List of lost literary works

Last updated

This is a list of lost literary works.

Antiquity (to 500 CE)

Specific titles

Unnamed works

  • Lost plays of Aeschylus. He is believed to have written some 90 plays, of which six survive. A seventh play is attributed to him. Fragments of his play Achilleis were said to have been discovered in the wrappings of a mummy in the 1990s. [21]
  • Lost plays of Agathon. None of these survive. [22]
  • Lost poems of Alcaeus of Mytilene. Of a reported ten scrolls, there exist only quotes and numerous fragments.
  • Lost choral poems of Alcman. Of six books of choral lyrics that were known (ca. 50–60 hymns), only fragmentary quotations in other Greek authors were known until the discovery of a fragment in 1855, containing approximately 100 verses. In the 1960s, many more fragments were discovered and published from a dig at Oxyrhynchus.
  • Lost poems of Anacreon. Of the five books of lyrical pieces mentioned in the Suda and by Athenaeus, only mere fragments collected from the citations of later writers now exist.
  • Lost works of Anaximander. There are a few extant fragments of his works.
  • Lost works of Apuleius in many genres, including a novel, Hermagoras, as well as poetry, dialogues, hymns, and technical treatises on politics, dendrology, agriculture, medicine, natural history, astronomy, music, and arithmetic.
  • Lost plays of Aristarchus of Tegea. Of 70 pieces, only the titles of three of his plays, with a single line of the text, have survived.
  • Lost plays of Aristophanes. He wrote 40 plays, 11 of which survive.
  • Lost works of Aristotle. It is believed that we have about one third of his original works. [23]
  • Lost work of Aristoxenus. He is said to have written 453 works, dealing with philosophy, ethics and music. His only extant work is Elements of Harmony.
  • Lost works of the historian Arrian.
  • Lost works of Callimachus. Of about 800 works, in verse and prose; only six hymns, 64 epigrams and some fragments survive; a considerable fragment of the epic Hecale , was discovered in the Rainer papyri.
  • Lost works of Chrysippus. Of over 700 written works, none survive, except a few fragments embedded in the works of later authors.
  • Lost works of Cicero. Of his books, six on rhetoric have survived, and parts of seven on philosophy. Books 1–3 of his work De re publica have survived mostly intact, as well as a substantial part of book 6. A dialogue on philosophy called Hortensius , which was highly influential on Augustine of Hippo, is lost. Part of De Natura Deorum is lost.
  • Lost works of Cleopatra including books on medicine, magical charms, and cosmetics (according to the historian Al-Masudi).
  • Lost works of Clitomachus. According to Diogenes Laërtius, he wrote some 400 books, of which none are extant today, although a few titles are known.
  • Lost plays of Cratinus. Only fragments of his works have been preserved.
  • Lost works of Democritus. He wrote extensively on natural philosophy and ethics, of which little remains.
  • Lost works of Diogenes of Sinope. He is reported to have written several books, none of which has survived to the present date. Whether or not these books were actually his writings or attributions are in dispute.
  • Lost works of Diphilus. He is said to have written 100 comedies, the titles of 50 of which are preserved.
  • Lost works of Ennius. Only fragments of his works survive.
  • Lost works of Enoch. According to the Second Book of Enoch, the prophet wrote 360 manuscripts. [24]
  • Lost works of Empedocles. Little of what he wrote survives today.
  • Lost plays of Epicharmus of Kos. He wrote between 35 and 52 comedies, many of which have been lost or exist only in fragments.
  • Lost plays of Euripides. He is believed to have written over 90 plays, 18 of which have survived. Fragments, some substantial, of most other plays also survive.
  • Lost plays of Eupolis. Of the 17 plays attributed to him, only fragments remain.
  • Lost works of Heraclitus. His writings only survive in fragments quoted by other authors.
  • Lost works of Hippasus. Few of his original works now survive.
  • Lost works of Hippias. He is credited with an excellent work on Homer, collections of Greek and foreign literature, and archaeological treatises, but nothing remains except the barest notes.
  • Lost orations of Hyperides. Some 79 speeches were transmitted in his name in antiquity. A codex of his speeches was seen at Buda in 1525 in the library of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, but was destroyed by the Turks in 1526. In 2002, Natalie Tchernetska of Trinity College, Cambridge discovered and identified fragments of two speeches of Hyperides that have been considered lost, Against Timandros and Against Diondas. Six other orations survive in whole or part.
  • Lost poems of Ibycus. According to the Suda , he wrote seven books of lyrics.
  • Lost plays of Ion of Chios. Variously stated to have written 12 to 40 tragedies during his lifetime with only the titles and fragments of 11 of these plays survive. [14]
  • Lost works of Juba II. He wrote a number of books in Greek and Latin on history, natural history, geography, grammar, painting and theatre. Only fragments of his work survive.
  • Lost works of Leucippus. No writings exist which we can attribute to him.
  • Lost works of Lucius Varius Rufus. The author of the poem De morte and the tragedy Thyestes praised by his contemporaries as being on a par with the best Greek poets. Only fragments survive.
  • Lost works of Melissus of Samos. Only fragments preserved in other writers' works exist.
  • Lost plays of Menander. He wrote over a hundred comedies of which one survives. Fragments of a number of his plays survive.
  • Lost poems of Phanocles. He wrote some poems about homosexual relationships among heroes of the mythical tradition of which only one survives, along with a few short fragments.
  • Lost works of Philemon. Of his 97 works, 57 are known to us only as titles and fragments.
  • Lost poetry of Pindar. Of his varied books of poetry, only his victory odes survive in complete form. The rest are known only by quotations in other works or papyrus scraps unearthed in Egypt.
  • Lost plays of Plautus. He wrote approximately 130 plays, of which 21 survive.
  • Lost poems and orations of Pliny the Younger.
  • Rhetorical works of Julius Pollux.
  • There exists a list of more than 60 lost works in many genres by the philosopher Porphyry, including Against the Christians (of which only fragments survive).
  • Lost works of Posidonius. All of his works are now lost. Some fragments exist, as well as titles and subjects of many of his books. [25]
  • Lost works of Proclus. A number of his commentaries on Plato are lost.
  • Lost works of Pyrrhus. He wrote Memoirs and several books on the art of war, all now lost. According to Plutarch, Hannibal was influenced by them and they received praise from Cicero.
  • Lost works of Pythagoras. No texts by him survived.
  • Lost works of Pythangelus. Cited as a tragic poet in Aristophanes play The Frogs though little is known about his existence and none of his work survives. [26]
  • Lost plays of Rhinthon. Of 38 plays, only a few titles and lines have been preserved.
  • Lost poems of Sappho. Only a few full poems and fragments of others survive. It has been hypothesized that poems 61 and 62 of Catullus were inspired by lost works of Sappho.
  • Lost poems of Simonides of Ceos. Of his poetry we possess two or three short elegies, several epigrams and about 90 fragments of lyric poetry.
  • Lost plays of Sophocles. Of 123 plays, seven survive, with fragments of others.
  • Lost poems of Sulpicia, who wrote erotic poems of conjugal bliss and was herself the subject of two poems by Martial, who wrote (10.35) that "All girls who desire to please one man should read Sulpicia. All husbands who desire to please one wife should read Sulpicia."
  • Lost poems of Stesichorus. Of several long works, significant fragments survive.
  • Lost works of Theodectes. Of his 50 tragedies, we have the names of about 13 and a few unimportant fragments. His treatise on the art of rhetoric and his speeches are lost.
  • Lost works of Theophrastus. Of his 227 books, only a handful survive, including On Plants and On Stones, but On Mining is lost. Fragments of others survive.
  • Lost plays of Thespis. None of his works survive.
  • Lost works of Timon. None of his works survive except where he is quoted by others, mainly Sextus Empiricus.
  • Lost works of Tiro. A biography of Cicero in at least four books is referenced by Asconius Pedianus in his commentaries on Cicero's speeches. [27]
  • Lost plays of Xenocles. Referenced various times in the works of Aristophanes as an inferior poet and had won first place in the Dionysia in 415 BC though none of his works survive. [11]
  • Lost works of Xenophanes. Fragments of his poetry survive only as quotations by later Greek writers.
  • Lost works of Zeno of Elea. None of his works survive intact.
  • Lost works of Zeno of Citium. None of his writings have survived except as fragmentary quotations preserved by later writers.

