New Brunswick is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and the only bilingual province in the country. The provincial Department of Finance estimates that the province's population in 2006 was 729,997 of which the majority is English-speaking but with a substantial French-speaking minority of mostly Acadian origin. [1]
First Nations in New Brunswick include the Mi'kmaq and Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet). The first European settlers, the Acadians are descendants of French settlers and also some of the Indigenous peoples of Acadia, a French colony in modern-day Nova Scotia. The Acadians were expelled by the British in 1755 for refusing to take an oath of allegiance to King George II which drove several thousand Acadian residents into exile in North America, the UK and France during the French and Indian War. (Those American Acadians who wound up in Louisiana, and other parts of the American South, are referred to as Cajuns, although some Cajuns are not of Acadian origin.) In time, some Acadians returned to the Maritime provinces of Canada, mainly to New Brunswick, [2] due to the British prohibiting them from resettling their lands and villages in what became Nova Scotia.
Many of the English-Canadian population of New Brunswick are descended from Loyalists who fled the American Revolution. This is commemorated in the province's motto, Spem reduxit ("hope was restored"). There is also a significant population with Irish ancestry, especially in Saint John and the Miramichi Valley. People of Scottish descent are scattered throughout the province, with high concentrations in the Miramichi and in Campbellton. A small population of Danish origin may be found in New Denmark in the northwest of the province.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Year | Population | Five Year % change | Ten Year % change | Rank Among Provinces |
---|---|---|---|---|
1824 | 74,176 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
1834 | 119,457 | n/a | 61.0 | n/a |
1841 | 156,162 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
1851 | 193,800 | n/a | 24.1 | n/a |
1861 | 252,047 | n/a | 30.0 | n/a |
1871 | 285,594 | n/a | 13.3 | 4 |
1881 | 321,233 | n/a | 12.5 | 4 |
1891 | 321,263 | n/a | 0.0 | 4 |
1901 | 331,120 | n/a | 3.1 | 4 |
1911 | 351,889 | n/a | 6.3 | 8 |
1921 | 387,876 | n/a | 10.2 | 8 |
1931 | 408,219 | n/a | 5.2 | 8 |
1941 | 457,401 | n/a | 12.0 | 8 |
1951 | 515,697 | n/a | 12.7 | 8 |
1956 | 554,616 | 7.5 | n/a | 8 |
1961 | 597,936 | 7.8 | 15.9 | 8 |
1966 | 616,788 | 3.2 | 11.2 | 8 |
1971 | 634,560 | 2.9 | 6.9 | 8 |
1976 | 677,250 | 6.7 | 9.8 | 8 |
1981 | 696,403 | 2.8 | 9.7 | 8 |
1986 | 709,445 | 1.9 | 4.8 | 8 |
1991 | 723,900 | 2.0 | 3.9 | 8 |
1996 | 738,133 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 8 |
2001 | 729,498 | -1.2 | 0.8 | 8 |
2006 | 729,997 | 0.1 | -1.1 | 8 |
2011 | 751,171 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 8 |
2016 | 747,101 | -0.5 | 2.3 | 8 |
2021 | 775,610 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 8 |
