British Air Forces in France (BAFF) was a Royal Air Force (RAF) Command set up on 15 January 1940 led by Air Marshal Arthur Barratt, to provide unified command of the RAF in France. [1] When the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) went to France, the Royal Air Force Component of the British Expeditionary Force (Air Component, Air Vice-Marshal Charles Blount) accompanied the BEF for air support and the Advanced Air Striking Force (AASF, Air Vice-Marshal Patrick Playfair) the former No. 1 Group RAF of Bomber Command, moved to airfields in eastern France for independent operations. Barratt was charged with giving "full assurance" to the BEF of air support and to provide the BEF with
...such bomber squadrons as the latter may, in consultation with him, consider necessary from time to time.
Since the British held only a small part of the Western Front, Barratt had to operate in the context of the immediate needs of the Allies. In France the new arrangement worked well but the War Office and the Air Ministry never agreed on what support should be given to the BEF. [3]
The AASF consisted of RAF light bomber squadrons, based around Rheims to be within range of the Ruhr, should the political decision be taken to begin strategic bombing. No decision had been taken before Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), the German offensive in the west, began on 10 May 1940. The AASF bomber force was used instead against the German Army and its lines of communication. BAFF could also request Bomber Command to provide support from medium bombers based in Britain. The headquarters of BAFF were at Chauny next to those of François d'Astier de La Vigerie, the French air commander, to maximise co-operation between the BAFF and the Armée de l'Air . BAFF HQ moved to Coulommiers, thence to Château Reze, Pornic on 16 June; AASF HQ was based at Château Polignac near Reims, moved to Troyes on 15 May, Muides near Blois on 3 June and Nantes on 10 June. The Air Component HQ was based at Marœuil, moved to Arras 9 May, Hazebrouck 16 May and returned to England on 21/22 May. [4] [lower-alpha 1]
| Aircraft | Role | Squadrons |
|---|---|---|
| Lysander | tactical reconnaissance, photographic survey | 4, 13, 16, 2, 27 |
| Blenheim | Strategic reconnaissance | 18, 57, 53, 59 |
| Hurricane | fighter | 85, 87, 607, 615 [6] |
| Tiger Moth | communications | 81 |
| Aircraft | Role | Squadrons |
|---|---|---|
| Battle | light bomber | 12, 15, 40 88, 142, 150, 218, 226 |
| Blenheim | medium bomber | 138, 144 |
| Hurricane | fighter | 1, 73, 501* [lower-alpha 2] |
| Spitfire, Blenheim | Photographic reconnaissance | 212 |
BAFF was reinforced by four Hurricane squadrons as planned. The operational instructions issued by BAFF had stated that
Bomber aircraft have proved extremely useful in support of an advancing army, especially against weak anti-aircraft resistance, but it is not clear that a bomber force used against an advancing army well supported by all forms of anti-aircraft defence and a large force of fighter aircraft, will be economically effective. [8]
The AASF, when used against German troops and bridges, suffered many losses from faulty tactics in the face of the large numbers of Luftwaffe fighters and highly effective light anti-aircraft units protecting the bridges. By the end of 12 May, the number of serviceable bombers with the AASF had been reduced to 72 from 135. [9] The War Cabinet meeting that evening were warned by the Chief of Air Staff Cyril Newall that the bomber losses had been disproportionate to the results achieved. [10] On 14 May, the AASF made a maximum effort against pontoon bridges thrown across the Meuse at Sedan and lost 40 out of 71 aircraft. [11]
German air superiority led to more reinforcement with Hurricane squadrons. At the request of BAFF and the BEF, the equivalent of another two squadrons joined the Air Component on 13 May but this was only after much discussion by the Chiefs of Staff Committee and the War Cabinet. [11] The Chiefs of Staff Committee, meeting in the morning had advised that no further air support could be given on the Continent without unduly weakening the defence of Britain. [12] Churchill, chairing the meeting, asked them to consider further what could be done and raised the matter again at the War Cabinet that evening. [lower-alpha 3] The Secretary of State for Air Sir Archibald Sinclair warned that whereas the Air Staff had estimated that 60 fighter squadrons were needed adequately to defend Britain, there were only 39. Churchill later complained of inconsistency of statistics supplied by the Air Staff. [13] Churchill then accepted that it was not possible to send large numbers of fighters to France.