Amerindian texts and codices

Ancient Chinese texts

Known authors

  • Ancheng (安成), first name unknown
    • Chen Ancheng Weiyang Shu (臣安成未央術) ("Minister Ancheng’s Weiyang Arts"), 1 part. Classified into the School of Minor Tales. [30]
  • Cai (蔡氏), first name unknown
    • Canshi Yizhuan (蔡氏易傳) ("Cai’s Commentary on the Changes"), 2 parts.
  • Cai Gui (蔡癸)
    • Cai Gui (蔡癸), 1 part. Classified into the School of Agriculturalists.
  • Cao Yu (曹羽)
    • Cao Yu (曹羽) ("Cao Yu"), 2 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Changlu (長盧氏), first name unknown
    • Changluzi (長盧子), 9 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Chao Cuo (鼂錯)
    • Chao Cuo (鼂錯), 31 parts. Classified into the School of Legalists.
  • Chen Jun (臣君)
    • Chen Junzi (臣君子), 2 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Chenggong Sheng (成公生)
    • Chenggong Sheng (成公生), 5 parts. Classified into the School of Names.
  • Deng Xi (鄧析)
    • Deng Xi (鄧析) ("Deng Xi"), 2 parts. Classified into the School of Names.
  • Ding Kuan (丁寬)
    • Dingshi Yizhuan (丁氏易傳) ("Ding’s Commentary on the Changes"), 8 parts.
  • Dong Anguo (董安國)
    • Dong Anguo (董安國), 16 parts. Classified into the School of Agriculturalists.
  • Dong Wuxin (董無心)
    • Dongzi (董子), 1 part. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Dong Zhongshu (董仲舒)
    • Chunqiu Gongyang Dong Zhongshu Zhiyu (春秋公羊董仲舒治獄) ("Dong Zhongshu’s Judgments on Gongyang’s Spring and Autumn"), 16 parts
    • Dong Zhongshu (董仲舒), 123 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Dongfang Shuo (東方朔)
    • Dongfang Shuo (東方朔), 20 parts. Classified into the School of Syncretists.
  • Du Lin  [ zh ] (杜林)
    • Cangjie Gu (蒼頡故) ("Explanations on Cangjie"), 1 part.
    • Cangjie Xunzuan (蒼頡訓纂) ("Compiled Instructions on Cangjie"), 1 part.
  • Du Wengong (杜文公)
    • Du Wengong (杜文公), 5 parts. Classified into the School of Naturalists.
  • Duo Jiao  [ zh ] (鐸椒)
    • Chunqiu Duo Shi Wei (春秋鐸氏微) ("Duo‘s Subtle Explanations of the Spring and Autumn"), 3 parts.
  • Fan Shengzhi  [ zh ] (氾勝之)
    • Fan Shengzhi (氾勝之), 18 parts. Classified into the School of Agriculturalists.
  • Feng Cu (馮促)
    • Feng Cu (馮促), 13 parts. Classified into the School of Diplomacy.
  • Feng Shang  [ zh ] (馮商)
    • Xu Taishigong (續太史公) ("Continuation of the Records of the Grand Historian"), 7 parts.
  • Fu Buqi (宓不齊)
    • Fuzi (宓子), 16 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Fu Guang (服光)
    • Fushi Yizhuan (服氏易傳) ("Fu’s Commentary on the Changes"), 2 parts.
  • Gongchou Sheng (公檮生)
    • Zhongshen (終始) ("Ends and Beginnings"), 14 parts. Sourced from Zhou Shi's Shizhong.
  • Gongshu Wenzi  [ zh ] (公叔文子)
    • Gongsun Fa (公孫發), 22 parts. Classified into the School of Naturalists.
  • Gongsun Gu  [ zh ] (公孫固)
    • Gongsun Gu (公孫固), 1 part. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Gongsun Hong (公孫弘)
    • Gongsun Hong (公孫弘), 10 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Gongsun Kunxie  [ zh ] (公孫昆邪)
    • Gongsun Hunxie (公孫渾邪), 15 parts. Classified into the School of Naturalists.
  • Gongsun Long (公孫龍)
  • Gongsun Ni (公孫尼)
    • Gongsun Nizi (公孫尼子), 28 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
    • Gongsun Ni (公孫尼), 1 part. Classified into the School of Syncretists.
  • Gongyang Gao  [ zh ] (公羊高)
    • Original Chunqiu Gongyang Zaji (春秋公羊雜記) ("Gongyang’s Miscellaneous Records of Spring and Autumn on the Spring and Autumn"), 83 parts. [30]
    • Chunqiu Gongyang Zhangju (春秋公羊章句) ("Gongyang’s Line-by-Line Commentaries on the Spring and Autumn"), 38 parts.
  • Guliang Chi  [ zh ] (穀梁赤)
    • Chunqiu Guliang Waizhuan (春秋穀梁外传) ("Guliang’s Outer Commentary on the Spring and Autumn"), 20 parts.
    • Chunqiu Guliang Zhangju (春秋穀梁章句) ("Guliang’s Line-by-Line Commentary on the Spring and Autumn"), 33 parts.
  • Han Ying (scholar)  [ zh ] (韓嬰)
    • Han Shi Gu (韓詩故) ("Character Explanations on Han’s Poetry"), 36 volumes.
    • Han Shi Neizhuan (韓詩内傳) ("Inner Commentary on Han’s Poetry"), 4 volumes (might be merged with the existing versions of Han Shi Waizhuan ). [30]
    • Han Shi Shuo (韓詩說) ("Explanations on Han’s Poetry"), 41 volumes.
    • Hanshi Yizhuan (韓氏易傳) ("Han’s Commentary on the Changes"), 2 parts.
    • Han's version of Shijing (詩經) ("Classic of Poetry"), 28 volumes. Lost in the 11th century.
  • Hou Cang  [ zh ] (后蒼)
    • Qi Shi Houshi Gu (齊詩后氏故) ("Hou’s Character Explanations on Qi Poetry"), 20 volumes.
    • Qi Shi Houshi Zhuan (齊詩后氏傳) ("Hou’s Commentary on Qi Poetry"), 39 volumes.
    • The Qi (齊) version of Shijing (詩經) ("Classic of Poetry"), 28 volumes. Lost in the 2nd century.
    • Qutai Ji (曲臺記) ("Record of Qutai"), 9 parts. Classified into the Art of Rites.
    • Xiaojing Shuo (孝經后氏說) ("Hou’s Explanations on the Classic of Filial Piety"), 1 part.
  • Hufei  [ zh ] (胡非氏), first name unknown
    • Hufeizi (胡非子), 3 parts. Classified into the School of Mohists.
