Earth system governance

Last updated

Applying the existing earth system governance (ESG) framework to the challenge of understanding and analysing transformations towards sustainability. Understanding and analysing transformations towards sustainability.jpg
Applying the existing earth system governance (ESG) framework to the challenge of understanding and analysing transformations towards sustainability.

Earth system governance (or earth systems governance) is a broad area of scholarly inquiry that builds on earlier notions of environmental policy and nature conservation, but puts these into the broader context of human-induced transformations of the entire earth system. The integrative paradigm of earth system governance (ESG) has evolved into an active research area that brings together a variety of disciplines including political science, sociology, economics, ecology, policy studies, geography, sustainability science, and law. [3]

Contents

ESG research can be carried out under a conceptual framework of five analytical problems which are all highly interlinked. [4] [1] These analytical problems are "problems of the overall architecture of ESG, of agency beyond the state and of the state, of the adaptiveness of governance mechanisms and processes, of their accountability and legitimacy and of modes of allocation and access in ESG". [4] They share at least four cross-cutting themes which are "power, knowledge, norms and scale".

ESG is not simply about the global level but all levels are relevant. Therefore, researchers study sustainability challenges at local, national and global levels. The ESG research community focuses on the study of formal rules and institutions, which include laws, public regulations and policies set by national or local governments and international organizations to address global and local sustainability problems. The network also examines informal rules and practices, such as unwritten norms and societal behaviors. Additionally, the community explores actor networks, such as relationships and interactions among various stakeholders such as governments, NGOs, and civil society. [5]

Example applications of ESG include topics around planetary justice, climate governance, ocean governance. For example, in the context of ocean governance, research in ESG helps to address governance-related needs of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. [6] There are fundamental research questions regarding ocean science for sustainable development, namely "who gets what?” (justice and allocation), "who gets to decide?” (democracy and power), "how are current systems maintained?” (architecture and agency), and "how do these systems change?” (in the present: agency, adaptiveness and reflexivity; and in the future: anticipation and imagination). [7] Another example are international treaties: Social science research on ESG can offer insights on the factors that have promoted successful negotiation, design, and implementation of international environmental agreements such as the High Seas Treaty. [8]

Hundreds of scholars who are interested in ESG research have joined forces within the Earth System Governance Project, a large research network and interdisciplinary social science research alliance which began in 2009. [9]

Definition

The concept of earth system governance (ESG) is defined in the 2009 Science and Implementation Plan of the Earth System Governance Project as: "the interrelated and increasingly integrated system of formal and informal rules, rule-making systems, and actor-networks at all levels of human society (from local to global) that are set up to steer societies towards preventing, mitigating, and adapting to global and local environmental change and, in particular, earth system transformation, within the normative context of sustainable development." [1] : 22 

A simpler version of the same definition is: Earth system governance is the combination of various rules and efforts from actors at all levels of society, from local to global, aimed at guiding actions to prevent, reduce, and adapt to environmental changes.

ESG is about the "societal steering of human activities regarding the long-term stability of geobiophysical systems" and "global stewardship for the planet based on non-hierarchical processes of cooperation and coordination at multiple levels". [10] : 285 

ESG is a subfield of earth system sciences analyzed from a social sciences perspective. [11] Earth system science assumes a holistic view of the dynamic interaction between the Earth's spheres and their many constituent subsystems fluxes and processes, the resulting spatial organization and time evolution of these systems, and their variability, stability and instability. [12] [13] [14]

The concept of ESG also has its conceptual boundaries: "Questions of international security, global communication, trade regulation, terrorism, or human rights, for instance, are less studied within the earth system governance research community." [15]

Development

The new paradigm of earth system governance was originally developed in the Netherlands by Professor Frank Biermann in his inaugural lecture at the VU University Amsterdam, which was published later in 2007. [16] Based on this pioneering contribution, Biermann was invited by the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change to develop a long-term comprehensive international program in this field, which became in 2009 the global Earth System Governance Project (ESG Project). The ESG Project is a network of researchers. It produced the first science and implementation plan for ESG research in 2009. [1] [4] This provided a framework for research activities of ESG scholars during 2009 to 2018. It was followed by a second Science and Implementation Plan in 2018 which is meant to guide the research activities from 2018 onwards. [5]

Conceptual framework of analytical problems

ESG research can be carried out under a conceptual framework of five analytical problems which are all highly interlinked. [4] These analytical problems are "problems of the overall architecture of ESG, of agency beyond the state and of the state, of the adaptiveness of governance mechanisms and processes, of their accountability and legitimacy and of modes of allocation and access in ESG". [4] The table below shows these five research activities and the main research questions for each of the analytical problems. [1]

