Cygnus NG-23

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The Cygnus cargo spacecraft was developed by Orbital Sciences Corporation with partial funding from NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program. It pairs a pressurized cargo module built by Thales Alenia Space—derived from the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module used on the Space Shuttle—with a service module based on Orbital's GEOStar satellite bus.

The first Standard Cygnus flew in 2013, followed by the larger Enhanced Cygnus in 2015. Orbital Sciences became Orbital ATK in 2015 and was acquired by Northrop Grumman in 2018. Since then, Northrop Grumman has continued CRS operations. NG-23 is the eleventh Cygnus mission under the CRS-2 contract. [6]

Mission

Assembly of the service module for the NG-23 spacecraft took place at Northrop Grumman's facility in Dulles, Virginia. The service module was integrated with the pressurized cargo module at the Space Systems Processing Facility at the Kennedy Space Center, with mission operations coordinated from Northrop Grumman's control center in Dulles and NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. [6]

The flight marks the first launch of the Cygnus XL configuration, designed to increase cargo capacity and volume for future Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) missions. [3] NASA and Northrop Grumman conducted additional certification work to assess the thermal and life-support impacts of the larger design, as well as to evaluate how the Canadarm2 could best accommodate the heavier and longer vehicle. [7]

NG-23 lifted off on September 14, 2025, at 22:11:49  UTC (6:11:49 pm  EDT) aboard a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket from Space Launch Complex 40 at the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. [5] After reaching orbit, the Cygnus XL spacecraft began its planned engine burns to rendezvous with the International Space Station, but two burns shut down early due to a conservative software safeguard. NASA postponed the September 17 docking while engineers worked on an alternate plan, keeping Cygnus at a safe distance. [8] [9] On September 18, astronaut Jonny Kim, with help from Zena Cardman, captured the spacecraft using Canadarm2 at 11:24 UTC, and ground teams completed berthing a few hours later. [7] [10]

NG-23 is planned to remain at the station for 200 days, until March 2026. However, the spacecraft will need to be unberthed in mid-November 2025 and held on Canadarm2 away from the docking port, as its position would otherwise interfere with the approach corridor for Soyuz MS-28 at the Rassvet nadir docking port. If this maneuver cannot be carried out, NG-23 would be required to depart in November. [7]

The Cygnus XL is equipped with "Extend the Lab" capabilities, allowing experiments to be conducted within the spacecraft by delivering power to the experiments, enabling science to take place without unloading them. Cygnus is also capable of performing ISS reboosts if requested by NASA. After unberthing, but before its controlled destructive reentry, the Cygnus XL will conduct a secondary mission to test the PALOMINO electrospray thruster subsystem developed by Revolution Space. [11]

Manifest changes

NG-23 was advanced in the launch schedule by four months after the indefinite delay of Cygnus NG-22, whose pressurized cargo module was damaged during transportation to the launch site in early 2025. Following inspections, NASA and Northrop Grumman replaced NG-22 with the next available vehicle, NG-23, which launched in September 2025. [12] [13] [14]

See also

References

  1. Clark, Stephen (September 15, 2025). "Northrop Grumman's new spacecraft is a real chonker". Ars Technica. Retrieved September 16, 2025.
  2. "Cygnus NG-23" (PDF). Northrop Grumman. Retrieved March 1, 2025.
  3. 1 2 Foust, Jeff (August 3, 2023). "Northrop Grumman planning Cygnus upgrades". SpaceNews. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  4. "NASA Commercial Resupply Mission NG-23". Northrop Grumman. Retrieved August 29, 2025.
  5. 1 2 "CRS NG-23 Mission". Next Spaceflight. Retrieved March 1, 2025.
  6. 1 2 "Cygnus Spacecraft". Northrop Grumman. January 6, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 NASA’s Northrop Grumman Commercial Resupply Services 23 Mission – Prelaunch Media Teleconference. NASA. September 12, 2025. Retrieved September 12, 2025 via YouTube.
  8. Garcia, Mark A. (September 16, 2025). "NASA, Northrop Grumman Assessing Cygnus XL Engine Burn Plan". NASA. Retrieved September 16, 2025.
  9. "NASA, Northrop Grumman "Go" to Proceed with Cygnus XL Station Arrival". NASA. September 17, 2025. Retrieved September 18, 2025.
  10. Garcia, Mark A. (September 18, 2025). "Robotic Arm Maneuvering Cygnus for Station Installation". NASA. Retrieved September 18, 2025.
  11. NASA’s Northrop Grumman Commercial Resupply Services 23 Launch. NASA. Event occurs at 39:20. Retrieved September 14, 2025 via www.youtube.com.
  12. "NASA cancels cargo launch to ISS due to damaged Cygnus spacecraft". Space.com. Retrieved March 1, 2025.
  13. "After a spacecraft was damaged en route to launch, NASA says it won't launch". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 1, 2025.
  14. "Cygnus mission to ISS scrapped after finding spacecraft damage". SpaceNews. Retrieved March 1, 2025.
NG-23
Northrop Grumman's Cygnus XL cargo craft approaches the International Space Station (ISS073E0703405) (cropped).jpg
NG-23 approaching the ISS
NamesCRS NG-23
Mission type ISS resupply
Operator Northrop Grumman
Mission duration6 days, 2 hours and 6 minutes (in progress)
6 months (planned)
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftS.S. William "Willie" C. McCool
Spacecraft type Cygnus XL
Manufacturer
Start of mission
Launch dateSeptember 14, 2025, 22:11:49  UTC (6:11:49 pm  EDT)
Rocket Falcon 9 Block 5 (B10944)
Launch site Cape Canaveral, SLC40
Contractor SpaceX
Orbital parameters
Reference system Geocentric orbit
Regime Low Earth orbit
Inclination 51.66°
Berthing at ISS
Berthing port Unity nadir
RMS captureSeptember 18, 2025, 11:24 UTC
Berthing dateSeptember 18, 2025, 14:10 UTC
Unberthing dateNovember 2025 (planned)
Time berthed2 days, 10 hours and 8 minutes (in progress)