Demographics of New Brunswick

Last updated • 5 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Population Density of New Brunswick in 2016 Canada New Brunswick Density 2016.png
Population Density of New Brunswick in 2016

New Brunswick is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and the only bilingual province in the country. The provincial Department of Finance estimates that the province's population in 2006 was 729,997 of which the majority is English-speaking but with a substantial French-speaking minority of mostly Acadian origin. [1]

Contents

First Nations in New Brunswick include the Mi'kmaq and Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet). The first European settlers, the Acadians are descendants of French settlers and also some of the Indigenous peoples of Acadia, a French colony in modern-day Nova Scotia. The Acadians were expelled by the British in 1755 for refusing to take an oath of allegiance to King George II which drove several thousand Acadian residents into exile in North America, the UK and France during the French and Indian War. (Those American Acadians who wound up in Louisiana, and other parts of the American South, are referred to as Cajuns, although some Cajuns are not of Acadian origin.) In time, some Acadians returned to the Maritime provinces of Canada, mainly to New Brunswick, [2] due to the British prohibiting them from resettling their lands and villages in what became Nova Scotia.

Many of the English-Canadian population of New Brunswick are descended from Loyalists who fled the American Revolution. This is commemorated in the province's motto, Spem reduxit ("hope was restored"). There is also a significant population with Irish ancestry, especially in Saint John and the Miramichi Valley. People of Scottish descent are scattered throughout the province, with high concentrations in the Miramichi and in Campbellton. A small population of Danish origin may be found in New Denmark in the northwest of the province.

Population history

YearPopulationFive Year
 % change
Ten Year
 % change
Rank Among
Provinces
182474,176n/an/an/a
1834119,457n/a61.0n/a
1841156,162n/an/an/a
1851193,800n/a24.1n/a
1861252,047n/a30.0n/a
1871285,594n/a13.34
1881321,233n/a12.54
1891321,263n/a0.04
1901331,120n/a3.14
1911351,889n/a6.38
1921387,876n/a10.28
1931408,219n/a5.28
1941457,401n/a12.08
1951515,697n/a12.78
1956554,6167.5n/a8
1961597,9367.815.98
1966616,7883.211.28
1971634,5602.96.98
1976677,2506.79.88
1981696,4032.89.78
1986709,4451.94.88
1991723,9002.03.98
1996738,1332.04.08
2001729,498-1.20.88
2006729,9970.1-1.18
2011751,1712.93.08
2016747,101-0.52.38
2021775,6103.83.28

Source: [3] Statistics Canada [4] [5]

Population geography

City Metropolitan Areas

City [6] 2021201620112006Land area (km2)Density (/km2)
Greater Moncton 157,717144,810138,644126,4242,562.4761.5
Greater Saint John 130,613126,202127,761122,3893,505.6637.3
Greater Fredericton 108,610102,69094,26885,6886,014.6618.1
Greater Bathurst 31,38731,11033,48434,1062,100.0514.9
Greater Miramichi 27,59327,51828,11528,7737,564.063.6
Greater Edmundston 21,14421,95521,90322,4711,582.3614.0
Greater Campbellton 13,33014,67917,84217,8781,525.458.7

Cities and towns

Town Population (2011)Population rankingLand area (km2)Area ranking Density (/km2)Density ranking
Bathurst 12,275991.866133.624
Beresford 4,3512019.2017226.618
Bouctouche 2,4232618.3419132.125
Campbellton 7,3851218.6618395.79
Caraquet 4,1692368.26861.135
Dalhousie 3,5122414.5123242.117
Dieppe 23,310454.1111430.86
Edmundston 16,0328107.005149.823
Florenceville-Bristol 1,6392915.6122105.029
Fredericton 56,2243131.674427.07
Grand Bay–Westfield 5,1171759.86985.533
Grand Falls 5,7061418.0520315.913
Hampton 4,2922221.0016204.321
Hartland 947359.633098.431
Lamèque 1,4323112.4528115.127
Miramichi 17,8117179.93299.030
McAdam 1,4043214.472497.0232
Moncton 69,0742141.173489.32
Nackawic 1,049348.4032124.926
Oromocto 8,9321122.3715399.28
Quispamsis 17,886657.0610313.514
Richibucto 1,2863311.8327108.728
Riverview 19,128533.8813564.61
Rothesay 11,9471034.7712343.612
Sackville 5,5581574.32774.834
Saint Andrews 1,889288.3533226.219
Saint John 70,0631315.821221.820
Saint-Léonard 1,343325.2034258.316
Saint-Quentin 2,095274.3035486.73
Shediac 6,0531312.5026484.44
Shippagan 2,603259.9429261.915
St. George 1,5433016.132195.632
St. Stephen 4,8171913.4524358.011
Sussex 4,312219.0331477.45
Tracadie–Sheila 4,9331824.6514200.122
Woodstock 5,2541613.4125391.710

Ethnic origin

The information in the following table contains data from the 2021 Candidan census conducted by Statistics Canada. [7]

Of the 233,000 New Brunswickers whose mother tongue is French, the great majority are Acadians. [8] Most have indicated their ethnic origin as French and not as Acadian, so that the number of Acadians shown is much smaller.

