart tracks that exist at many major auto sports complexes like Daytona International Speedway, Charlotte Motor Speedway, Pittsburgh Race Complex, NOLA Motorsports in New Orleans, Homestead Motor Speedway, and Road America. Sprint races are also held at temporary kart circuits that can be built in parking areas at large stadiums and casinos throughout the United States. Additionally, there are "Street Races" where racing is taking place on city streets on temporary circuits like some of the Indy car races.

Endurance

Pack of laydown enduros at Daytona International Speedway Enduros.jpg
Pack of laydown enduros at Daytona International Speedway

Endurance races last for an extended period, ranging from 30 minutes up to 24 hours or more, for one or more drivers. In general, consistency, reliability, and pit strategy is of greater importance than all out speed.

Called "enduro" racing in the United States, most WKA and IKF sanctioned events typically last 30 minutes (sprint enduro) or 45 minutes (laydown enduro) and are run continuously without pit stops. Enduro events are held on full-size road racing circuits that are usually between 1.5 and 4 miles in length.

As well as the famous 24 Hours of Le Mans race for automobiles there is also a 24-hours event for karts which takes place at the kart circuit Alain Prost at Le Mans, France. [20] This race has taken place since 1986 and its winners list include four-time Champ Car champion Sébastien Bourdais (in 1996).

Endurance racing is also considered a more affordable way of getting into karting. In South Africa, the 24 Hours of Karting Festival race is held annually and lasts 24 hours with multiple classes participating. This event is hosted by the Prokart SSS Club [21] near Johannesburg. The most popular class runs the Honda GX390 four-stroke engine, which is both affordable and durable, keeping running costs to a minimum. The Prokart Super Single Series, also known as Prokart SSS, has been running for more than 20 years and has proven to be a very popular entry platform for drivers of all ages who want to get into karting. Many clubs worldwide have taken on four-stroke endurance karting for this reason, since two-stroke karting can be very expensive.

Speedway

Speedway racing takes place on asphalt or clay oval tracks which are normally between 1/10-mile and 1/4-mile long. Tracks primarily consist of two straights and four left-turn corners, few tracks are symmetric and often the shape parallels that of an egg or a tri-oval.

"Offset" kart chassis have been developed for precise handling and adjustability in left-turn-only racing competition taking place on oval and tri-oval tracks. Depending on the track material, different tires are used on the kart. [22]

Speedway kart races range in length from 4 laps for a trophy dash, to 20 laps for a main event.

The two chief racing formats used in dirt speedway karting are heat races and timed laps qualification:

  • The International Kart Federation (IKF) runs a racing format of two 10 lap heats followed by a 20 lap final. Finishing positions in the two heat races are used to calculate the starting position in the feature race.
  • The World Karting Association (WKA) uses time qualifying. Karts equipped with transponders are sent out onto the track in groups of 5 or less to try to achieve the fastest lap time. Positions for the 20 laps feature event are determined by qualifying time.
  • The American Kart Racing Association (AKRA) [23] uses group transponder qualifying to calculate starting positions for 20-lap features.

Racing categories

There are many different classes in kart. One of the fastest growing in the United States is Lo206. The general classes are 125cc Shifter, 100cc tag, 125cc tag and then the X30 equivalents of these karts.

International

Superkart Ben Willshire GP1.jpg
Superkart

The CIK-FIA sanctions international championships in OK, OKJ, KZ1, KZ2 and Superkart. These are regarded as the top-level classes of karting and are also raced in national championships worldwide. The World Championship is decided here. In May 2019 it held the international under-15 championship. The driver who finished first overall was Vlad Sputzki (Russia) followed by Daniel Smith (England) and then followed by Maximilien Blank (Australia) CIK-FIA categories:

  • OK (the top level) and OKJ for a younger age group. All are using the same water-cooled no-gearbox 125 cc "long life" two-stroke engines, which are direct drive, each with different technical specifications covering mufflers, air boxes, carburetor, speed limiters, etc.
  • KZ1 and KZ2, both 125 cc gearbox categories.
  • Superkart, a 250 cc gearbox category.

Non CIK-FIA categories: The Kart World Championship (or KWC) [24] as opposed to the FIA's "Karting World Championship" uses 4-stroke rental karts and travels to a different country each year.

