Women playing professional soccer in the United States in 2011
The prominent women's sports leagues in the United States and Canada serve as the pinnacle of women's athletic competition in North America. The United States is home to the vast majority of professional women's leagues. In North America, the top women's leagues feature both team sports and individual athletes. While some leagues have paid professional women athletes, others do not and function at a semi-professional level.
With the approval of the most recent Women's National Basketball Association collective bargaining agreement in 2020, the minimum salary in the 2020 season was $57,000 for players with less than 3 seasons of league experience and $68,000 for all other players. The maximum salary for most players in that season was $185,000, with players meeting specified criteria for league service having a higher maximum of $215,000.[3]
The Premier Hockey Federation (PHF) was established in 2015 in order to be the first professional women's ice hockey league to pay players a salary. In 2015, the salaries started at a minimum of $10,000 per season;[4] however, the salaries were reduced up to 50% in 2016.[5] The Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL) began as a professional league in name only, giving other benefits to its players, but started paying stipends in 2017 with a minimum of $2,000 and up to $10,000 per season financed by the league's addition of teams in China.[6] However, the CWHL ceased operations in 2019 citing the professional status to be financially infeasible. The PHF itself disbanded after its 2022–23 season; it was purchased by a group led by investor Mark Walter and tennis great Billie Jean King, which announced the establishment of the new Professional Women's Hockey League.[7]
The annual average salary in the now defunct Women's Professional Soccer (WPS) was $32,000 in 2009.[8] Players' salaries would vary (i.e. Marta Vieira da Silva would have received a salary of $400,000 during the last three seasons 2009–2011).[9]
Player development
Generally, all major sports leagues possess an amateur system for the development of young players development. Certain women's leagues develop links privileged with minor league amateurs of lower and junior levels. With the growth of women's sports at the NCAA and Canada's U Sports levels in the last decades, athletes are more likely to choose a university education (along with competing at the university level), and then proceed to compete in a top-level major league.[citation needed]
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There are several professional women's sports leagues in North America where women athletes are paid to play a sport, though most exist in the United States. Women's professional sports leagues in North America include the following.
Professional team sports
Professional women's team sports leagues in North America
In North America, women's gridiron football is more commonly known by different names including: "women's tackle football", "women's American football", "women's Canadian football", or simply as "women's football". The term "football" in North American sport should not be confused with the European use of the word which refers a different sport known by North Americans as soccer.
The Women's National Football Conference (WNFC) is an amateur[22] full-contact women's American football league in the United States and was founded in 2018. Their inaugural season was in 2019. On their website, the WNFC described themselves as looking to create a standard of excellence and opportunities. The WNFC does not charge teams of players a fee for entry into the league; rather, teams are invited into the league based on quality of market, teams, players and ownership.[23]
On December 10, 2018, the WNFC announced a partnership with Adidas, as part of the latter's "She Breaks Barriers" initiative.[24] As part of that partnership, Adidas serves as the WNFC's presenting sponsor, with all WNFC teams wearing custom-made Adidas uniforms.
The WNFC played Week 1 of its 2022 season on April 2. All games were streamed on the Vyre Network. The season ended with the Texas Elite Spartans defeating the Utah Falconz 48-12. The WNFC website reports that their broadcast viewership across all Vyre Network platforms has skyrocketed by 475% from 2021, throughout the course of the 2022 season.[citation needed]
Women's basketball
Early history
Professional women's basketball has been played in the United States since 1978. The first professional league was the Women's Pro Basketball League. The league played three seasons from the fall of 1978 to the spring of 1981.[25]
The second women's professional league to be created in the United States was the Women's Basketball Association. The league played three seasons (from 1993 to 1995) with plans to play as a 12-team league in 1997 but disbanded before 1997 season. In 1996, two professional women's leagues were started in the United States: American Basketball League and WNBA. The American Basketball League was founded in 1996 during an increase in the interest in the sport following the 1996 Summer Olympics. The league played two full seasons (1996–97 and 1997–98) and started a third (1998–99) before it folded in December 1998.