  • Huang Ci (黄疵)
    • Huang Gong (黃公), 4 parts. Classified into the School of Names.
  • Hui Shi (惠施)
    • Huizi (惠子), 1 part. Classified into the School of Names.
  • Jia Shan  [ zh ] (賈山)
    • Jia Shan (賈山), 8 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Jiang Weng (江翁)
    • Xiaojing Jiangshi Shuo (孝經江氏說) ("Jiang’s Explanations on the Classic of Filial Piety"), 1 part.
  • Jie (捷氏), first name unknown
    • Jiezi (捷子), 2 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Jing Fang (京房)
    • Jing Shi Duanjia (京氏段嘉), 12 parts. Related to Yijing.
  • Ju (劇氏), first name unknown
    • Chuzi (處子), 9 parts. Classified into the School of Legalists.
  • Kong Ji (孔伋)
    • Zisi (子思), 23 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Kongjia (孔甲)
    • Panyu (盤盂) ("Pans and Basins"), 26 parts. Classified into the School of Syncretists.
  • Kong Qiu (孔丘)
    • Lost 6 parts of Kongzi Sanchao (孔子三朝) ("Confucius’ Three Audiences").
    • The 21st and 22nd parts of the Qi version of Lunyu (論語) ("Analects").
  • Kong Zang  [ zh ] (孔臧)
    • Kong Zang (孔臧), 10 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Kuai Tong  [ zh ] (蒯通)
    • Kuaizi (蒯子), 5 parts. Classified into the School of Diplomacy.
  • Lao  [ zh ] (老氏), first name unknown
    • Laolaizi (老萊子), 16 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Li Buchang (李步昌)
    • Li Buchang (李步昌), 8 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Li Chang (李長)
    • Yuanshang Pian (元尚篇) ("Yuanshang Primer"), 1 part.
  • Li Ke (李克)
    • Li Ke (李克), 7 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Li Kui (李悝)
    • Lizi (李子), 32 parts. Classified into the School of Legalists.
  • Li Si (李斯)
    • Cangjie Pian (蒼頡篇) ("Cangjie Primer"), 1 part. Lost in the 9th century. Partly discovered.
  • Liangqiu He  [ zh ] (梁丘賀)
    • Yijing Zhangju (易經章句) ("Line-by-Line Commentaries of the Book of Changes"), 2 parts.
  • Liao Cang (聊蒼)
    • Liao Cang (聊蒼), 3 parts. Classified into the School of Diplomacy.
  • Liu An (劉安)
    • Huainan Daoxun (淮南道訓) ("Huainan’s Guidance on Taoism"), 2 parts. Related to Yijing.
    • Huainan Wai (淮南外) ("Huainanzi Outer Chapters"), 33 parts.
  • Liu Bang (劉邦)
    • Gaozu Zhuan (高祖傳) ("Biography of Emperor Gaozu"), 13 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Liu De  [ zh ] (劉德)
    • Hejian Xianwang Dui Shangxia San Yonggong (河閒獻王對上下三雍宫) ("Responses of Prince Xian of Hejian to Upper and Lower Three Yong Palaces"), 3 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Liu Heng (劉恆)
    • Xiaowen Zhuan (孝文傳) ("Biography of Emperor Xiaowen"), 11 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Liu Jing (劉敬)
    • Liu Jing (劉敬), 3 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Liu Xiang (劉向)
    • Lost 30 parts of Liu Xiang Suo Xu (劉向所序) ("Liu Xiang’s Prefaces") except for Shuoyuan (說苑), Lienu Zhuan (列女傳) and the survived 10 parts of Xinxu  [ zh ](新序)
    • Liu Xiang Wuxing Zhuanji (劉向五行傳記) ("Liu Xiang’s Records of the Five Elements"), 11 volumes. Related to Shangshu.
    • Shuo Laozi (說老子) ("Discussions on Laozi"), 4 parts.
    • Xin Guoyu (新國語) ("New Discourses of the States"), 54 parts. Organized from Guoyu .
  • Liu Xin (劉歆)
    • Zhouguan Jing (周官經) ("Classic of Zhou Offices"), 6 parts. Classified into the Art of Rites.
  • Liu Xun (劉詢)
    • Chunqiu Yizou (春秋議奏) ("Discussions and Memorials on the Spring and Autumn"), 39 parts. A collection of memorials for the Shiquge Conference  [ zh ]. [30]
    • Li Yizou (禮議奏) ("Discussions and Memorials on the Rites"), 38 parts. A collection of memorials for the Shiquge Conference.
    • Lunyu Yizou (論語議奏) ("Discussions and Memorials on the Analects"), 18 parts. A collection of memorials for the Shiquge Conference.
    • Shangshu Yizou (尚書議奏) ("Discussions and Memorials on the Book of Documents"), 42 parts.A collection of memorials for the Shiquge Conference. [30]
    • Wujing Zayi (五經雜議) ("Miscellaneous Discussions on the Five Classics"), 18 parts. A collection of discussions for the Shiquge Conference.
  • Long De (龍德)
    • Yaqin Longshi (雅琴龍氏) ("Long’s Elegant Zither"), 99 parts. Classified into the Art of Music.
  • Lu Jia (陸賈)
    • Chu Han Chunqiu  [ zh ](楚漢春秋) ("Spring and Autumn of Chu and Han"), 9 parts. Lost in the 12th century.
    • Lost 11 parts of Lu Jia (陸賈) except Xinyu  [ zh ](新語) ("New Discourses”).
  • Lu Zhonglian  [ zh ] (魯仲連)
    • Lu Zhonglianzi (魯仲連子), 14 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Lü Wang (呂望)
    • Tai Gong (太公) Lost parts of, 237 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Lüqiu Kuai (閭丘快)
    • Lüqiuzi (閭丘子), 13 parts.
  • Mao (毛氏), first name unknown
    • Mao Gong (毛公), 9 parts. Classified into the School of Names.
  • Mao Heng  [ zh ] (毛亨)
    • Mao Shi Guxun Zhuan (毛詩故訓傳) ("Explanatory Commentary on Mao’s Poetry"), 30 volumes.
  • Meng Xi  [ zh ] (孟喜)
    • Meng Shi Jingfang (孟氏京房), 11 parts. Related to Yijing.