Source: [3] Statistics Canada [4] [5]
This section needs to be updated.(September 2023) |
City [6] | 2021 | 2016 | 2011 | 2006 | Land area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Greater Moncton | 157,717 | 144,810 | 138,644 | 126,424 | 2,562.47 | 61.5 |
Greater Saint John | 130,613 | 126,202 | 127,761 | 122,389 | 3,505.66 | 37.3 |
Greater Fredericton | 108,610 | 102,690 | 94,268 | 85,688 | 6,014.66 | 18.1 |
Greater Bathurst | 31,387 | 31,110 | 33,484 | 34,106 | 2,100.05 | 14.9 |
Greater Miramichi | 27,593 | 27,518 | 28,115 | 28,773 | 7,564.06 | 3.6 |
Greater Edmundston | 21,144 | 21,955 | 21,903 | 22,471 | 1,582.36 | 14.0 |
Greater Campbellton | 13,330 | 14,679 | 17,842 | 17,878 | 1,525.45 | 8.7 |
Town | Population (2011) | Population ranking | Land area (km2) | Area ranking | Density (/km2) | Density ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bathurst | 12,275 | 9 | 91.86 | 6 | 133.6 | 24 |
Beresford | 4,351 | 20 | 19.20 | 17 | 226.6 | 18 |
Bouctouche | 2,423 | 26 | 18.34 | 19 | 132.1 | 25 |
Campbellton | 7,385 | 12 | 18.66 | 18 | 395.7 | 9 |
Caraquet | 4,169 | 23 | 68.26 | 8 | 61.1 | 35 |
Dalhousie | 3,512 | 24 | 14.51 | 23 | 242.1 | 17 |
Dieppe | 23,310 | 4 | 54.11 | 11 | 430.8 | 6 |
Edmundston | 16,032 | 8 | 107.00 | 5 | 149.8 | 23 |
Florenceville-Bristol | 1,639 | 29 | 15.61 | 22 | 105.0 | 29 |
Fredericton | 56,224 | 3 | 131.67 | 4 | 427.0 | 7 |
Grand Bay–Westfield | 5,117 | 17 | 59.86 | 9 | 85.5 | 33 |
Grand Falls | 5,706 | 14 | 18.05 | 20 | 315.9 | 13 |
Hampton | 4,292 | 22 | 21.00 | 16 | 204.3 | 21 |
Hartland | 947 | 35 | 9.63 | 30 | 98.4 | 31 |
Lamèque | 1,432 | 31 | 12.45 | 28 | 115.1 | 27 |
Miramichi | 17,811 | 7 | 179.93 | 2 | 99.0 | 30 |
McAdam | 1,404 | 32 | 14.47 | 24 | 97.02 | 32 |
Moncton | 69,074 | 2 | 141.17 | 3 | 489.3 | 2 |
Nackawic | 1,049 | 34 | 8.40 | 32 | 124.9 | 26 |
Oromocto | 8,932 | 11 | 22.37 | 15 | 399.2 | 8 |
Quispamsis | 17,886 | 6 | 57.06 | 10 | 313.5 | 14 |
Richibucto | 1,286 | 33 | 11.83 | 27 | 108.7 | 28 |
Riverview | 19,128 | 5 | 33.88 | 13 | 564.6 | 1 |
Rothesay | 11,947 | 10 | 34.77 | 12 | 343.6 | 12 |
Sackville | 5,558 | 15 | 74.32 | 7 | 74.8 | 34 |
Saint Andrews | 1,889 | 28 | 8.35 | 33 | 226.2 | 19 |
Saint John | 70,063 | 1 | 315.82 | 1 | 221.8 | 20 |
Saint-Léonard | 1,343 | 32 | 5.20 | 34 | 258.3 | 16 |
Saint-Quentin | 2,095 | 27 | 4.30 | 35 | 486.7 | 3 |
Shediac | 6,053 | 13 | 12.50 | 26 | 484.4 | 4 |
Shippagan | 2,603 | 25 | 9.94 | 29 | 261.9 | 15 |
St. George | 1,543 | 30 | 16.13 | 21 | 95.6 | 32 |
St. Stephen | 4,817 | 19 | 13.45 | 24 | 358.0 | 11 |
Sussex | 4,312 | 21 | 9.03 | 31 | 477.4 | 5 |
Tracadie–Sheila | 4,933 | 18 | 24.65 | 14 | 200.1 | 22 |
Woodstock | 5,254 | 16 | 13.41 | 25 | 391.7 | 10 |
The information in the following table contains data from the 2021 Candidan census conducted by Statistics Canada. [7]
Of the 233,000 New Brunswickers whose mother tongue is French, the great majority are Acadians. [8] Most have indicated their ethnic origin as French and not as Acadian, so that the number of Acadians shown is much smaller.