The WNBA regular season runs June to September (Northern Hemisphere spring and summer), which is directly opposite to the traditional basketball season throughout the world. Most WNBA teams play at the same venue as their NBA counterparts and most team names are also very similar to those of NBA teams in the same market, such as the Washington Wizards and Washington Mystics, the Minnesota Timberwolves and Minnesota Lynx.
Attendance
The league's attendance has fluctuated over the last several seasons.[when?] It had an average per-game attendance of 8,039 in 2009 and 7,834 in 2010.[26] Total attendance was 1,598,160 in 2010.[26] In 2007, the league signed a television deal with ESPN that would run from 2009 to 2016. This deal is the first to ever pay rights fees to women's teams. In 2009 it had a total television viewership of 413,000 in combined cable and broadcast television.[27]
In 2009, 23 million American professional basketball fans, 92.3% of those fans were the audience of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the remaining 7.7% attended WNBA games.[29]Mark J. Perry found from the Center for Feminist Research[30] of University of Southern California's "Gender in Televised Sports" found that in 2009 the media coverage for the NBA was 77.8% and WNBA was 22.2%.[31]
The 2017 WNBA All-Star Game on July 22, 2017, at KeyArena in Seattle had a crowd of 15,221 fans. The West All-Stars defeated the East All-Stars 130–121.[34]
The Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL) was founded in 2023, after a group led by Mark Walter and Billie Jean King bought the intellectual property of the Premier Hockey Federation (PHF) in 2023. They partnered with the Professional Women's Hockey Players Association, originally established as an advocacy organization for women's professional hockey. The new owners shuttered the PHF,[7] and the new league's name was announced that August.[35] The first PWHL season in 2024 features six league-owned teams, three each in Canada and the U.S.
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A National Women's Hockey League (NWHL) All-Star Game in 2018. The league was later rebranded as the Premier Hockey Federation (PHF).
In 2015, the Premier Hockey Federation (PHF) was established as the "National Women's Hockey League (NWHL)" with the purpose of being the first professional women's ice hockey league in North America that paid its players.[36][37]
The league launched its inaugural season in 2015–16 with four teams in the Northeastern United States: the Boston Pride, Buffalo Beauts, Connecticut Whale, and New York Riveters, with all franchises owned by the league. The league initially had a $10,000 minimum salary per season for the players;[4] however, the player's salaries were reduced up to 50% part-way through the league's second season.[5]
In 1980 the number of women players was recorded to be roughly 900,000. In 1985 that number had grown to 1.5 million then reached 2 million in 1990. Those numbers peaked at 3 million in 1995 only to fall to 2.7 million in 2000.[44]
The success of the women's American national team has not translated into consistent success for women's professional soccer in the United States. The National Women's Soccer League, now the most prominent of two top-level U.S. leagues in that sport, is the country's third (and longest-lasting) attempt to establish such a competition. The USL Super League is starting play in 2024 as a second top-level women's league.
The USL W League began operating in 2022 and should not be confused with the now defunct USL W-League which was a developmental organization which operated from 1995–2015.
The National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) is the top level professional women's soccer league in the United States. It began play in spring 2013 with eight teams; four of them were former members of Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), which had been the top women's league in the United States soccer pyramid before its folding in 2012.
Fox Sports had a deal to broadcast nine games in 2013, six in the regular season and the three from the playoffs.[45]ESPN2 and ESPN3 had a similar deal for the 2014 season.[46] Prior to the 2017 season, the NWSL and A&E Networks signed a three-year deal which calls for A&E's Lifetime network to broadcast a weekly Saturday afternoon game; the deal also saw A&E take an ownership stake in the league.[47][11]
The league expanded to 10 teams in 2016 and 2017 before dropping to 9 for the 2018 season; it returned to 10 teams for 2021, expanded further to 12 in 2022 and 14 in 2024, and will expand to at least 15 teams in 2026. It became the first women's professional league to play a fourth season in 2016.