On 14 May, the French Government requested another ten squadrons. [14] [lower-alpha 4] This request was discussed first at the Chief of Staffs Committee and then at War Cabinet; both decided against taking any immediate action. The Chief of Staffs Committee of 15 May discussed the matter again; accepted Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding's advice that sending more fighters would not achieve decisive results in France but would leave Fighter Command too weak to defend Britain and decided against any further reinforcement. That of 16 May had a message from General Maurice Gamelin, asking for ten fighter squadrons at once; if they did not come the battle would be lost. [15] It reconsidered the matter and advised sending eight 'flights' (half-squadrons). [16] This was discussed and agreed at War Cabinet; Churchill wanted to send more squadrons but Sinclair advised that four squadrons was a maximum and even this was a very serious risk, taken contrary to the advice of Dowding. [17]
Churchill flew to Paris for discussions with the French Government and High Command. The discussion was acrimonious, with the French pressing for the full ten squadrons. Churchill urged the need to retain fighters to defend Britain and doubted if six more fighter squadrons would make a difference. The French disagreed, Édouard Daladier asserting that air cover would give French infantry the confidence needed to fight tanks. Paul Reynaud said the Allies had to choose between two risks, leaving English factories without fighter protection, like the French ones or seeing the Germans continue to advance on Paris. [18] Churchill telegraphed the War Cabinet to explain that the situation was "grave in the last degree". [lower-alpha 5] Churchill wrote in a telegram from Paris,
I personally feel that we should send squadrons of fighters demanded .. and...dominate the air above the Bulge (Churchill's optimistic name for the area of the German breakthrough) for the next two or three days, not for any local purpose but to give the last chance to the French Army to rally its bravery and strength. It would not be good historically if their requests were denied, and their ruin resulted...
— Paris telegram No. 206D1PP, by telephone, 16 May 1940 [19]
The War Cabinet, faced with this, agreed to the French demand. Newall warned that there were only six complete Hurricane squadrons left in the UK and/or advised that Air Component bases could only accommodate another three squadrons. [19] [16] It was agreed that these squadrons were to fly to forward bases in the north of France each day; three in the morning, three in the afternoon. [19] This brought the number of fighter squadrons in the Air Component up to thirteen.
AASF bases and the BAFF headquarters were somewhat to the south of the German advance from Sedan to the Channel coast; the Air Component bases mostly north of it. By 17 May, the landline connections between BAFF and the Air Component had been lost and thereafter the Air Component operated as directed by Lord Gort and the Air Ministry. The German advance up the Channel coast overran Air Component bases, and the Air Component evacuated to southern England from 19 to 21 May. Of the 261 fighters that had operated with the component, only 66 returned to England; 120 of the lost aircraft had suffered damage which under normal circumstances would have been repairable. [20]
The Air Component, renamed the Back Component, no longer controlled any combat aircraft but its headquarters was used to co-ordinate RAF operations from English bases in support of the BEF and the Dunkirk evacuation; during the nine days the evacuation flew over 2,700 fighter sorties. [21] The AASF and Barratt remained in France, retreating first to the Troyes area (16 May), then to the Orléans—Le Mans area (3 June). [22]
The provision of further reinforcements was discussed at the highest political levels, referred to by Churchill in his "This was their finest hour" speech of 18 June,
During the great battle in France, we gave very powerful and continuous aid to the French Army both by fighters and bombers, but in spite of every kind of pressure we never would allow the entire Metropolitan strength of the Air Force, in fighters, to be consumed. This decision was painful, but it was also right, because the fortunes of the battle in France could not have been decisively affected, even if we had thrown in our entire fighter force. The battle was lost by the unfortunate strategical opening, by the extraordinary and unforeseen power of the armoured columns, and by the great preponderance of the German Army in numbers. Our fighter Air Force might easily have been exhausted as a mere accident in that great struggle, and we should have found ourselves at the present time in a very serious plight. But, as it is, I am happy to inform the House that our fighter air strength is stronger at the present time, relatively to the Germans, who have suffered terrible losses, than it has ever been, and consequently we believe ourselves to possess the capacity to continue the war in the air under better conditions than we have ever experienced before. I look forward confidently to the exploits of our fighter pilots, who will have the glory of saving their native land, their island home, and all they love, from the most deadly of all attacks.