    • Yijing Zhangju (易經章句) ("Line-by-Line Commentaries on the Book of Changes"), 2 parts. Related to Yijing.
    • Zaiyi Meng Shi Jingfang (灾異孟氏京房), 66 parts. Related to Yijing.
  • Mi Ying (芉嬰)
    • Mizi (芉子), 18 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Mo Di (墨翟)
    • Lost 18 parts of Mozi (墨子)
  • Ni Kuan  [ zh ] (兒寬)
    • Fengchan Yidui (封禪議對) ("Discussions on and Responses of Fengshan"), 19 parts. Classified into the Art of Rites.
    • Ni Kuan (兒寬), 9 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Ning Yue  [ zh ] (甯越)
    • Ning Yue (甯越), 1 part. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Ouyang Sheng  [ zh ] (歐陽生)
    • Shangshu Ouyang Jing (尚書歐陽經) ("Ouyang’s Classic of the Book of Documents"), 32 volumes.
    • Shangshu Ouyang Shuoyi (尚書歐陽說義) ("Ouyang’s Meaning Explanations on the Book of Documents"), 2 parts.
    • Shangshu Ouyang Zhangju (尚書歐陽章句) ("Ouyang’s Line-by-Line Commentary on the Book of Documents"), 31 volumes.
  • Pang Xuan  [ zh ] (龐煖)
    • Pang Xuan (龐煖), 2 parts. Classified into the School of Diplomacy.
  • Qian Lou  [ zh ] (黔娄)
    • Qian Louzi (黔婁子), 4 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Qidiao Kai (漆雕開)
    • Qidiaozi (漆彫子), 13 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Rao (饒), first name unknown
    • Chen Rao Xinshu (臣饒心術) ("Minister Rao’s Mental Arts"), 25 parts.
  • Rongcheng Zihuang (容城子黃)
    • Rongchengzi (容成子), 14 parts. Classified into the School of Naturalists.
  • Shang Yang (商鞅)
    • Lost 5 parts of Shang Jun (商君) ("Lord Shang").
  • Shen Buhai (申不害)
    • Lost parts of Shenzi (申子), 6 parts. Classified into the School of Legalists.
  • Shen Dao (慎到)
    • Lost 35 parts of Shenzi (慎子).
  • Shen Pei  [ zh ] (申培)
    • Lu Shi Gu (鲁詩故) ("Character Explanations of Lu Poetry"), 25 volumes.
    • Lu Shi Shuo (鲁詩說) ("Explanations of Lu Poetry"), 28 volumes.
    • The Lu (鲁) version of Shijing (詩經) ("Classic of Poetry"), 28 volumes. Lost in the 3th century.
  • Shi Chou  [ zh ] (施雠)
    • Yijing Zhangju (易經章句) ("Line-by-Line Commentaries of the Book of Changes"), 2 parts.
  • Shi Jiao (尸佼)
    • Shizi (尸子), 20 parts. Lost in 12th century. Classified into the School of Syncretists.
  • Shi Shuo (世碩)
    • Shizi (世子), 21 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Shi Zhong (師中)
    • Yaqin Shishi (雅琴師氏) ("Shi’s Elegant Zither"), 8 parts. Classified into the Art of Music.
  • Shou (壽), first name unknown
    • Chen Shou Zhouji (臣壽周紀) ("Minister Shou’s Zhou Records"), 7 parts.
  • Sima Qian (司馬遷)
    • Original version of the missing 10 parts of Taishigong (太史公) ("Records of the Grand Historian").
  • Sima Xiangru (司馬相如)
    • Fanjiang Pian (凡將篇) ("Fanjiang Primer"), 1 part.
    • Jing Ke Lun (荊軻論) ("Discourses on Jing Ke"), 5 parts. Classified into the School of Syncretists.
  • Song Jian  [ zh ] (宋鈃)
    • Songzi (宋子), 18 parts. Classified into the School of Legalists.
  • Su Qin (蘇秦)
    • Suzi (蘇子), 21 parts. Classified into the School of Diplomacy.
  • Sui Chao (随巢)
    • Sui Chaozi (隨巢子), 6 parts. Classified into the School of Mohists.
  • Tian Jiu  [ zh ] (田鳩)
    • Tian Qiuzi (田俅子), 3 parts. Classified into the School of Mohists.
  • Tian Pian  [ zh ] (田駢)
    • Tianzi (田子), 25 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Tian Yinqi (田因齊)
    • Junli Sima Fa (軍禮司馬法) ("Sima’s Art of War on Military Rites"), 155 parts.
  • Wang Jun (王駿)
    • Lu Lunyu Wangjun Shuo (鲁論語王駿说) ("Wang Jun’s Explanations on Lu Analects"), 20 parts.
  • Wang Tong (王同)
    • Wangshi Yizhuan (王氏易傳) ("Wang’s Commentary on the Changes"), 2 parts.
  • Wang Yu (王禹)
    • Wang Yu Ji (王禹記) ("Wang Yu’s Records"), 24 parts. A compilation of Yuejing.
  • Wangshi (王史氏), first name unknown
    • Wangshi Shi (王史氏), 21 parts. Classified into the Art of Rites.
  • Wei Liao  [ zh ] (尉缭)
  • Wei Mou  [ zh ] (魏牟)
    • Gongzi Mou (公子牟) ("Prince Mou"), 4 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Wei Si (魏斯)
    • Fajing (法經) ("Classic of Laws"), 6 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Wu Yuan (伍員)
    • Wu Zixu (五子胥), 8 parts. Classified into the School of Syncretists.
  • Wulu Chongzong  [ zh ] (五鹿充宗)
    • Yijing Lueshuo (易經略說) ("Concise Explanatons on the Book of Changes"), 3 parts.
  • Wuqiu Shouwang  [ zh ] (吾丘壽王)
    • Wuqiu Shouwang (吾丘壽王), 6 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Xiahou Jian  [ zh ] (夏侯建)
    • Shangshu Xiao Xiahou Zhangju (尚書小夏侯章句) ("Junior Xiahou’s Line-by-Line Commentaries on the Book of Documents"), 29 volumes.
  • Xiahou Sheng  [ zh ] (夏侯勝)
    • Shangshu Da Xiahou Zhangju (尚書大夏侯章句) ("Senior Xiahou’s Line-by-Line Commentaries on the Book of Documents"), 29 volumes.
  • Xiahou Sheng (夏侯勝) & Xiahou Jian (夏侯建)
    • Shangshu Da-Xiao Xiahou Jiegu (尚書大小夏侯解故) ("Senior & Junior Xiahou’s Explanations on the Book of Documents"), 29 parts.
  • Xian (賢), first name unknown