Attendance
The overall record attendance for the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) is 32,000, set on September 17, 2022 at San Diego Wave FC's opening match in the new Snapdragon Stadium against regional rival Angel City FC.[48]
Portland Thorns FC averaged more than 13,000 attendance at Providence Park in each of the NWSL's first seven seasons, with an all-time high of 20,098 in the 2019 season.[49]
There are both "professional"/senior teams and amateur teams in the WPSL. An organization has to choose to be one or the other due to NCAA regulations, since collegiate players cannot play on "pro" teams.
United Women's Soccer, variously abbreviated as UWS and UWoSo, shares second-level status with the Women's Premier Soccer League (WPSL). It is a pro-am (professional–amateur) women's soccer league in the United States which combines both professional career athletes and amateurs in competition. The league was formed in 2015 as a response to turmoil within the WPSL and the folding of the USL W-League. The first season in 2016 saw 11 teams participate, all in the U.S.; two Canadian teams initially planned to play that season but were not approved by the country's national federation. Three of the original 11 teams did not return for the league's second season, but UWS still nearly doubled in size for that season, with one Canadian team and 12 American teams entering the league. UWS defines itself as a "pro-am" organization.
The USL Super League (USLS) is a fully professional second-level women's soccer league which will begin its inaugural season in 2024. In September 2021, the United Soccer League, which operates a system of lower-level leagues for men, women, and youth, announced that it would launch the "USL Super League" for the 2023 season.[50] The Super League's launch was later put off to 2024. Prior to its first season, USLS was granted Division I status by U.S. Soccer, putting it at the same level as the NWSL.[51] Unlike most other U.S. soccer leagues, USLS will play a fall-to-spring schedule, in line with the FIFA international calendar and most European leagues.[52]
Women's softball
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Women's Professional Fastpitch (WPF) is the newest league for women's professional softball in the United States and launched its inaugural season in June 2022. The WPF league is unrelated to the defunct league that used the names National Pro Fastpitch (NPF) and Women's Pro Softball League (WPSL) and the initial "Women's Professional Fastpitch" from the 1980s.
Women's roller derby
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The Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA) is an association of women's flat track roller derby leagues in the United States. The organization was founded in April 2004 as the United Leagues Coalition (ULC)[53] but was renamed in November 2005.[53][54]
The WFTDA Championships are the leading competition for roller derby leagues. The Championships are organised by the WFTDA. They originated in 2006 as the National WFTDA Championship. Full WFTDA members are eligible for ranking in one of the association's four regions. Each region holds a tournament contested by its top ten leagues: the Eastern, North Central, South Central and Western Regional Tournaments. The top three leagues from each of these four tournaments qualify for the Championships. Together, the qualifying tournaments and Championships are termed the "Big 5".[55] Since 2008, the winner of the National championships has been awarded the Hydra Trophy.[56]
In January 2009, Montreal Roller Derby became the first Canadian league admitted as a member. The league was WFTDA's 66th member, and was placed in the East region.[57] In June 2010, the WFTDA announced the first round of Apprentice league graduates, and formed two new regions (Canada and Europe) outside of the United States; leagues in those regions will compete in the closest US region until they develop more fully.[58]
The National Ringette League (NRL) is Canada's premiere league for the sport of ringette in North America but exists exclusively in Canada. To date, American NRL teams have never been created nor entered the league, though some NRL players have originally come from America and Finland. The league is semi-professional and also acts as a showcase league for the sport of ringette as well as a place for those scouting for ringette talent.
Ringette is a Canadian sport created for girls by Canada's Sam Jacks and Red McCarthy in 1963 in Northern Ontario in the cities of North Bay and Espanola, Ontario.[59] Developed for female players, ringette is a fast-paced team sport on ice in which players use a straight stick to pass, carry, and shoot a rubber ring to score goals. For ten years, play centred in Ontario and Quebec, but the sport quickly spread across Canada and is now played by 50,000 girls internationally.[60] In Canada, ringette is one of the most popular sports played by females and the country regularly records the highest number of annual registrations among all participating nations.
The creation of the National Ringette League followed the success of the 2002 World Ringette Championships in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, where Canada won the gold medal and the Sam Jacks Trophy, the premiere trophy for the sport. The first NRL season began in November 2004 with 17 teams. The NRL entered its eighth season in 2011–12 season with 19 teams playing in two conferences across Canada – a Western Conference with 6 teams and an Eastern Conference with 13 teams.