Ethnic origin | 2021 population | Percent |
---|---|---|
Canadian | 174,910 | 23.0% |
Irish | 155,915 | 20.5% |
English | 137,145 | 18.1% |
Scottish | 134,350 | 17.7% |
French, n.o.s.(not otherwise specified) | 118,205 | 15.3% |
Acadian | 108,375 | 14.3% |
German | 33,200 | 4.4% |
New Brunswicker | 22,365 | 2.9% |
French Canadian | 18,650 | 2.5% |
British, n.o.s. | 16,630 | 2.2% |
Dutch | 13,310 | 1.8% |
First Nations | 13,550 | 1.8% |
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s. | 12,655 | 1.7% |
European, n.o.s. | 11,565 | 1.5% |
Welsh | 11,500 | 1.5% |
Métis | 9,445 | 1.2% |
Italian | 8,255 | 1.1% |
American | 7,185 | 0.9% |
North American Indigenous | 5,675 | 0.7% |
Québécois | 5,415 | 0.7% |
Indian | 5,655 | 0.7% |
Filipino | 4,960 | 0.6% |
Chinese | 4,600 | 0.6% |
Ukrainian | 4,600 | 0.6% |
Danish | 4,170 | 0.5% |
Visible minority and Indigenous population (2021 Canadian census) [9] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Population group | Population | % | |
European [a] | 681,695 | 89.8% | |
Visible minority group | South Asian | 8,630 | 1.1% |
Chinese | 4,085 | 0.5% | |
Black | 12,155 | 1.6% | |
Filipino | 5,190 | 0.7% | |
Arab | 5,060 | 0.7% | |
Latin American | 2,450 | 0.3% | |
Southeast Asian | 1,890 | 0.2% | |
West Asian | 915 | 0.1% | |
Korean | 1,655 | 0.2% | |
Japanese | 250 | 0.0% | |
Visible minority, n.i.e. | 550 | 0.1% | |
Multiple visible minorities | 1,375 | 0.2% | |
Total visible minority population | 44,205 | 5.8% | |
Indigenous group | First Nations (North American Indian) | 20,960 | 2.8% |
Métis | 10,170 | 1.3% | |
Inuk (Inuit) | 685 | 0.1% | |
Multiple Indigenous responses | 485 | 0.1% | |
Indigenous responses n.i.e. | 995 | 0.1% | |
Total Indigenous population | 33,295 | 4.4% | |
Total population | 759,195 | 100.0% |
Compared to other provinces, New Brunswick has a relatively even split of English and French-speakers.
As a comparison, the minority language communities of Ontario and Quebec (Franco-Ontarians and English-speaking Quebecers respectively) make up less than 10% of those provinces' populations. [10] With both official language communities so strongly represented, New Brunswick is home to English and French-language hospitals, media, schools and universities. The province also has a high proportion of people that speak both languages, with 246,000 people, or 33.2% of the population speaking English and French (though Francophones make up two-thirds of those who are bilingual). [11]
Language policy is a perennial issue in New Brunswick politics and society. Recurring debates have arisen in regards to duality (the system of parallel English and French-speaking public services), interpretation of the provincial bilingualism policy and specifics of implementation. The extent of the provincial policy on bilingualism means that a new row is never far off in the New Brunswick news cycle. [12] [13] Francophones advocate for full funding of French-language public services and fair representation in public sector employment, while Anglophones fear that the system of duality is financially inefficient, its extent is not worthwhile and that the provincial government's targets for bilingualism in public employment are hurting their chances to work for the government, as Anglophones are less likely than Francophones to be proficient enough in both official languages to use them in employment.
The province's bilingual status is enshrined in federal and provincial law. The Canadian Constitution makes specific mention of New Brunswick's bilingual status and defines the spirit of implementation as one based on community and individual rights (in contrast with the constitutional protections for the other provinces that is limited to individuals). The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms has a number of New Brunswick specific articles and makes specific mention of New Brunswick in each section relating to language. Of particular interest is Article 16.1, which declares that New Brunswick's Anglophone and Francophone communities have equal rights and privileges, including community-specific cultural and educational institutions, Article 18.1, declaring bilingual publication of the Canadian Parliament's works and laws and Article 18.2, specifying that the New Brunswick Legislature will publish its works in English and French. Article 16.1's distinction of linguistic community is important in that it recognizes not only the rights of individuals to use their language, but also demands that the two official language communities have their specific institutions upheld.
In 2012, New Brunswick Francophones scored lower on the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies than their Anglophone counterparts. [14]
The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. The following figures are from the 2021 Canadian Census, and lists languages that were selected by at least 0.5 percent of respondents.
Language | 2021 [16] | |
---|---|---|
Pop. | % | |
English | 698,025 | |
French | 317,825 | |
Spanish | 7,580 | |
Arabic | 6,090 | |
Tagalog | 4,225 |
New Brunswick's official languages are shown in bold. Figures shown are for the number of single-language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses. During the 19th century Gaelic was also spoken in Campbellton and Dalhousie. The language died out as a natively-spoken language in the early 20th century.