National

In the UK, the most celebrated karting series is the National karting series, also known as Super One. There are three types of Super One championships:

  • MSA series: KF2, KF3, Formula KGP, Super Cadet, Cadet & Bambino
  • Rotax series: Minimax, Junior Max, Senior Max, Senior Max 177
  • TKM series: Formula Junior TKM, Formula TKM Extreme, TKM Senior 4-stroke and since 2006, Honda Cadet

Other UK National Championships include: Birel BirelART series UK: Cadet 60cc, Junior 100cc, Senior Light 125cc, Senior Heavy 125cc, British Indoor Karting Championship (BIKC)

The BRKC is the UK's rental karting National championship, and the UK's official feeder series to the rental Kart World Championship.

NatSKA is a budget karting association set up for schools and youth groups in the UK, with 13 classes.

In the United States, Dirt oval classes[ citation needed ] (which often use Briggs & Stratton industrial engines) are prominent in the Southeast and Midwest.[ citation needed ] In the West, European style sprint racing is much more common.[ citation needed ] In particular, 125cc shifter karts using Honda CR125 power units have gained tremendous popularity in recent years. [25]

In Australia, classes include Cadet (previously called Midget),Junior KA4, Junior KA3, X30, KZ2, Senior KA3, Senior TAG (Restricted and Unrestricted). Most classes run a light and heavy category.

Many people race worldwide in Spec series such as X30 125cc (a TaG class).

Racing licences

As in other disciplines in motorsports, a license is required to drive a racing kart in competition. [26] The licenses, issued by governing bodies, are provided by clubs or associations. Basic insurance coverage is usually included in the licence annual fee. In some countries, such as France, regulations require the drivers to pass a medical exam each year.

License classes differ between countries according to age groups or levels. Most of the time a Practice License can be easily obtained, while a Racing License might require a capability assessment. [27]

Driver equipment

For their safety, kart drivers are required to wear proper equipment: [28]

Rib protector, racing balaclava and neck brace, although highly recommended, are optional in most countries. None of the above need to be made of fire retardant material. Superkart drivers are required to wear leather overalls, similar to those used in motorcycling.

As a learning tool

Kart racing is usually used as a low-cost and relatively safe way to introduce drivers to motor racing. Drivers can start at the age of 6 in the Motorsport UK Bambino Championship, [29] and even from the age of 5 in the Bambino Kart Club Championship. [30] Many Formula One drivers grew up racing karts, most prominent among them being World Champions Ayrton Senna, Michael Schumacher, Alain Prost, Fernando Alonso, Kimi Räikkönen, Jenson Button, Lewis Hamilton, Sebastian Vettel, and Max Verstappen. Many NASCAR drivers also got their start in racing from karts, such as Darrell Waltrip, Danica Patrick, Ricky Rudd, Juan Pablo Montoya, Tony Stewart, and Jeff Gordon.

In August 2009, in anticipation to a possible return to F1 with Ferrari, Formula One world champion Michael Schumacher did some preparation driving a kart in Lonato, Italy. [31] Schumacher also raced at the SKUSA SuperNationals, an event taking place each year in Las Vegas, along with F1 drivers Sébastien Buemi and Nelson Piquet Jr. [32] Felipe Massa also used karting in September 2009 to test his condition in Brazil, two months after his Hungarian Grand Prix accident during qualifying. [33]

Recreational, concession and indoor karts

See also

Related:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auto racing</span> Motorsport involving the racing of cars for competition

Auto racing is a motorsport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. In North America, the term is commonly used to describe all forms of automobile sport including non-racing disciplines.

Motorsport(s) or motor sport(s) are sporting events, competitions and related activities that primarily involve the use of automobiles, motorcycles, motorboats and powered aircraft. For each of these vehicle types, the more specific terms automobile sport, motorcycle sport, power boating and air sports may be used commonly, or officially by organisers and governing bodies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kart circuit</span> Race track designed for kart racing

A kart circuit is a race track designed for kart racing or other forms of short-length motor racing, such as small-scale motorcycle racing, pocketbike racing, or radio-controlled model racing. There are several types of kart circuit, depending on the type of use desired.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Endurance racing (motorsport)</span> Motorsport over long distances and time periods

Endurance racing is a form of motorsport racing which is meant to test the durability of equipment and endurance of participants. Teams of multiple drivers attempt to cover a large distance in a single event, with participants given a break with the ability to change during the race. Endurance races can be run either to cover a set distance in laps as quickly as possible, or to cover as much distance as possible over a preset amount of time.