By 2008, the budget of each NRL team oscillated between $15,000 and $20,000.[61] The teams and the league contribute to cover all the transportation spending, accommodation and rent of arenas. The players however have to find their own financiers to pay their equipment and their personal spending and aren't paid to play.[61] The audience for several NRL teams is limited to hundreds of spectators. For a time the NRL benefited from a cover broadcast thanks to a partnership with Webchannel SSN-Canada[62] with the championship final game broadcast on Rogers TV.
In the 2010–11 season, a NRL Championship Tournament replaced the Championship qualifying rounds; this tournament takes place in just one city. This allows the league to create a media event and to hold attention. From March 27 till April 2, 2011, the NRL Championship Tournament took place in Cambridge, Ontario. In the Final, the Edmonton WAM! triumphed over the Cambridge Turbos.[63]
The NRL maintains a collaboration with the lower Ringette leagues in regards the development of the young girls players. Several NRL teams have affiliated development teams with athletes in the Under 19 year (U19) and Under 16 year (U16). The Canadian Ringette Championships for U16 and U19 usually takes place annually in April and also takes place in the same place as the NRL playoff tournament.[64][65]
The Women's United Soccer Association, often abbreviated to WUSA was the world's first women's soccer league in which all the players were paid as professionals. Founded in February 2000, the league began its first season in April 2001 with eight teams in the United States. The league suspended operations on September 15, 2003, shortly after the end of its third season.
Women's Professional Soccer (WPS) was the top level professional women's soccer league in the United States.[66] It began play on March 29, 2009 and folded in 2012. The league was composed of seven teams for its first two seasons and fielded 6 teams for the 2011 season. The league hoped to have ten teams for the 2012 season,[67] most of the new groups potentially coming from the western half of the country, but ultimately no ownership groups were ready to join in time. The beginning of the league's was marked by two things: low attendance (2009: 4,684, 2010: 3,588[68] and 2011: 3,518 [69]), and problems with (ex-Freedom) magicJack owner Dan Borislow.[70][71]
Former WPS commissioner Tonya Antonucci said that unlike WUSA which had higher expectations and employed a top-down model, WPS would take "a slow and steady growth type of approach", citing WUSA's losses of close to $100million.[72] She said the new league would have a closer relationship with Major League Soccer, the top men's professional league in the United States, to cut costs on staff and facilities, and for marketing. The team budgets for the inaugural season was $2.5million.[72]
Fox Soccer Channel and Fox Sports en Español with Samuel Jacobo and Jorge Caamaño will air weekly Sunday night matches & the WPS All-Star Game with Fox Sports Net to air the semifinal and league championship contests. The national television contract will be in effect through the 2011 season with an option for 2012.[73]
On January 30, 2012, the WPS announced suspension of operations for the 2012 season, citing several internal organization struggles as the primary cause.[74] Some of these issues included an ongoing legal battle with magicJack owner Dan Borislow and the lack of resources invested into the league.
The 2011 WPS Championship game at Sahlen's Stadium (now Marina Auto Stadium) in Rochester saw 10,461 supporters in attendance on August 27, 2011.[76] The game saw the Western New York Flash claim a 1-1 (5-4, PK's) victory over the Philadelphia Independence.
The Women's Premier Soccer League Elite (WPSL Elite) was established in 2012 by the Women's Premier Soccer League (WPSL), responding both to an increased interest in professionalism by existing WPSL teams and the desire of WPS teams for a continuing competitive outlet. The league defined itself as semi-professional, but five of its eight charter teams were to be fully professional. Three of these—the Boston Breakers, Chicago Red Stars, and Western New York Flash—previously played in WPS.
United Soccer League Women's League (USL W-League)
The USL W-League (1995–2015), was a North American women's soccer developmental organization[77] and should not be confused with the existing third-level USL W League which launched in 2022. The former USL W-League was an open league, giving college players the opportunity to play alongside established international players while maintaining their collegiate eligibility. The league was administered by the United Soccer League system, which now oversees the men's USL Championship, USL League One (launched in 2019) and USL League Two (Premier Development League before 2019), as well as the current USL W League and the upcoming USL Super League.
The Canadian Women's Hockey League (CHWL) was a women's hockey league in Canada for top female hockey players.[78] The CWHL helped women's professional hockey rebound from the demise of the original National Women's Hockey League (NWHL)[79] in 2007.[80] Following the collapse of the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL) in 2019, the Professional Women's Hockey Players Association (PWHPA) was formed. While over 150 players, including most North American ice hockey Olympians, were exclusively affiliated with one of the organisation's regional hubs and a number of games are organized between them, the PWHPA is not organized under a formal league structure.
The CWHL allowed elite level players to play after college and continue to work toward Olympic and national team success.[81] Prior to the 2017–18 season, the players were not paid and only received incentives.[6] Apart from ice rink time, hotels, transportation (mostly by bus[81]), and some items covered by the league, players paid for all other expenses related to playing at this level (equipment, training, insurance, health services, etc.), and all staff (coaches, general managers, communications workers) served as volunteers.[82] As a result, most players and personnel had jobs outside of hockey.[83]
In 2010, the Toronto Star reported that the cost of running the league was about $1.7 million.[82][84] For the 2010–11 season, income was $800,000.[85] Any league profits were then redistributed among the teams as the league was registered as non-profit amateur organization,[86] resulting in insufficient funds to pay players.[87][86] In 2017, the league began paying the players a stipend up to $10,000 per season,[6] reportedly coming from the increased revenue through the China expansion,[88] while maintaining its amateur registration.[89] The stipends added about $600,000 to the annual expenses.[89]
League attendance is very low in the regular season,[90] but increases during the playoffs.[91] On March 27, 2011, the Championship Final game drew 2,300 fans at Barrie Molson Centre in Barrie, Ontario.[92][93] Several CWHL matches are broadcast online[94] and TSN broadcasts the Clarkson Cup championship match.
On March 31, 2019, the CWHL announced the league would discontinue operations effective May 1, 2019.[95] The league's expansion and added cost of travel and player stipends had caused operation costs to grow to $4.2 million in the 2017–18 season.[89]
International Women's Professional Softball Associations
The Women's Pro Softball League (WPSL) was founded in 1997 and folded in 2001. The league was started by former Utah State University softball player, Jane Cowles and her collegiate coach, John Horan in February 1989. After eight years of research and planning, combined efforts resulted in the launch of the first women's professional softball league in United States history in May 1997, the "Women's Pro Fastpitch (WPF) league.
In 1986 and 1987 the United States women's national softball team won gold medals in the Pan American Games. Jane Cowles formulated a plan for a women's professional softball league. In February 1989 she showed her parents, John and Sage Cowles, owners of Cowles Media Company the ideas who agreed to help with the financial make up of the league. Eight years later in 1997, the Cowles family and AT&T Wireless Services launched the Women's Pro Fastpitch (WPF) league. After one full year and two seasons of play the league's name was changed to the Women's Professional Softball League (WPSL) which had four teams located in Eastern United States in 2000: the Akron Racers, Florida Wahoos, Ohio Pride and Tampa Bay FireStrix. The Women's Professional Softball League (WPSL) was founded in 1997 and ran until 2001, lasting four seasons before lack of funds, high travel costs and inadequate facilities led to its closure.
In 2001, the "Tour of Fastpitch Champions" enabled the WPSL to expand. From this the league traveled around to eleven different cities to find different candidate for the WPSL teams to play. They played against All-Star teams and Canada teams; they televised many of them on ESPN2 or ESPN. After all these games they decided to suspend the 2002 season so they could get organized and have more time to find other teams to be able to play. Even though the league was suspended, the WPSL All-Star team competed against the Tennessee All-Star team, as well as put together two clinics. In 2002 the league changed its name again and became National Pro Fastpitch with Major League Baseball partnering with them to continue the MBL's efforts to connect with female athletes.
National Pro Fastpitch (NPF), formerly the Women's Pro Softball League (WPSL), was a professional women's softball league in the United States. The teams battled for the Cowles Cup. The (WPSL) was founded in 1997 and folded in 2001; the NPF revived the league in 2004.[96] However, a new softball league began in 2022, the Women's Professional Fastpitch (WPF) league, and the NPF was disbanded.[97] The WPF league is unrelated to the defunct league that used the names National Pro Fastpitch (NPF) and Women's Pro Softball League (WPSL) and the initial "Women's Professional Fastpitch" from the 1980s.
The National Pro Fastpitch league was revived in 2004 and was an official development partner of Major League Baseball in the women's fastpitch softball. In 2004 a new season began within six markets: Stockton, California; Tucson, Arizona; Houston, Texas; Akron, Ohio; Lowell, Massachusetts; Montclair, New Jersey. Having more teams allowed the league to participate in more games with 178 league-wide games, involving 96 female softball players. In 2006, the Philadelphia Force, the Connecticut Brakettes, the Chicago Bandits, and the New England Riptide joined the league, expanding the season, and competition.
The 2011 highlights of the NPF, the USSSA Florida Pride took the Ringer Cup Title with a league record of 30–9, and Colwes Cup was won by the Chicago Bandits. Over 500,000 household viewers watched this game on ESPN2. For the second year in a row the NPF All-Stars performed a tour playing 19 college teams across the United States. The NPF played against the 2009 NCAA Champions the Washington Huskies to a crowd of 3,000 at the home of the Seattle Mariners, in a game which ended in a 1–0 score.[clarification needed] This was the first fastpitch game to be held at a Major League Baseball stadium. 2011 also marked the Akron Racers' tenth university.[clarification needed][98]
M. Ann Hall, Immodest and Sensational: 150 Years of Canadian Women in Sport, James Lorimer & Company Ltd. Toronto 2008. 96 pages. ISBN978-1-55277-021-4
Eileen McDonagh, Laura Pappano, Playing with the boys: why separate is not equal in sports, Oxford University Press, 2008. 349 pages. ISBN978-0-19-538677-6.
The Clarkson Cup is an ice hockey trophy awarded to Canada's national women's champions. Commissioned by former Governor General Adrienne Clarkson, the trophy was first unveiled in July 2006 when Clarkson ceremoniously presented it to the Canadian national women's team. Owing to a rights dispute with the artists who designed the trophy, it was not officially awarded until 2009, when it became, as intended, the award for top women's club team. From 2012 to 2019, it was exclusively awarded to the winner of the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL). In Canada, it has been considered the women's equivalent of the Stanley Cup.
Women's professional sports are a relatively new phenomenon, having largely emerged within the latter part of the 20th century. Unlike amateur women athletes, professional women athletes are able to acquire an income which allows them to earn a living without requiring another source of income. In international terms, most top female athletes are not paid and work full-time or part-time jobs in addition to their training, practice, and competition schedules. Professional organizations for women in sport are most common in developed countries where there are investors available to buy teams and businesses which can afford to sponsor them in exchange for publicity and the opportunity to promote a variety of their products. Very few governments support professional sports, male or female. Today there are a number of professional women's sport leagues in the United States and Canada.
Jayna Hefford is a Canadian retired ice hockey player and current chairperson of the Professional Women's Hockey Players Association.
The Markham Thunder was a professional women's ice hockey team in the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL). From 1998 through 2017, the franchise was known as the Brampton Thunder and Brampton Canadettes-Thunder before relocating from Brampton, Ontario, to Markham, Ontario, for the 2017–18 season. The CWHL ceased operations in 2019 and no further statements or actions were taken with the franchise.
National Pro Fastpitch (NPF), formerly the Women's Pro Softball League (WPSL), was a professional women's softball league in the United States. The teams battled for the Cowles Cup.
The Canadian Women's Hockey League was a women's ice hockey league. Established in 2007 as a Canadian women's senior league in the Greater Toronto Area, Montreal, and Ottawa, the league expanded into Alberta (2011) and internationally in the United States (2010) and China (2017) throughout its tenure. The league discontinued operations on May 1, 2019, after 12 seasons.