The 2011 Canadian census showed a population of 751,171. Of the 731,855 single responses to the census question concerning mother tongue, the most commonly reported languages were: [17]
Ranking | Language | Population | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
1. | English | 479,930 | 65.58% |
2. | French | 233,530 | 31.90% |
3. | Mi'kmaq | 2,115 | 0.29% |
4. | Korean | 1,810 | 0.25% |
5. | German | 1,805 | 0.25% |
6. | Arabic | 1,325 | 0.18% |
7. | Spanish | 1,135 | 0.16% |
8. | Dutch | 925 | 0.13% |
9. | Tagalog | 585 | 0.08% |
10. | Persian | 450 | 0.06% |
11. | Italian | 440 | 0.06% |
12. | Romanian | 420 | 0.06% |
13. | Mandarin | 405 | 0.06% |
14. | Russian | 355 | 0.05% |
15. | Vietnamese | 285 | 0.04% |
16. | Polish | 255 | 0.03% |
17. | Hindi | 250 | 0.03% |
18. | Cantonese | 225 | 0.03% |
19. | Portuguese | 220 | 0.03% |
20. | Urdu | 205 | 0.03% |
21. | Bengali | 180 | 0.02% |
22. | Hungarian | 155 | 0.02% |
23. | Danish | 145 | 0.02% |
24. | Greek | 140 | 0.02% |
25. | Swahili | 140 | 0.02% |
26. | Serbian | 120 | 0.02% |
Note: "n.i.e.": not included elsewhere
There were also 45 single-language responses for Gujarati; 135 for Niger-Congo languages n.i.e.; 70 for Creole; 95 for Non-verbal languages (Sign languages); 115 for Japanese; 30 for Indo-Iranian languages n.i.e.; 5 for Somali; 20 for Sinhala (Sinhalese); and 40 for Malayalam. New Brunswick's official languages are shown in bold. (Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses.) [17]
Religious group | 2021 [18] | 2011 [19] | 2001 [20] | 1991 [21] | 1981 [22] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Christianity | 512,645 | 616,910 | 657,865 | 674,780 | 667,610 | |||||
Irreligion | 225,125 | 111,435 | 57,665 | 38,740 | 19,685 | |||||
Islam | 9,190 | 2,640 | 1,270 | 255 | 315 | |||||
Hinduism | 3,340 | 820 | 470 | 610 | 475 | |||||
Sikhism | 1,780 | 20 | 90 | 45 | 50 | |||||
Buddhism | 1,120 | 975 | 550 | 365 | 240 | |||||
Indigenous spirituality | 1,005 | 525 | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Judaism | 1,000 | 620 | 670 | 880 | 845 | |||||
Other | 3,990 | 1,895 | 1,120 | 830 | 160 | |||||
Total responses | 759,195 | 735,835 | 719,710 | 716,495 | 689,370 | |||||
Total population | 775,610 | 751,171 | 729,498 | 723,900 | 696,403 | |||||
Year | Immigrant percentage | Immigrant population | Total population |
---|---|---|---|
1851 | 40,432 | 193,800 | |
1861 | 52,602 | 252,047 | |
1881 | 31,068 | 321,233 | |
1891 | 22,006 | 321,263 | |
1901 | 17,942 | 331,120 | |
1911 | 18,313 | 351,889 | |
1921 | 21,458 | 387,876 | |
1931 | 24,401 | 408,219 | |
1941 | 20,592 | 457,401 | |
1951 | 19,875 | 515,697 | |
1961 | 23,283 | 597,936 | |
1971 | 23,735 | 634,560 |
The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 44,125 persons or 5.8 percent of the total population of New Brunswick. [27]
Country of birth | 2021 [28] [27] | 2016 [29] | 2011 [30] [31] | 2006 [32] [33] | 2001 [34] [35] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
United States | 6,480 | 7,615 | 8,225 | 8,655 | 7,960 | |||||
United Kingdom | 4,915 | 4,605 | 5,260 | 5,210 | 5,300 | |||||
Philippines | 3,780 | 1,340 | 705 | 350 | 210 | |||||
India | 2,265 | 820 | 800 | 595 | 390 | |||||
China | 2,125 | 2,215 | 1,050 | 925 | 490 | |||||
Syria | 1,890 | 1,225 | 20 | 20 | 35 | |||||
Germany | 1,395 | 1,620 | 1,650 | 1,770 | 1,570 | |||||
South Korea | 1,180 | 1,495 | 1,620 | 370 | 25 | |||||
France | 1,070 | 760 | 410 | 320 | 225 | |||||
Nigeria | 980 | 115 | 40 | 30 | 50 | |||||
Total immigrants | 44,125 | 33,810 | 28,465 | 26,400 | 22,470 | |||||
Total responses | 759,195 | 730,710 | 735,835 | 719,650 | 719,710 | |||||
Total population | 775,610 | 747,101 | 751,171 | 729,997 | 729,498 |
The 2021 Canadian census counted a total of 16,040 people who immigrated to New Brunswick between 2016 and 2021. [27]
Recent immigrants to New Brunswick by country of birth (2016 to 2021) [27] | |||
---|---|---|---|
Country of birth | Population | % recent immigrants | |
Philippines | 2,325 | ||
Syria | 1,700 | ||
India | 1,365 | ||
China | 975 | ||
Nigeria | 905 | ||
United States | 605 | ||
Ukraine | 475 | ||
Egypt | 445 | ||
France | 390 | ||
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 370 | ||
Total | 16,040 |