    • Boshi Chen Xian Dui (博士臣賢對) ("Erudite Minister Xian’s Responses"), 1 part. A refutation of Han Fei and Shang Yang.
  • Xin (信), last name unknown
    • Xin (信) ("Xin"), 1 part. A refutation of Li Si. Classified into the School of Diplomacy.
  • Xin Jia  [ zh ] (辛甲)
    • Xin Jia (辛甲), 29 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Xu (徐氏), first name unknown
    • Xuzi (徐子), 42 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Xu Le  [ zh ] (徐樂)
    • Xu Le (徐樂), 1 part. Classified into the School of Diplomacy.
  • Xu Shang (許商)
    • Xu Shang Wuxing Zhuanji (許商五行傳記) ("Xu Shang’s Records of the Five Elements"), 1 part. Related to Shangshu.
  • Xu Shaoji (徐少季)
    • Laozi Xushi Jingshuo (老子徐氏經說) ("Xu’s Explanations on Laozi"), 6 parts.
  • Xun Kuang (荀況)
    • Yuqiu Shuo (虞丘說) ("Explanations of Yuqiu"), 1 part. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Yan Anle  [ zh ] (顔安樂)
    • Chunqiu Gongyang Yanshi Ji (春秋公羊顔氏記) ("Yan’s Records on Gongyang’s Spring and Autumn"), 11 parts.
  • Yang Qian  [ zh ] (羊千)
    • Yangzi (羊子), 4 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Yang He  [ zh ] (楊何)
    • Yangshi Yizhuan (楊氏易傳) ("Yang’s Commentary on the Changes"), 2 parts.
  • Yang Xiong (揚雄)
    • Cangjie Xunzuan (蒼頡訓纂) ("Compiled Instructions on Cangjie"), 1 part.
    • Xunzuan Pian (訓纂篇) ("Primer of Compiled Instructions"), 1 part.
    • Lost 16 parts of Yang Xiong Suo Xu (揚雄所序) ("Yang Xiong’s Prefaces") except for Fayan (法言) and Taixuan Jing (太玄經).
  • Yi Feng  [ zh ] (翼奉)
    • Xiaojing Shuo (孝經翼氏說) ("Yi’s Explanations on the Classic of Filial Piety"), 1 part.
  • Yi Yin (伊尹)
    • Yi Yin (伊尹), 51 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Yin Wen  [ zh ] (尹文)
    • Original version of Yin Wenzi  [ zh ](尹文子), 1 part. Classified into the School of Names.
  • Yin Yi  [ zh ] (尹佚)
    • Yin Yi (尹佚), 2 parts. Classified into the School of Mohists.
  • Yingqi (嬰齊), last name unknown
    • Yingqi (嬰齊), 12 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • You Yu  [ zh ] (由余)
    • You Yu (由余), 3 parts. Classified into the School of Syncretists.
  • Yu Chang (于長)
    • Tianxia Zhongchen (天下忠臣) ("Loyal Ministers of the Realm"), 9 parts. Classified into the School of Diplomacy.
  • Yu Chu  [ zh ] (虞初)
    • Yu Chu Zhoushuo (虞初周說) ("Yu Chu’s Zhou Tales"), 943 parts. Classified into the School of Minor Tales.
  • Yu Qing  [ zh ] (虞卿)
    • Chunqiu Yushi Wei Zhuan (春秋虞氏微傳) ("Yu’s Subtle Explanative Commentary"), 2 parts.
    • Yu Shi Chunqiu (虞氏春秋) ("Yu’s Spring and Autumn"), 15 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Yu Xiong (鬻熊)
    • Original version of Yuzi  [ zh ](鬻子), 22 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Huan Yuan  [ zh ] (環淵)
    • Yuanzi (蜎子), 13 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Yue (說), first name unknown
    • Chen Yue (臣說) ("Minister Yue"), 3 parts. Classified into the School of Syncretists.
  • Zhang Cang (張蒼)
    • Zhang Cang (張蒼), 16 parts. Classified into the School of Naturalists.
  • Zhang Yi (張儀)
    • Zhangzi (張子), 10 parts. Classified into the School of Diplomacy.
  • Zhang Yu  [ zh ] (張禹)
    • Lu Anchang Hou Shuo (魯論語安昌侯說) ("Marquis of Anchang’s Explanations on Lu Analects"), 21 parts.
    • Xiaojing Shuo (孝經張氏說) ("Zhang’s Explanations on the Classic of Filial Piety"), 1 part.
  • Zhao Ding (趙定)
    • Yaqin Zhaoshi (雅琴趙氏) ("Zhao’s Elegant Zither"), 7 parts. Classified into the Art of Music.
  • Zhong Jun  [ zh ] (終軍)
    • Zhong Jun (終軍), 8 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Zhou Bo (周伯)
    • Zhou Bo (周伯), 11 parts. Classified into the School of Naturalists.
  • Zhou Wangsun (周王孫)
    • Zhoushi Yizhuan (周氏易傳) ("Zhou’s Commentary on the Changes"), 2 parts.
  • Zhu Jian  [ zh ] (朱建)
    • Pingyuan Jun (平原君) ("Lord Pingyuan"), 7 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Zhuang An  [ zh ] (莊安)
    • Zhuang An (莊安), 1 part. Classified into the School of Diplomacy.
  • Zhuang Zhu  [ zh ] (莊助)
    • Zhuang Zhu (莊助), 4 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Zhufu Yan (主父偃)
    • Zhufu Yan (主父偃), 28 parts. Classified into the School of Diplomacy.
  • Zi Wan (子晚)
    • Zi Wanzi (子晚子), 35 parts Classified into the School of Syncretists.
  • Zi Wei  [ zh ] (子韋)
    • Zi Wei (子韋), 3 parts. Classified into the School of Naturalists.
  • Zou Shi  [ zh ] (騶奭)
    • Shizhong (始終) . Classified into the School of Naturalists.
    • Zou Shizi (鄒奭子), 12 parts. Classified into the School of Naturalists.
  • Zou Yan (鄒衍)
    • Zouzi (鄒子), 49 parts. Classified into the School of Naturalists.
    • Zouzi Zhongshen (鄒子終始) ("Zou’s Ends and Beginnings"), 56 parts. Classified into the School of Naturalists.
  • Zou Yang  [ zh ] (鄒陽)
    • Zou Yang (鄒陽), 7 parts. Classified into the School of Diplomacy.
  • Zuo Qiuming (左丘明)
    • Chunqiu Zuo Shi Wei (春秋左氏微) ("Zuo’s Subtle Explanations of the Spring and Autumn"), 2 parts.