Ethnic origin2021 populationPercent
Canadian 174,91023.0%
Irish 155,91520.5%
English 137,14518.1%
Scottish 134,35017.7%
French, n.o.s.(not otherwise specified)118,20515.3%
Acadian 108,37514.3%
German 33,2004.4%
New Brunswicker 22,3652.9%
French Canadian 18,6502.5%
British, n.o.s.16,6302.2%
Dutch 13,3101.8%
First Nations 13,5501.8%
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.12,6551.7%
European, n.o.s.11,5651.5%
Welsh 11,5001.5%
Métis 9,4451.2%
Italian 8,2551.1%
American 7,1850.9%
North American Indigenous 5,6750.7%
Québécois 5,4150.7%
Indian 5,6550.7%
Filipino 4,9600.6%
Chinese 4,6000.6%
Ukrainian 4,6000.6%
Danish 4,1700.5%

Visible minorities and Indigenous peoples

Visible minority and Indigenous population (2021 Canadian census) [9]
Population groupPopulation %
European [a] 681,69589.8%
Visible minority group
South Asian 8,6301.1%
Chinese 4,0850.5%
Black 12,1551.6%
Filipino 5,1900.7%
Arab 5,0600.7%
Latin American 2,4500.3%
Southeast Asian 1,8900.2%
West Asian 9150.1%
Korean 1,6550.2%
Japanese 2500.0%
Visible minority, n.i.e.5500.1%
Multiple visible minorities 1,3750.2%
Total visible minority population44,2055.8%
Indigenous group
First Nations (North American Indian) 20,9602.8%
Métis 10,1701.3%
Inuk (Inuit) 6850.1%
Multiple Indigenous responses4850.1%
Indigenous responses n.i.e.9950.1%
Total Indigenous population33,2954.4%
Total population759,195100.0%

Languages

The province's distribution of English and French is highly regional New Brunswick CSD Languages, 2016.svg
The province's distribution of English and French is highly regional

Compared to other provinces, New Brunswick has a relatively even split of English and French-speakers.

As a comparison, the minority language communities of Ontario and Quebec (Franco-Ontarians and English-speaking Quebecers respectively) make up less than 10% of those provinces' populations. [10] With both official language communities so strongly represented, New Brunswick is home to English and French-language hospitals, media, schools and universities. The province also has a high proportion of people that speak both languages, with 246,000 people, or 33.2% of the population speaking English and French (though Francophones make up two-thirds of those who are bilingual). [11]

Language policy is a perennial issue in New Brunswick politics and society. Recurring debates have arisen in regards to duality (the system of parallel English and French-speaking public services), interpretation of the provincial bilingualism policy and specifics of implementation. The extent of the provincial policy on bilingualism means that a new row is never far off in the New Brunswick news cycle. [12] [13] Francophones advocate for full funding of French-language public services and fair representation in public sector employment, while Anglophones fear that the system of duality is financially inefficient, its extent is not worthwhile and that the provincial government's targets for bilingualism in public employment are hurting their chances to work for the government, as Anglophones are less likely than Francophones to be proficient enough in both official languages to use them in employment.

The province's bilingual status is enshrined in federal and provincial law. The Canadian Constitution makes specific mention of New Brunswick's bilingual status and defines the spirit of implementation as one based on community and individual rights (in contrast with the constitutional protections for the other provinces that is limited to individuals). The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms has a number of New Brunswick specific articles and makes specific mention of New Brunswick in each section relating to language. Of particular interest is Article 16.1, which declares that New Brunswick's Anglophone and Francophone communities have equal rights and privileges, including community-specific cultural and educational institutions, Article 18.1, declaring bilingual publication of the Canadian Parliament's works and laws and Article 18.2, specifying that the New Brunswick Legislature will publish its works in English and French. Article 16.1's distinction of linguistic community is important in that it recognizes not only the rights of individuals to use their language, but also demands that the two official language communities have their specific institutions upheld.

In 2012, New Brunswick Francophones scored lower on the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies than their Anglophone counterparts. [14]

Knowledge of languages

Knowledge of official languages of Canada in New Brunswick (2016) [15]
LanguagePercent
English only
57.15%
French only
8.58%
English and French
33.95%
Neither English nor French
0.32%

The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. The following figures are from the 2021 Canadian Census, and lists languages that were selected by at least 0.5 percent of respondents.

Knowledge of languages in New Brunswick
Language 2021 [16]
Pop. %
English 698,025
French 317,825
Spanish 7,580
Arabic 6,090
Tagalog 4,225

Mother tongue

New Brunswick's official languages are shown in bold. Figures shown are for the number of single-language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses. During the 19th century Gaelic was also spoken in Campbellton and Dalhousie. The language died out as a natively-spoken language in the early 20th century.