OK-Junior is a kart racing class for top drivers aged 11 to 15.

Original Kart, commonly abbreviated as OK, is a kart racing class for drivers aged 14 and over, sanctioned by the CIK-FIA. OK is the primary direct-drive class in FIA championships.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superkart</span> Racing series that uses karts on long circuits

Superkart is a form of motorsport road racing that uses karts on long circuits. The bigger difference between a superkart and most other forms of kart is that they have full aerodynamic bodykits, as well as having a longer wheel base than sprint chassis, and are generally raced on car circuits over 1,500 metres in length. The power unit, most often but not exclusively two-stroke 250 cc engines, can be specially designed kart engines or production motorcycle engines with either five- or six-speed sequential manual gearboxes. Owing to their high top speed and superb cornering ability, a superkart's aerodynamic bodywork includes a front fairing, larger sidepods, and a rear wing. They use either 130-or-150-millimetre-diameter tires and wheels and most often race on full size auto-racing circuits.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karting World Championship</span> International kart racing championship

The FIA Karting World Championship, officially known as the Mondokart.com FIA Karting World Championship for sponsorship reasons, is a kart racing competition organised by the CIK-FIA. Hosted annually since 1964, it is widely regarded as the most prestigious karting competition in the world.

Dirt track racing is a form of motorsport held on clay or dirt surfaced banked oval race tracks. Dirt track racing started in the United States before World War I and became widespread during the 1920s and 1930s using both automobiles and motorcycles, often running on horse racing tracks. There are a myriad of types of race cars used, from open wheel Sprint cars and Modifieds to stock cars. While open wheel race cars are purpose-built racing vehicles, stock cars can be either purpose-built race cars or street vehicles that have been modified to varying degrees. There are hundreds of local and regional racetracks throughout the United States. The sport is also popular in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa and the United Kingdom.

The World Karting Association, or WKA, is the largest sanctioning body for kart racing in North America. The WKA was founded in 1971 and is located directly behind Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, North Carolina. The WKA is believed to currently have approximately 5,000 members. Over 50,000 people have been WKA members since the organization's inception in 1971.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Formula Ford</span> Race car class

Formula Ford, also known as F1600 and Formula F, is an entry-level class of single-seater, open-wheel formula racing. The various championships held across the world form an important step for many prospective Formula One drivers. Formula Ford has traditionally been regarded as the first major stepping stone into formula racing after karting. The series typically sees career-minded drivers enter alongside amateurs and enthusiasts. Success in Formula Ford can lead directly to other junior formula series such as a Formula Renault 2.0 and Formula Three, or F1 Academy for female drivers, and previously the W Series, prior to the series folding.

Formula LGB Hyundai is a single seater, open wheel class of motorsport in India launched in 2006 by LGB with Hyundai the engine supplier. The cars are powered by 1.4 liter Indian built Hyundai Accent engines in the entry level JK Road Racing National Championship series. This car along with Formula LGB Swift can be considered as an Indian equivalent of Europe's Formula Ford series, where it is void of aerodynamic aids like wings. This series is one of the starter formula series to enable karting drivers step into a formula car.

KZ is a kart racing class for drivers aged 15 and over, sanctioned by the CIK-FIA. KZ is the primary gearbox class in FIA championships.

Nathan Freke is a racing driver. He was the 2006 British Formula Ford Champion. Freke has held four British Kart Racing Championship Titles and in 2005 became the only driver ever to win an FIA/CIK Superkart Race in a Division 2 Kart against Division 1 Karts,.

KZ2 is a kart racing class using 125 cc water-cooled two-stroke engines yielding about 52 hp (39 kW). The engines are equipped with a 6-speed gearbox. Z2 is the second fastest of the KZ karting racing categories, and technical regulations are similar to faster KZ1 except that in KZ2 the gearbox must be "hand-operated and exclusively mechanical without a servo system", as well as the use of medium tires. Both the engine and chassis must be approved by the CIK-FIA racing governing commission. The class is open to drivers aged 15 years and up with the minimum weight being 175 kg, this includes the kart and driver.