On 3 June, the War Cabinet discussed what the policy should be on sending further fighter squadrons to support the French. They accepted the advice of the Chiefs of Staff Committee that no more than six bomber squadrons and three fighter squadrons should be based in France. [23] [lower-alpha 6] Dowding supported this by noting that serviceable fighter strength in the UK was 224 Hurricanes and 280 Spitfires, warning that this meant that if the Germans were to mount a heavy attack on the UK, he could not guarantee air superiority for more than 48 hours. [23] [lower-alpha 7] Sinclair added that the RAF was running short of fighter pilots and this was now the limiting factor. [24] [lower-alpha 8] Churchill reopened the discussion on 4 June, noting that the Air Defence of Great Britain now had 45 fighter squadrons and that according to Lord Beaverbrook (the Minister of Aircraft Production) there were more aircraft in Britain than before the start of the German offensive. [25] Beaverbrook then gave more detailed figures for the period 19 May – 1 June. [26] [lower-alpha 9]
| Type/model | Built | Lost |
|---|---|---|
| Hurricane | 151 | 119 |
| Spitfire | 39 | 75 |
| All types | 453 | 436 |
Sinclair countered that Fighter Command needed to recover its efficiency as well as its numerical strength; the squadrons were greatly disorganised and many of their finest leaders had been lost; Churchill did not press the matter further. On 5 June the Germans attacked the French line on the Somme; the French repeated their request for British fighter squadrons, asking for ten squadrons immediately, to be followed by another ten as soon as possible. [28] [lower-alpha 10] Two Hurricane squadrons were sent to join the AASF (7 May) and four UK-based squadrons operated each day from aerodromes near Rouen, returning to Britain every night. [29] [lower-alpha 11]
At the Defence Committee of 8 June Churchill argued that whereas the battle for France was important it would not be decisive; maintaining adequate fighter defences for the UK would be decisive. The Committee unanimously agreed with Churchill's conclusion that it would be fatal to yield to the French demands and jeopardise the safety of the UK. [30] No further squadrons were sent and the AASF moved again to bases around the mouth of the Loire, eventually returning to the UK from 15 to 18 June. [22] Large numbers of RAF personnel were evacuated by sea from various French ports in Operation Aerial. An unknown number of them were lost off St Nazaire on 17 June, when the troopship HMT Lancastria was bombed and sunk by the Luftwaffe. An estimated 800 RAF men had been sent down into the ship's holds, which were penetrated by three German bombs. [31]
Air Chief Marshal Hugh Caswall Tremenheere Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding, was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force. He was Air Officer Commanding RAF Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain and is generally credited with playing a crucial role in Britain's defence, and hence, the defeat of Operation Sea Lion, Adolf Hitler's plan to invade Britain.
The Hawker Hurricane is a British single-seat fighter aircraft of the 1930s–40s which was designed and predominantly built by Hawker Aircraft Ltd. for service with the Royal Air Force (RAF). It was overshadowed in the public consciousness by the Supermarine Spitfire during the Battle of Britain in 1940, but the Hurricane inflicted 60% of the losses sustained by the Luftwaffe in the campaign, and fought in all the major theatres of the Second World War.
The Battle of Britain was a military campaign of the Second World War, in which the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) of the Royal Navy defended the United Kingdom (UK) against large-scale attacks by Nazi Germany's air force, the Luftwaffe. It was the first major military campaign fought entirely by air forces. The British officially recognise the battle's duration as being from 10 July until 31 October 1940, which overlaps the period of large-scale night attacks known as the Blitz, that lasted from 7 September 1940 to 11 May 1941. German historians do not follow this subdivision and regard the battle as a single campaign lasting from July 1940 to May 1941, including the Blitz.
Operation Aerial was the evacuation of Allied military forces and civilians from ports in western France. The operation took place from 15 to 25 June 1940 during the Second World War. The embarkation followed the Allied military collapse in the Battle of France against Nazi Germany. Operation Dynamo, the evacuation from Dunkirk and Operation Cycle from Le Havre, had finished on 13 June. British and Allied ships were covered from French bases by five Royal Air Force (RAF) fighter squadrons and assisted by aircraft based in England to lift British, Polish and Czech troops, civilians and equipment from Atlantic ports, particularly from St Nazaire and Nantes.
