Mount Lu

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Mount Lu
Lu Shan Ri Chu .JPG
Highest point
Elevation 4,836 ft (1,474 m)
Coordinates 29°33′34″N115°59′36″E / 29.5594°N 115.9934°E / 29.5594; 115.9934
Geography
China edcp relief location map.jpg
Red triangle with thick white border.svg
Mount Lu
Location of Lu Mountain in China
LocationLushan National Park, Jiangxi, China.
Official nameLushan National Park
Criteria Cultural: ii, iii, vi, v, vi
Reference 778
Inscription1996 (20th Session)
Area30,200 ha

Mount Lu or Lushan [1] (simplified Chinese :庐山; traditional Chinese : 廬山 ; pinyin :Lúshān, Gan: Lu-san) is a mountain situated in Jiujiang, China. It was also known as Kuanglu ( 匡廬 ) in ancient times. The mountain and its immediate area are officially designated as the Lushan National Park, and it is one of the most renowned mountains in the country. Mount Lu is located primarily in Lushan City within Jiujiang, although its northern portions are found in Jiujiang's Lianxi District. The oval-shaped mountains are about 25 kilometers (16 mi) long and 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) wide, and neighbors Jiujiang and the Yangtze River to the north, Nanchang to the south, and Poyang Lake to the east. Its highest point is Dahanyang Peak (大汉阳峰), reaching 1,474 meters (4,836 ft) above sea level. Dahayang Peak is also one of the hundreds of steep peaks that tower above the so-called sea of clouds that can encompass the mountain for almost 200 days each year.

Contents

Mount Lu is known for its grandeur, steepness, and beauty and is a prominent tourist attraction, especially during the summer months when the weather is cooler in the mountains than elsewhere. The mountain and the surrounding region is also one of the "spiritual centers" of China, containing many Buddhist and Daoist temples in addition to landmarks of Confucianism. [2] Due to its striking beauty and sacred importance, Lushan National Park has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1996. [2] The overlapping Lushan Quaternary Glaciation National Geopark is a member of the UNESCO Global Geoparks Network.

History

Mount Lu contains important sites and temples for Daoism, (Mahayana) Buddhism, Confucianism, and even Christianity. [3] Between AD 386 and 402 during the Jin dynasty, Huiyuan founded Pure Land Buddhism and Donglin Temple on the slopes of Mount Lu. [2] During the Tang dynasty (618–907), Daoist temples were constructed nearby to house sacred scriptures. [2] The White Deer Grotto Academy, founded in AD 940, was developed into a renowned center of academic research during the Song dynasty under the direction of Confucian scholar Zhu Xi. [2] The academy was continually open until at least the 19th century. Other important medieval structures on the mountain include the grave of the famous Tang dynasty poet Tao Yuanming and imperial pavilions during the Ming dynasty.[ citation needed ]

The Song dynasty poet Su Shi famously described the difficulty of conveying the mountain's beauty in his expression, "Why can't I tell the true shape of Lushan? Because I myself am in the mountain." [4]

In later years, Kuling in Mount Lu became a summer resort for Western missionaries in China. Absalom Sydenstricker, the father of Pearl Buck, was one of the first five missionaries to acquire a property in the Kuling Estate on the mountain. The development of Kuling was instigated by the Reverend Edward Little and Dr. Edgerton H. Hart. [5] [ page needed ] The four principal founders of China's Nurses Association and its first president, Caroline Maddock Hart, met in Kuling to form this association. [6] [ page needed ]

During the Long March, in early 1935, a battle took place in the area between the Chinese Red Army and nationalist forces, in which Hu Yaobang, later General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, was seriously injured. [7]

Mount Lu was once dubbed the hsiatu (xiadu, "summer capital") of the Republic of China. Chiang Kai-shek, China's leader at the time, would frequently spend his summers in the area. In June 1937, Zhou Enlai, then a major leader in the Chinese Communist Party, met with Chiang on the mountain to discuss a united front against the Japanese invasion. In July 1937, Chiang Kai-shek announced his intention for a full mobilization for war against Japan from Mount Lu. In 1946, following the war, the U.S. special diplomatic mission led by General George C. Marshall met with Chiang Kai-Shek to discuss the role of post-World War II China.[ citation needed ]

Mao Zedong convened three large conferences of senior party officials at Mount Lu, in 1959, 1961, and 1970. The 1959 conference became known as the Lushan Conference. The meeting saw the purge of decorated Chinese Civil War and Korean War general Peng Dehuai, who was critical of Mao's Great Leap Forward policies. The 1970 Lushan Conference took place during the Cultural Revolution, and marked the increasing antagonism between those loyal to Mao and those loyal to his chosen successor Lin Biao.[ citation needed ]

In 1980 the famous movie Romance on Lushan Mountain , which was entirely shot on Mount Lu, was released to the public and won considerable positive reception. It was considered as the most progressive film since the founding of communist China, because there was a kissing scene in the movie, which was seen as public taboo in the pre-reform-and-opening-up China. It still holds the Guinness World Record for "the longest first run of a film in one cinema" for having been shown continuously since 1980 until today. [8]