New Brunswick has typically experienced less emigration than its size and economic situation would suggest, probably because of the low rate of emigration of its francophone population.[ citation needed ]
In-migrants | Out-migrants | Net migration | |
---|---|---|---|
2008–09 | 11,268 | 11,505 | −237 |
2009–10 | 10,883 | 10,312 | 571 |
2010–11 | 10,167 | 10,325 | −158 |
2011–12 | 10,044 | 11,850 | −1,806 |
2012–13 | 8,517 | 11,807 | −3,290 |
2013–14 | 9,055 | 12,572 | −3,517 |
2014–15 | 9,184 | 11,974 | −2,790 |
2015–16 | 10,248 | 11,361 | −1,113 |
2016–17 | 10,136 | 9,702 | 434 |
2017–18 | 10,709 | 10,228 | 481 |
2018–19 | 11,945 | 11,339 | 606 |
Source: Statistics Canada
Statistics Canada conducts a country-wide census that collects demographic data every five years on the first and sixth year of each decade. The 2021 Canadian census enumerated a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure. It is estimated that Canada's population surpassed 40 million in 2023 and 41 million in 2024. Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth. The main driver of population growth is immigration, with 6.2% of the country's population being made up of temporary residents as of 2023, or about 2.5 million people. Between 2011 and May 2016, Canada's population grew by 1.7 million people, with immigrants accounting for two-thirds of the increase.
French Canadians, referred to as Canadiens mainly before the nineteenth century, are an ethnic group descended from French colonists first arriving in France's colony of Canada in 1608. The vast majority of French Canadians live in the province of Quebec.
The demographics of Quebec constitutes a complex and sensitive issue, especially as it relates to the national question. Quebec is the only one of Canada's provinces to feature a Francophone (French-speaking) majority, and where anglophones (English-speakers) constitute an officially recognized minority group. According to the 2011 census, French is spoken by more than 85.5% of the population while this number rises to 88% for children under 15 years old. According to the 2011 census, 95% of Quebec's people are able to conduct a conversation in French, with less than 5% of the population not able to speak French. According to Statistics Canada's population clock, Quebec's population would be around 9,100,000 in early 2024.
A multitude of languages have always been spoken in Canada. Prior to Confederation, the territories that would become Canada were home to over 70 distinct languages across 12 or so language families. Today, a majority of those indigenous languages are still spoken; however, most are endangered and only about 0.6% of the Canadian population report an indigenous language as their mother tongue. Since the establishment of the Canadian state, English and French have been the co-official languages and are, by far, the most-spoken languages in the country.
French is the mother tongue of approximately 7.2 million Canadians according to the 2016 Canadian Census. Most Canadian native speakers of French live in Quebec, the only province where French is the majority and the sole official language. Of Quebec's people, 71.2 percent are native francophones and 95 percent speak French as their first or second language.
Danish Canadians are Canadian citizens of Danish ancestry. According to the 2006 Census, there were 200,035 Canadians with Danish background, 17,650 of whom were born in Denmark.
British Columbia is a Canadian province with a population of about 5.6 million people. The province represents about 13.2% of the population of the Canadian population. Most of the population is between the ages of 15 and 49. About 60 percent of British Columbians have European descent with significant Asian and Aboriginal minorities. Just under 30% of British Columbians are immigrants. Over half of the population is irreligious, with Christianity and Sikhism being the most followed religions.
Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province by a large margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians, and is the second-largest province in total area. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included. It is home to the nation's capital city, Ottawa, and the nation's most populous city, Toronto.