Unknown authors

  • Bai Jia (百家) ("Hundred Schools"), 139 volumes. Classified into the School of Minor Tales.
  • Bati Liuji (八體六技) ("Eight Scripts and Six Skills").
  • Biezi (别字) ("Variant Characters"), 13 parts.
  • Boxiang Xiansheng (伯象先生) ("Elder Boxiang"), 1 part. Classified into the School of Syncretists.
  • Cangjie Zhuan (蒼頡傳) ("Commentary on Cangjie"), 1 part.
  • Chen Peng (臣彭), 4 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Chengqiuzi (乘丘子), 5 parts. Classified into the School of Naturalists.
  • Chunqiu Jia Shi Zhuan (春秋夾氏傳) ("Jia’s Commentary on the Spring and Autumn"), 11 volumes. Lost before the 2nd century. [30]
  • Chunqiu Zhangshi Wei (春秋張氏微) ("Zhang’s Subtle Explanation on the Spring and Autumn"), 10 parts.
  • Chunqiu Zou Shi Zhuan (春秋鄒氏傳) ("Zou’s Commentary on the Spring and Autumn"), 11 volumes.
  • Chuzi (楚子), 3 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Daojia Yan (道家言) ("Taoist Discourses"), 2 parts.
  • Dayu (大𢁰), 37 parts. Classified into the School of Syncretists.
  • Fajia Yan (法家言) ("Legalist Discourses"), 2 parts.
  • Fengchan Fangshuo (封禪方說) ("Methods and Tales of Fengshan"), 18 parts.
  • Gongsunzi (宮孫子), 2 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Gongyi (功議) ("Discussions on Merit"), 4 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Gu Fengchan Qunsi (古封禪羣祀) ("Ancient Fengshan and Group Sacrifices"), 22 parts. Classified into the Art of Rites.
  • Gu Wuzi (古五子) ("Five Ancient Masters"), 18 parts. Related to Yijing.
  • Gu Za (古雜) ("Ancient Miscellany"), 80 parts. Related to Yijing.
  • Guicang (歸藏) ("Return to the Hidden"), 12 volumes. [31] Discovered in 281. Lost in the 12th century.
  • Guoshizi (國筮子), 17 parts. Classified into the School of Diplomacy.
  • Han Danianji (漢大年紀) ("Great Annals of Han"), 5 parts.
  • Han Fengchan Qunsi (漢封禪羣祀) ("Fengshan and Group Sacrifices in Han"), 36 parts. Classified into the Art of Rites.
  • Han Zhuji (漢著記) ("Records of Han"), 190 volumes.
  • Hejian Zhouzhi (河閒周制) ("Zhou Institutions in Hejian"), 18 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Huangdi Junchen (黃帝君臣) ("Yellow Emperor’s Ministers"), 10 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Huangdi Ming (黃帝銘) ("Yellow Emperor’s Inscriptions"), 6 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Huangdi Shuo (黃帝說) ("Explanations on the Yellow Emperor"), 40 parts.
  • Huangdi Sijing (黃帝四經) ("Yellow Emperor’s Four Classics"), 4 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Huangdi Taisu (黃帝泰素) ("Yellow Emperor’s Great Basis"), 20 parts.
  • Jiangjuzi (將鉅子), 5 parts. Classified into the School of Naturalists.
  • Jiezi Boushu (解子簿書) ("Jie’s Records"), 35 parts. Classified into the School of Syncretists.
  • Jingzi (景子), 3 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Original version of Jizhong Jinian (汲冢紀年) ("Annuals from the Ji Tomb"), 12 volumes. [31] Discovered in 281. Lost in the 9th century.
  • Jizhong Suoyu (汲冢瑣語) ("Miscellaneous Notes from the Ji Tomb"), 11 parts. [31] Discovered in 281. Lost in the 12th century.
  • Kongzi Turen Tu Fa (孔子徒人圖法) ("Illustrated Rules of Confucius’ Disciples"), 2 volumes. Related to Lunyu.
  • Lanyan (讕言) ("Discourses"), 10 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Laochengzi (老成子), 18 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Laozi Fushi Jingshuo (老子傅氏經說) ("Fu’s Explanations on Laozi"), 37 parts.
  • Laozi Linshi Jingzhuan (老子鄰氏經傳) ("Neighbor’s Commentary on Laozi"), 4 parts.
  • Lost 45 volumes of Li Gujing (禮古經) ("Old Classic of Rites").
  • Li Shi Chunqiu (李氏春秋) ("Li’s Spring and Autumn"), 2 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Limu (力牧), 22 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Lu Lunyu Xiahou Shuo (魯論語夏侯說) ("Xiahou’s Explanations on Lu Analects"), 21 parts.
  • Lu Lunyu Zhuan (魯論語傳) ("Commentary on Qi Analects"), 19 parts.
  • The Hejian (河間) version of Lunyu (論語) ("Analects"), 9 volumes.
  • Mingtang Yinyang (明堂陰陽) ("Yin-Yang of the Bright Hall"), 33 parts. Classified into the Art of Rites.
  • Mingtang Yinyang Shuo (明堂陰陽説) ("Explanations on the Yin-Yang of the Bright Hall"), 5 parts. Classified into the Art of Rites.
  • Nangong (南公), 31 parts. Classified into the School of Naturalists.