Attractions and features

Popular attractions on Mount Lu include the Immortal Caverns (仙人洞), Meilu Outhouse (美庐别墅), Five Old Man Peaks (五老峰), White Deer Cavern Academy (白鹿洞书院), Three Tiled Springs (三叠泉), Lulin Lake (芦林湖), Lushan Hot Springs (庐山温泉), Lushan Botanical Garden (植物园), Bamboo Temple (竹山寺), Guanyin Bridge (观音桥), Peach Blossom Garden (桃花源), and the Catholic Church of Mount Lu (庐山天主堂). [9]

Climate

Climate data for Mount Lu (elevation 1,165 m (3,822 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)19.4
(66.9)		20.5
(68.9)		24.6
(76.3)		26.4
(79.5)		28.1
(82.6)		29.3
(84.7)		31.8
(89.2)		31.9
(89.4)		30.2
(86.4)		28.5
(83.3)		25.1
(77.2)		18.9
(66.0)		31.9
(89.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)4.5
(40.1)		7.0
(44.6)		11.0
(51.8)		16.8
(62.2)		20.7
(69.3)		23.2
(73.8)		26.1
(79.0)		25.3
(77.5)		21.9
(71.4)		17.3
(63.1)		12.7
(54.9)		7.0
(44.6)		16.1
(61.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)0.6
(33.1)		2.9
(37.2)		6.7
(44.1)		12.5
(54.5)		16.8
(62.2)		19.8
(67.6)		22.5
(72.5)		21.8
(71.2)		18.1
(64.6)		13.3
(55.9)		8.5
(47.3)		2.9
(37.2)		12.2
(54.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−2.3
(27.9)		−0.1
(31.8)		3.5
(38.3)		9.1
(48.4)		13.7
(56.7)		17.3
(63.1)		20.3
(68.5)		19.5
(67.1)		15.7
(60.3)		10.5
(50.9)		5.5
(41.9)		−0.2
(31.6)		9.4
(48.9)
Record low °C (°F)−13.6
(7.5)		−11.6
(11.1)		−10.4
(13.3)		−5.1
(22.8)		1.6
(34.9)		5.8
(42.4)		11.9
(53.4)		12.8
(55.0)		6.5
(43.7)		−2.4
(27.7)		−9.9
(14.2)		−16.7
(1.9)		−16.7
(1.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)85.3
(3.36)		98.5
(3.88)		167.9
(6.61)		202.2
(7.96)		251.2
(9.89)		306.1
(12.05)		274.2
(10.80)		290.3
(11.43)		147.8
(5.82)		97.4
(3.83)		83.0
(3.27)		61.7
(2.43)		2,065.6
(81.33)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)14.313.717.016.716.217.413.515.310.810.411.711.2168.2
Average snowy days9.36.73.50.10000001.35.226.1
Average relative humidity (%)73767777798585878475696578
Mean monthly sunshine hours 112.3102.4112.9130.4136.5111.4175.7153.9147.6158.8144.0142.71,628.6
Percent possible sunshine 35323034322741384045454537
Source: China Meteorological Administration [10] [11] all-time extreme temperature [12]

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References

  1. ↑ "庐山风景名胜区 - 中国旅游网/Lushan Scenic Spot - China Tourism Net". www.ct.cn. Archived from the original on 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Lushan National Park". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 4 Apr 2021.
  3. ↑ 崔, 晓义. "庐山—雄奇山水与人文历史的完美融合". www.chinatoday.com.cn. Archived from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  4. ↑ Jin, Keyu (2023). The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism. New York: Viking. p. 303. ISBN   978-1-9848-7828-1.
  5. ↑ Crawford, Stanley (2014). The History of Lushan & Kuling (2nd revised ed.). Phoenix, Arizona. ISBN   978-0-9916082-7-0. OCLC   892572743.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ↑ Green, Cathleen; Crawford, Stanley (2014). Wuhu Missionaries: Dr. Edgerton Haskell Hart & Caroline Maddock Hart (2nd ed.). Phoenix, Arizona. ISBN   978-0-9916082-3-2. OCLC   897465858.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ↑ Lee, Khoon Choy (2005). Pioneers of Modern China: Understanding the Inscrutable Chinese (Illustrated ed.). World Scientific. p. 310. ISBN   9789812566188.
  8. ↑ Kim, Sangkyun; Reijnders, Stijn (2017). Film Tourism in Asia: Evolution, Transformation, and Trajectory. Springer. p. 54. ISBN   9789811059094. Archived from the original on 2023-02-23. Retrieved 2023-02-23.
  9. ↑ "Mount Lu | China & Asia Cultural Travel". 2017-06-09. Archived from the original on 2021-08-21. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
  10. ↑ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration . Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  11. ↑ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration . Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  12. ↑ "Extreme Temperatures Around the World" . Retrieved 2024-10-06.
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