Alberta has experienced a relatively high rate of growth in recent years, due in large part to its economy. Between 2003 and 2004, the province saw high birthrates, relatively high immigration, and a high rate of interprovincial migration when compared to other provinces. Approximately 81% of the population live in urban areas and only about 19% live in rural areas. The Calgary–Edmonton Corridor is the most urbanized area in Alberta and is one of Canada's four most urban regions. Many of Alberta's cities and towns have also experienced high rates of growth in recent history. From a population of 73,022 in 1901, Alberta has grown to 4,262,635 in 2021 and in the process has gone from less than 1.5% of Canada's population to 11.5%. It is the fourth most populated province in Canada. Between the 2016 and 2021 censuses, the Alberta population grew by 4.8%.
Prince Edward Island is a Canadian province. According to the 2011 National Household Survey, the largest ethnic group consists of people of Scottish descent (39.2%), followed by English (31.1%), Irish (30.4%), French (21.1%), German (5.2%), and Dutch (3.1%) descent. Prince Edward Island is mostly a white community and there are few visible minorities. Chinese people are the largest visible minority group of Prince Edward Island, comprising 1.3% of the province's population. Almost half of respondents identified their ethnicity as "Canadian." Prince Edward Island is by a strong margin the most Celtic and specifically the most Scottish province in Canada and perhaps the most Scottish place (ethnically) in the world, outside Scotland. 38% of islanders claim Scottish ancestry, but this is an underestimate and it is thought that almost 50% of islanders have Scottish roots. When combined with Irish and Welsh, almost 80% of islanders are of some Celtic stock, albeit most families have resided in PEI for at least two centuries. Few places outside Europe can claim such a homogeneous Celtic ethnic background. The only other jurisdiction in North America with such a high percentage of British Isles heritage is Newfoundland.
Saskatchewan is the middle province of Canada's three Prairie provinces. It has an area of 651,900 km2 (251,700 mi2) and a population of 1,132,505 (Saskatchewanians) as of 2021. Saskatchewan's population is made of 50.3% women and 49.7% men. Most of its population lives in the Southern half of the province.
Manitoba is one of Canada's 10 provinces. It is the easternmost of the three Prairie provinces.
Newfoundland and Labrador is a province of Canada on the country's Atlantic coast in northeastern North America. The province has an area of 405,212 square kilometres and a population in 2024 of 545,247, with approximately 95% of the provincial population residing on the Island of Newfoundland, with more than half of the population residing on the Avalon Peninsula. People from Newfoundland and Labrador are called "Newfoundlanders," "Labradorians", or "Newfoundlanders and Labradorians".
Nova Scotia is a Canadian province located on the country's southeastern coast. It is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada, and its capital, Halifax, is a major economic centre of the region. Geographically, Nova Scotia is the second smallest province in Canada, with an area of 52,824.71 km2 (20,395.73 sq mi). As of 2021, it has a population of 969,383 people.
The Northwest Territories is a territory of Canada. It has an area of 1,171,918 square kilometres and a population of 41,786 as of the 2016 Canadian census.
Yukon is the westernmost of Canada's three northern territories. Its capital is Whitehorse. People from Yukon are known as Yukoners. Unlike in other Canadian provinces and territories, Statistics Canada uses the entire territory as a single at-large census division.
Nunavut is a territory of Canada. It has a land area of 1,877,787.62 km2 (725,017.85 sq mi). It has a population of 36,858 in the 2021 Census. In the 2016 census the population was 35,944, up 12.7% from the 2011 census figure of 31,906. In 2016, 30,135 people identified themselves as Inuit, 190 as North American Indian (0.5%), 165 Métis (0.5%) and 5,025 as non-aboriginal (14.0%).
British Canadians primarily refers to Canadians who were either born in or can trace their ancestry to the British Isles, which includes the nations of England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.
The demographics of Winnipeg reveal the city to be a typically Canadian one: multicultural and multilingual. Winnipeg is also prominent in the size and ratio of its First Nations population, which plays an important part in the city's makeup. About 12.4% of Winnipeggers are of Indigenous descent, which exceeds the national average of 5.0%.
South African Canadians are Canadians of South African descent. Most South African Canadians are White South Africans, mostly of British and Afrikaner ancestry. According to the 2021 Canada census there were 51,590 South African-born immigrants in Canada. It includes those who hold or have ever held permanent resident status in Canada, including naturalized citizens. 12,270 people considered Afrikaans their mother tongue.
Some 233,000i people whose mother tongue is French—the great majority of whom are Acadians—represent one third of the province's population.
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