  • Neiye (內業) ("Inner Work"), 15 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Qi Lunyu Shuo (齊論語说) ("Explanations on Qi Analects"), 29 parts.
  • Qi Shi Sunshi Gu (齊詩孫氏故) ("Sun’s Character Explanations on Qi Poetry"), 27 volumes.
  • Qi Shi Sunshi Zhuan (齊詩孫氏傳) ("Sun’s Commentary on Qi Poetry"), 28 volumes.
  • Qi Shi Zaji (齊詩雜記) ("Miscellaneous Records of Qi Poetry"), 18 volumes.
  • Qingshizi (青史子), 57 parts. Classified into the School of Minor Talks.
  • Quezi (闕子), 1 part. Classified into the School of Diplomacy.
  • Rujia Yan (儒家言) ("Confucian Discourses"), 18 parts.
  • Shennong (神農), 20 parts. Classified into the School of Agriculturists.
  • Shenshu (神輸) ("Divine Conveyance"), 5 parts. Related to Yijing.
  • Shi Kuang (師曠), 6 parts. Classified into the School of Minor Talks.
  • Shiben (世本) ("Genealogies"), 15 parts.
  • Shizhou Pian (史籀篇) ("Shizhou Primer"), 15 parts.
  • Sizi (俟子), 1 part. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Sunzi (孫子), 16 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Taigu Yilai Nianji (太古以來年紀) ("Annals from the Great Antiquity"), 2 parts.
  • Tianyi (天乙), 3 parts. Classified into the School of Minor Talks.
  • Tui Za Shu (推雜書) ("Miscellaneous Inferences"), 87 parts. Classified into the School of Syncretists.
  • Wang Shi (王氏), 6 parts. Classified into the School of Agriculturists.
  • Wangdizi (王狄子), 1 part. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Wangsunzi (王孫子), 1 part. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Wei Houguan (衞侯官) ("Houguan in Wei"), 12 parts.
  • Wozi (我子) ("Wozi"), 1 part. Classified into the School of Mohists.
  • Wucao Guanzhi (五曹官制) ("Five Departments’ Official System"), 5 parts.
  • Wuchengzi (務成子), 11 parts. Classified into the School of Minor Talks.
  • Wuzi (吳子) ("Wuzi"), 1 part. Classified into the School of Syncretists.
  • Xiaojing Gujin Zi (孝經古今字) ("Ancient and Modern Characters on the Classic of Filial Piety"), 1 volume.
  • Xiaojing Shuo (孝經說) ("Explanations on the Classic of Filial Piety"), 3 parts.
  • Xiaojing Zazhuan (孝經雜傳) ("Miscellaneous Commentaries on the Classic of Filial Piety"), 4 parts.
  • Xiaojing Zhangsun Jiangshi Shuo (孝經長孫氏說) ("Zhangsun’s Explanations on the Classic of Filial Piety"), 2 parts.
  • Yage Shi (雅歌詩) ("Elegant Songs"), 4 parts. Classified into the Art of Music.
  • Yan Lunyu Zhuanshuo (燕論語傳說) ("Commentative Explanations on Yan Analects"), 3 volumes.
  • Yan Shishi (燕十事) ("Ten Matters of Yan"), 10 parts. Classified into the School of Legalists.
  • Yelao (野老) ("Old Rustic"), 17 parts. Classified into the School of Agriculturists.
  • Yi Yin Shuo (伊尹說) ("Explanations of Yi Yin"), 27 parts. Classified into the School of Minor Tales.
  • Yin Duwei (尹都尉) ("Commandant Yin"), 14 parts. Classified into the School of Agriculturists.
  • You Dizi (游棣子), 1 part. Classified into the School of Legalists.
  • Yuzi Shuo (鬻子說) ("Explanations of Yuzi"), 19 parts. Classified into the School of Minor Tales.
  • Za Huangdi (雜黃帝) ("Miscellaneous Yellow Emperor"), 58 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Za Yinyang (雜陰陽) ("Miscellaneous Yin-Yang"), 38 parts.
  • Za Zaiyi (雜灾異) ("Miscellaneous Disasters and Anomalies"), 35 parts. Related to Yijing.
  • Zaishi (宰氏), 17 parts. Classified into the School of Agriculturists.
  • Zajia Yan (雜家言) ("Discourses of the School of Syncretists"), 1 part.
  • Zhao Shi (趙氏), 5 parts. Classified into the School of Agriculturists.
  • Zheng Zhangzhe (鄭長者) ("Elder in Zheng"), 1 part. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Zhongyong Shuo (中庸説) ("Doctrine of the Mean"), 2 parts. Classified into the Art of Rites.
  • Zhou Fa (周法) ("Zhou Laws"), 9 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Zhou Kao (周考) ("Zhou Investigations"), 76 parts.
  • Zhou Shi Liutao (周史六弢) ("Six Strategies of Zhou Historian"), 6 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Zhou Xun (周訓) ("Zhou Instructions"), 14 parts. Classified into the School of Taoists.
  • Zhou Zheng (周政) ("Zhou Governance"), 6 parts. Classified into the School of Confucius.
  • Zhouguan Zhuan (周官傳) ("Commentary on Zhou Offices"), 4 parts. Classified into the Art of Rites.
  • Zoushi (奏事) ("Memorials"), 20 parts.