No. 18 Squadron of the Royal Air Force operates the Boeing Chinook from RAF Odiham. Owing to its heritage as a bomber squadron, it is also known as No. 18 (B) Squadron.
The RAF Advanced Air Striking Force (AASF) comprised the light bombers of 1 Group RAF Bomber Command, which took part in the Battle of France during the Second World War. Before hostilities began, it had been agreed between the United Kingdom and France that in case of war, the short-range aircraft of Bomber Command would move to French airfields to operate against targets in Nazi Germany. The AASF was formed on 24 August 1939 from the ten squadrons of Fairey Battle light bombers of 1 Group under the command of Air Vice-Marshal Patrick Playfair and was dispatched to airfields in the Rheims area on 2 September 1939.
Edgar James Kain, DFC was a New Zealand fighter pilot and flying ace who flew in the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War.
No. 40 Squadron of the Royal Air Force was formed in 1916 at Gosport as No. 40 Squadron Royal Flying Corps and was disbanded for the last time in 1957. The squadron also included many non-British members, including volunteers from the Royal Australian Air Force and Royal Canadian Air Force.
Adlertag was the first day of Unternehmen Adlerangriff, an air operation by Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe intended to destroy the British Royal Air Force (RAF). The operation came during the Battle of Britain after Britain rejected all overtures for a negotiated peace with Germany. However, Adlertag and subsequent operations failed to destroy the RAF or gain local air superiority.
No 151 Wing Royal Air Force was a British unit which operated with the Soviet forces on the Kola Peninsula in the northern USSR during the first months of Operation Barbarossa, in the Second World War. Operation Benedict, the 1941 expedition to Murmansk, provided air defence for Allied ships as they were discharging at ports within range of Luftwaffe units in Norway and Finland.
Battle of Britain Day, 15 September 1940, is the day on which a large-scale aerial battle in the Battle of Britain took place.
No 81 Squadron was a squadron of the Royal Air Force. It flew Fighter aircraft during the Second World War, and reconnaissance aircraft in the Far East after the war and was disbanded in 1970.
The Battle of the Heligoland Bight was the first "named" air battle of the Second World War, which began the longest air campaign of the war on 3 September 1939, the Defence of the Reich. After the declaration of war, RAF Bomber Command began operations against Nazi Germany but limited their attacks to those targets that were purely military and had little risk of civilian casualties. This largely limited their efforts to attacks on the Kriegsmarine warships in German ports to prevent their use in the Battle of the Atlantic.
Circus was the codename given to operations by the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War where bombers, with a mass escort of fighters, were sent over continental Europe to bring Luftwaffe fighters into combat. These were usually formations of 20 to 30 bombers escorted by up to 16 squadrons of escort fighters. Bomber formations of this size could not be ignored by the Luftwaffe.
No. 114 Squadron was a squadron of the British Royal Air Force. It was first formed in India during the First World War, serving as a light bomber squadron during the Second World War and as a transport squadron post-war. It was last disbanded in 1971.
Haddock Force was the name given to a number of Royal Air Force bombers dispatched to airfields in southern France to bomb northern Italian industrial targets if Italy declared war, which was thought to be imminent. Italy entered the Second World War on 10 June 1940 and the plan was put into effect but at first, the local French authorities prevented the RAF Vickers Wellington bombers from taking off. Armstrong Whitworth Whitleys flying from England via the Channel Islands made the first raid on the night of 11/12 June 1940.
The Kanalkampf was the German term for air operations by the Luftwaffe against the Royal Air Force (RAF) over the English Channel in July 1940, beginning the Battle of Britain during the Second World War. By 25 June, the Allies had been defeated in Western Europe and Scandinavia. Britain had rejected peace overtures and on 16 July, Adolf Hitler issued Directive 16 to the Wehrmacht, ordering preparations for an invasion of Britain, under the codename Unternehmen Seelöwe.
Zerstörergeschwader 2 was a Luftwaffe heavy/destroyer Fighter Aircraft-wing of World War II.
Newell Orton, was a British flying ace of the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War. He was officially credited with the destruction of 17 enemy aircraft.
James Sanders, was a British flying ace who served in the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War. Poor record keeping means there is some uncertainty regarding his tally of aerial victories but he is believed to have destroyed around sixteen aircraft.