The 2011 Canadian census showed a population of 751,171. Of the 731,855 single responses to the census question concerning mother tongue, the most commonly reported languages were: [17]

RankingLanguagePopulationPercentage
1. English 479,93065.58%
2. French 233,53031.90%
3. Mi'kmaq 2,1150.29%
4. Korean 1,8100.25%
5. German 1,8050.25%
6. Arabic 1,3250.18%
7. Spanish 1,1350.16%
8. Dutch 9250.13%
9. Tagalog 5850.08%
10. Persian 4500.06%
11. Italian 4400.06%
12. Romanian 4200.06%
13. Mandarin 4050.06%
14. Russian 3550.05%
15. Vietnamese 2850.04%
16. Polish 2550.03%
17. Hindi 2500.03%
18. Cantonese 2250.03%
19. Portuguese 2200.03%
20. Urdu 2050.03%
21. Bengali 1800.02%
22. Hungarian 1550.02%
23. Danish 1450.02%
24. Greek 1400.02%
25. Swahili 1400.02%
26. Serbian 1200.02%

Note: "n.i.e.": not included elsewhere

There were also 45 single-language responses for Gujarati; 135 for Niger-Congo languages n.i.e.; 70 for Creole; 95 for Non-verbal languages (Sign languages); 115 for Japanese; 30 for Indo-Iranian languages n.i.e.; 5 for Somali; 20 for Sinhala (Sinhalese); and 40 for Malayalam. New Brunswick's official languages are shown in bold. (Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses.) [17]

Religion

Religious groups in New Brunswick (1981−2021)
Religious group 2021 [18] 2011 [19] 2001 [20] 1991 [21] 1981 [22]
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Christianity 512,645616,910657,865674,780667,610
Irreligion 225,125111,43557,66538,74019,685
Islam 9,1902,6401,270255315
Hinduism 3,340820470610475
Sikhism 1,78020904550
Buddhism 1,120975550365240
Indigenous spirituality 1,005525
Judaism 1,000620670880845
Other 3,9901,8951,120830160
Total responses759,195735,835719,710716,495689,370
Total population775,610751,171729,498723,900696,403

Migration

Immigration

New Brunswick immigration [23] :464–465 [24] :425 [25] :239 [26] :108
YearImmigrant percentageImmigrant populationTotal population
185140,432193,800
186152,602252,047
188131,068321,233
189122,006321,263
190117,942331,120
191118,313351,889
192121,458387,876
193124,401408,219
194120,592457,401
195119,875515,697
196123,283597,936
197123,735634,560

The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 44,125 persons or 5.8 percent of the total population of New Brunswick. [27]

Immigrants in New Brunswick by country of birth
Country of birth2021 [28] [27] 2016 [29] 2011 [30] [31] 2006 [32] [33] 2001 [34] [35]
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
United States6,4807,6158,2258,6557,960
United Kingdom4,9154,6055,2605,2105,300
Philippines3,7801,340705350210
India2,265820800595390
China2,1252,2151,050925490
Syria1,8901,225202035
Germany1,3951,6201,6501,7701,570
South Korea1,1801,4951,62037025
France1,070760410320225
Nigeria980115403050
Total immigrants44,12533,81028,46526,40022,470
Total responses759,195730,710735,835719,650719,710
Total population775,610747,101751,171729,997729,498

Recent immigration

The 2021 Canadian census counted a total of 16,040 people who immigrated to New Brunswick between 2016 and 2021. [27]

Recent immigrants to New Brunswick by country of birth (2016 to 2021) [27]
Country of birthPopulation% recent immigrants
Philippines2,325
Syria1,700
India1,365
China975
Nigeria905
United States605
Ukraine475
Egypt445
France390
Democratic Republic of the Congo370
Total16,040

Interprovincial migration

Net cumulative interprovincial migration per Province from 1997 to 2017, as a share of population of each Provinces Net cumulative interprovincial migration, 1997 to 2017, as a share of population, 2016.png
Net cumulative interprovincial migration per Province from 1997 to 2017, as a share of population of each Provinces

New Brunswick has typically experienced less emigration than its size and economic situation would suggest, probably because of the low rate of emigration of its francophone population.[ citation needed ]

Interprovincial migration in New Brunswick
In-migrantsOut-migrantsNet migration
2008–0911,26811,505−237
2009–1010,88310,312571
2010–1110,16710,325−158
2011–1210,04411,850−1,806
2012–138,51711,807−3,290
2013–149,05512,572−3,517
2014–159,18411,974−2,790
2015–1610,24811,361−1,113
2016–1710,1369,702434
2017–1810,70910,228481
2018–1911,94511,339606

Source: Statistics Canada

See also

BC
AB
SK
MB
ON
QC
NB
PE
NS
NL
YT
NT
NU
NB-Canada-province.png
Demographics of Canada's provinces and territories

Notes

  1. Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.

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