Ancient Japanese texts

Ancient Indian texts

Ancient Egyptian texts

Avestan texts

Gnostic texts

Pahlavi / Middle-Persian texts

The Middle-Persian literature had a remarkable diversity based on historical accounts. Only a poor part of mostly religious texts survived by Zoroastrian minorities in Persia and India.

Contents

Manichaean texts

Lost Biblical texts

Lost texts referenced in the Old Testament

Lost works referenced in Deutero-canonical texts

Lost works referenced in the New Testament

Lost works pertaining to Jesus

(These works are generally 2nd century and later; some would be considered reflective of proto-orthodox Christianity, and others would be heterodox.)

2nd century

3rd century

4th century

5th century

Middle Ages (500–1500)

6th century

7th century

8th century

Anglo-Saxon works

12th century

13th century

14th century

15th century

Modern age (1500–present)

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

Lost literary collections

"A great nombre of them whych purchased those supertycyous mansyons, resrved of those lybrarye bokes, some to serve theyr jakes [i.e., as toilet paper], some to scoure candelstyckes, and some to rubbe their bootes. Some they solde to the grossers and soapsellers ..." — John Bale, 1549

Rediscovered works

See also

References

  1. ↑ Westenholz, Joan Goodnick (1989). "Enḫeduanna, En-Priestess, Hen of Nanna, Spouse of Nanna". In Behrens, Hermann; Loding, Darlene; Roth, Martha T. (eds.). DUMU-E-DUB-BA-A : Studies in Honor of Åke W. Sjöberg. Philadelphia, PA: The University Museum. pp. 539–556. ISBN   0-934718-98-9.
  2. ↑ "Margites". Homer's Margites. Cambridge University Press. February 22, 2020. pp. 171–172. ISBN   978-1-107-02719-0.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ "Homer's Lost Comedy". Bookstr.com. August 7, 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Top 10 Lost Books". www.Smithsonianmg.com. September 19, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
  5. ↑ "Quarrel of Odysseus & Achilles". www.Harvard.edu.
  6. ↑ "Catalogue of Women". www.Theoi.com.
  7. ↑ "Lost Works of the Epic Cycle". www.Harvard.edu. November 2, 2020.
  8. ↑ "Lost Works of Thespis". www.britannica.com. Retrieved January 13, 2024.
  9. ↑ Soudas (900). The Suda .
  10. ↑ Wright, Matthew (2018). Lost Plays of Greek Tragedy (Volume 2): Aeschylus, Sophocles & Euripides. Bloomsbury Academic.
  11. 1 2 Zimmerman, Bernhard (2006). "Xenocles [2]". Brill's New Pauly. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e12212800.
  12. ↑ Wilkins, John (1986). Lost Plays of Sophocles. Cambridge University Press.
  13. ↑ "Epigoni by Sophocles". www.Duke.edu.
  14. 1 2 "Ion of Chios". www.Theoi.com. Retrieved August 4, 2024.
  15. ↑ "Socrates on Aesop". 2006.
  16. ↑ Aristotle (2000). "Poetics". Classical Literary Criticism. Translated by Dorsch, T.S. Penguin Classics. p. 69. ISBN   9780140446517.
  17. ↑ "Aristophanes".
  18. ↑ Philip, J. A. (1963). "Aristotle's Monograph on the Pythagoreans" . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 94: 185–198. doi:10.2307/283647. JSTOR   283647.
  19. ↑ Jacoby, Felix (1926). Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, Teil 2, Zeitgeschichte. – B. Spezialgeschichten, Autobiographien und Memoiren, Zeittafeln [Nr. 106-261]. Berlin: Weidmann. pp. 752–769, no. 138, "Ptolemaios Lagu". OCLC   769308142.
  20. ↑ "Aristarchus of Samos Lost Work" . Retrieved January 13, 2024.
  21. ↑ "Play revived using mummy extracts". BBC News. 14 November 2003. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
  22. ↑ "Agathon". www.britannica.com. Retrieved January 13, 2024.
  23. ↑ Jonathan Barnes, "Life and Work" in The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle (1995), p. 9.
  24. ↑ Rutherford Platt (1926). The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden . Entry: The Book of the Secrets of Enoch XXIII
  25. ↑ Kidd, I. G., ed. (2004), Posidonius (PDF), Cambridge classical texts and commentaries, vol. 3: The translation of the fragments (Transferred to digital printing ed.), Cambridge: Univ. Press, ISBN   978-0-521-60441-3
  26. ↑ Aristophanes (405). The Frogs .
  27. ↑ Asconius Pedianus, In Milone 38
  28. ↑ "Quipu". Smithsonian.com. 8 November 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  29. ↑ Frank L. Salomon, 2004: The Cord Keepers. Khipus and Cultural Life in a Peruvian Village; Duke University Press; ISBN   0822333902
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ban, Gu (1962). 漢書[Book of Han] (in Chinese) (1st ed.). Shanghai: Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN   9787101003055.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  31. 1 2 3 Wei, Zheng (1973). 隋書[Book of Sui] (in Chinese) (1st ed.). Shanghai: Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN   9789622319295.
  32. ↑ Miriam Lichtheim (2006) [First Published 1978]. Ancient Egyptian Literature, Volume III: The Late Period. University of California Press. pp. 125–128. ISBN   9780520248441.
  33. ↑ Jasnow, Richard Lewis; Zauzich, Karl-Theodor (2005). The Ancient Egyptian Book of Thoth: A Demotic Discourse on Knowledge & Pendant to Classical Hermetica. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 2. ISBN   9783447050821.
  34. ↑ James M. Robinson (1988). The Nag Hammadi Library. p.  288.
  35. ↑ 2 Maccabees 2:23
  36. ↑ Roger Pearse (2002-07-03). "Photius, Bibliotheca or Myriobiblion (Cod. 1–165, Tr. Freese)". Tertullian.org. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  37. ↑ Roger Pearse (2002-07-03). "Photius, Bibliotheca or Myriobiblion (Cod. 1–165, Tr. Freese)". Tertullian.org. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
  38. ↑ "Photius, Bibliotheca or Myriobiblion (Cod. 1-165, Tr. Freese)". www.tertullian.org. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
  39. ↑ "Beowulf". hc.edu. 20 August 2018.
  40. ↑ "Chrétien de Troyes". earlybritishkingdoms.com. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
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