The British Superkart Championship is a kart racing series run in the United Kingdom under the auspices of the British Superkart Association under Motor Sports Association regulations. The karts race on full-size British circuits such as Silverstone, Donington, Brands Hatch, Pembrey, Anglesey Circuit, Bishopscourt, Castle Combe, Darley Moor, Snetterton, Croft, Cadwell Park, Thruxton and Oulton Park with the running of the MSA British Superkart Grand Prix at Donington Park which includes the British round of the European Superkart Championship.

KF1 was the top level of karting. It is open to drivers aged 15 and up.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Formula 4</span> Open-wheel racing car category intended for junior drivers

FIA Formula 4, also called FIA F4, is an open-wheel racing car category intended for junior drivers. There is no global championship, but rather individual nations or regions can host their own championships in compliance with a universal set of rules and specifications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Matt Jaskol</span> American racing driver

Matthew Allen Jaskol is an American professional auto racing driver and spotter. He has competed in a variety of different racing disciplines including kart, open-wheel, and stock car racing. As a spotter, Jaskol won the 2016 Indianapolis 500 as the spotter for Alexander Rossi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Evan Giltaire</span> French racing driver (born 2006)

Evan Giltaire is a French racing driver who is currently competing in the 2024 Formula Regional European Championship for ART Grand Prix. He is the winner of the 2023 French F4 Championship.

References

  1. "FIA Karting" (PDF). www.fiakarting.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2009.
  2. Preston, Lerner (23 April 2021). "Why karting will outlast gimmick-filled racing – without a social media strategy" . Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  3. "How the kart was first introduced to Europe – by Burton Reinfrank – June 2004". Vintagekarts.com. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  4. "The McCulloch Kart Engines". Macbobaust.com. 15 September 2002. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  5. "1959 – McCulloch's Entry into Kart Racing". Vintagekarts.com. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  6. Example of a CIK-FIA homologation form – Chassis, 2005
  7. 1 2 Technical picture of a racing chassis Archived 11 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine Margay chassis
  8. "Free It Up - When Too Much Grip Is A Problem". www.KartPartsDepot.com.
  9. "Superkart at Magny-Cours – 2007". Parcferme.com. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  10. "Article 21 ; Specific Regulations for KF1 ; Engine speed limited to maximum 16,000 rpm."CIK-FIA 2010 Technical Regulations Archived 30 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  11. "Electric Racing Karts". Blue Shock Racing. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  12. "Electric Kart Championships". Blue Shock Racing. Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  13. "Rotax E20". Rotax (corporate website). Archived from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  14. "Design of Transmission System for Go-Kart Vehicle" (PDF).
  15. Latest decisions of the FIA World Motor Sport Council concerning Karting Archived 26 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine - CIK-FIA, 15 March 2012
  16. "European Endurance Prokart Championship (EPEC)". Teessidekarting.co.uk. Archived from the original on 8 September 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  17. Bradley Philpot. "British Rental Kart Championship". BRKC. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  18. "List of Australian Karting Associations and related clubs". kartbook.net.au. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  19. "Karting NSW Split from KA". kartsportnews.com. 12 October 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  20. Kart circuit Alain Prost – 24 hours Archived 6 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  21. "Prokart SSS Endurance Karting". Prokart SSS Endurance Karting.
  22. "Introduction to Go Kart Tires". www.KartPartsDepot.com.
  23. "American Kart Racing Association (AKRA)". Akrainc.com. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  24. "KWC - Kart World Championship". www.kartworldchampionship.com.
  25. "SuperKarts! USA". www.superkartsusa.com.
  26. Go Kart Basics - Go Motorsport Racing, 14 April 2014
  27. Karting Archived 18 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine - British Motor Sports Association (MSA)
  28. 2009 CIK-FIA Karting Technical Regulations Archived 6 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine – Article 3 : Kart and Equipment Safety
  29. KartingForum.co.uk "UK Bambino Championship - Cost effective starter class for 6-8 year olds!", KartingForum.co.uk , Essex, 16 December 2019. Retrieved on 1 January 2020.
  30. "Comer C50".
  31. Michael is karting in LonatoMichael Schumacher official website, 5 August 2009
  32. SKUSA Supernationals/Michael SchumacherYouTube video
  33. Felipe Massa takes wheel for first time since accident [ dead link ] The Times , 29 September 2009

Governing Bodies: