Wood grain is the longitudinal arrangement of wood fibers or the pattern resulting from such an arrangement. It has various derived terms refer to different aspects of the fibers or patterns. Wood grain is important in woodworking and it impacts aesthetics.
Wood grain is the longitudinal arrangement of wood fibers [1] or the pattern resulting from such an arrangement. [2] R. Bruce Hoadley wrote that grain is a "confusingly versatile term" with numerous different uses, including the direction of the wood cells (e.g., straight grain, spiral grain), surface appearance or figure, growth-ring placement (e.g., vertical grain), plane of the cut (e.g., end grain), rate of growth (e.g., narrow grain), and relative cell size (e.g., open grain). [3]
Grain in growing wood follows the grown fibres of the timber and is mostly, but not entirely, longitudinal to the trunk of the tree. This can be influenced in branches, where the effect of gravity on the branch can distort the regularity of timber structure, compared to a vertical trunk. For this reason, branch wood is often not usable, or is of less value.
In describing the alignment of the wood in the tree, a distinction may be made. Different tree species may have one of the following basic grain descriptions and types: [4]
In most timber, the grain of the timber is not the primary aesthetic feature. This is instead the figure of the timber, which is produced by the annual growth rings. In most timber, especially deciduous hardwoods, this is much more visible than the grain.
The two categories of grain in a piece of sawn timber are straight grain or long grain and cross grain or short grain. Straight grain runs parallel to the longitudinal axis of the piece. Cross grain deviates from the longitudinal axis in two ways: spiral grain or diagonal grain. The amount of deviation is called the slope of the grain. [3] Bulk timber is much stronger along the grain, so a finished piece with long grain will be much stronger than one with short grain. Much of joinery is about techniques to manage this and to avoid having pieces with short grain. Furniture, especially chairs, has developed traditional designs to resist breakage by careful orientation of the grain. In shipbuilding, curved construction is often needed and so knees would be chosen when growing, from branches or branch junctions with a trunk, and then these could be incorporated into a design to match their natural curved grain to the curve of the finished component.
An important physical aspect of wood grain in woodworking is the grain direction or slope (e.g., against the grain). In describing the application of a woodworking technique to a given piece of wood, the direction of the technique may be:
Woods with straight grains are the easiest to work, while woods with interlocked grains are the most difficult.
Grain alignment must be considered when joining pieces of wood, or designing wooden structures. For example, a stressed span is less likely to fail if tension is applied along the grain, rather than across the grain. Grain direction will also affect the type of warping seen in the finished item. [5]
In its simplest aesthetic meaning, wood grain is the alternating regions of relatively darker and lighter wood resulting from the differing growth parameters occurring in different seasons (i.e., growth rings) on a cut or split piece of wood.
Figure in wood is produced by causes including fungus, burls, stress, knots, and special grain alignments. Strictly speaking, grain is not always the same as the figure of wood. Figure rarity often promotes the value of both the raw material, and the finished work it becomes a part of. These include:
The way a given piece of wood has been sawn affects both its appearance and physical properties:
There is irregular grain in burr wood or burl wood, but this is result of very many knots.