The Vaughan Flames was a professional women's ice hockey team in the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL). The team played its home games at Vaughan Sports Village in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada.
The Western New York Flash was an American soccer club based in Elma, New York that competed in the United Women's Soccer league. They have won league championships in four different leagues: the USL W-League in 2010, Women's Professional Soccer in 2011, Women's Premier Soccer League Elite in 2012, and the National Women's Soccer League in 2016.
New England Mutiny is an American women's soccer club, which competes at the pro-am level of women's soccer in the US, in the United Women's Soccer league.
Sommer West was a Canadian Olympic softball player at the 2000 Summer Olympics. In addition, she was a former member of the Canadian national women's hockey team. She was also an ice hockey player in the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL). West has competed for the Mississauga Chiefs and Burlington Barracudas in the CWHL. Currently, she is the head coach of the Toronto Furies of the Canadian Women's Hockey League. As head coach of the Toronto Furies, she led the squad to the 2014 Clarkson Cup championship.
Women's soccer in the United States has developed quite differently from men's soccer. Until the 1970s, organized women's soccer matches in the U.S. existed only on a limited basis. The U.S. is now regarded as one of the top countries in the world for women's soccer, and FIFA ranked its national team #1 in the world after its back-to-back Women's World Cup victory in 2015 and 2019.
The Premier Hockey Federation (PHF) was a women's professional ice hockey league in the United States and Canada that operated from March 2015 until June 2023. The league was established in 2015 as the National Women's Hockey League (NWHL), comprising four league-owned teams. Over time, some teams gained independent ownership and the number of teams grew to seven; teams during the league's final season in 2022–23 included the Boston Pride, Buffalo Beauts, Connecticut Whale, Metropolitan Riveters, Minnesota Whitecaps, Montreal Force, and Toronto Six. The Isobel Cup was awarded annually to the league playoff champion.
The 2002 Women's Pro Softball League season was a year after the WPSL suspended play in 2001 and before it rebranded, toured, and resumed competitive play as National Pro Fastpitch in 2003 and 2004. From 1997 to 2002, the league operated under the names Women's Pro Fastpitch (WPF) and Women's Pro Softball League (WPSL).
The 2001 Women's Professional Softball League season was the first year that the WPSL suspended play before relaunching the league in 2004 under the name National Pro Fastpitch. From 1997, WPSL operated under the names Women's Pro Fastpitch (WPF) and Women's Pro Softball League (WPSL).
The 2000 Women's Professional Softball League season was the fourth season of professional women's fastpitch softball for the league named Women's Professional Softball League (WPSL). It was the WPSL's final season until the league relaunched in 2004 under the name National Pro Fastpitch. In 1997 and 1998, WPSL operated under the name Women's Pro Fastpitch (WPF).
The 1999 Women's Professional Softball League season was the third season of professional fastpitch softball for the league named Women's Professional Softball League (WPSL). In 1997 and 1998, WPSL operated under the name Women's Pro Fastpitch (WPF).
Professional sports leagues in the United States include several major leagues as well as other professional and semi-professional leagues.
The Professional Women's Hockey Players Association (PWHPA) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to advocating for the promotion of professional women's ice hockey. It was founded in May 2019 following the dissolution of the Canadian Women's Hockey League. PWHPA members expressed dissatisfaction with the operations of the existing professional National Women's Hockey League and vowed to boycott existing women's leagues and to work towards the establishment of a unified, financially sustainable professional league. From 2019 to 2023, the PWHPA organized a series of Dream Gap tours to generate support towards its goal.
The collapse of the Canadian Women's Hockey League occurred in the spring of 2019. Previously one of the top women's ice hockey leagues in the world, the Canadian Women's Hockey League announced on 31 March 2019, that it would be folding effective 1 May.
↑ Fox Sports broadcast the league's inaugural season, while ESPN did it in 2014. Both were one-year contracts. The league's current broadcast contract with A&E Networks, effective in 2017, calls for one weekly Saturday afternoon broadcast on A&E's Lifetime channel.[11]
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