At the center of the ESG framework are particular problem domains (i.e. energy, food, water, climate, and economic systems), which are likely to be the focus of efforts to bring about transformations towards sustainability. [2]

Conceptual framework of five analytical problems for research in ESG (all starting with the letter A) [1]
Analytical problemActivities of researchersExamples for main research questions
Architecture of governanceTo analyze the emergence, design and effectiveness of governance systems as well as the overall integration of global, regional, national and local governance. [15] How do environmental institutions perform within larger governance structures? What environmental impacts arise from non-environmental governance systems? What are the norms of ESG? [17]
Agents of governanceTo investigate the diverse agents beyond national governments, such as businesses, non-profit organizations, or cities, [18] studying their roles, responsibilities, authority, and impact. [19] Who are the agents of ESG? How do they exercise their roles, and how can their relevance be evaluated?
AdaptivenessTo analyze how long-term stability can best be balanced with flexibility to respond to new developments. [20] This research explores the politics and processes that enhance adaptiveness in governance.What attributes of governance systems promote adaptiveness? How does adaptiveness influence governance?
Accountability and legitimacyTo focus on questions of accountability, [21] legitimacy, transparency, [22] and the democratic quality of governance. [23] What are the sources of accountability, legitimacy and democratic governance? How do they affect governance performance? What designs can best balance interests and perspectives?
Allocation and AccessTo study the distribution of resources, raising issues of planetary justice. [24] How can interdisciplinary definitions of allocation and access be developed? [25] What principles underlie planetary justice, and how does planetary justice align with governance effectiveness?

The first Science and Implementation Plan from 2009 emphasized four cross-cutting themes that were deemed crucial for understanding these problems: power, knowledge, norms, and scale. [1] It also promoted focused case studies on the global water, food, climate, and economic systems, integrating here analyses of governance architecture, agents, adaptiveness, accountability, and allocation.

The second Science and Implementation Plan from 2018 has expanded the original framework of the "5 A’s" to pair them with novel concepts that have become more prominent in the community. This resulted in the following five sets of research lenses: [5]

  1. Architecture and agency
  2. Democracy and power
  3. Justice and allocation
  4. Anticipation and imagination
  5. Adaptiveness and reflexivity

Those research lenses are embedded in four contextual conditions: Transformations, inequality, anthropocene, and diversity. [5]

The ESG research community focuses on the study of formal rules and institutions, which include laws, public regulations and policies set by national or local governments and international organizations to address global and local sustainability problems. The network also examines informal rules and practices, such as unwritten norms and societal behaviors. Additionally, the community explores actor networks, such as relationships and interactions among various stakeholders such as governments, NGOs, and civil society. [5]

When scholars conduct research in ESG they theorize about it as analytical practice (explaining current politics), as normative critique (a critique of current systems of governance), and as transformative visioning. [10] : 285 

Analytical problems

Architectures

Architectures of ESG has been defined as "the overarching system of public and private institutions, principles, norms, regulations, decision-making procedures and organizations that are valid or active in a given area of global governance". [15] : 4  It is the "macro-level of governance", or a "bird’s-eye view on the global governance landscape". Building blocks of architectures of global governance include intergovernmental institutions, international bureaucracies, and non-state, transnational institutions and networks. [15] : 24 

The structural features of global governance architectures can be investigated at micro, meso and macro levels. [15] : 24  The micro level includes "dyadic interlinkages between institutions". The meso level includes "regime complexes of loosely coupled institutions". Finally, the macro level is about whole architectures.

There are also many areas of voids in the governance architecture, i.e. instances of non-governance. For example, there is no global treaty on deforestation, no comprehensive laws or treaties in relationship to the atmosphere, the Arctic region, and ocean acidification. [15] : 20 

ESG is not simply about the global level but all levels are relevant. [15] : 5  Therefore, researchers study sustainability challenges at local, national and global levels. They look into how local communities manage natural resources and respond to sustainability changes. At the national level, ESG researchers examine how governments and other actors develop and implement policies to address sustainability challenges. They also investigate international agreements, the role of global organizations such as the United Nations and transnational institutions in governing earth systems. By integrating research across all these scales, ESG researchers seek to understand the complexities of sustainability governance and develop actionable solutions that are effective and fair at all levels of society.[ citation needed ]

Agency

When ESG researchers investigate agency they ask: "who are the agents of ESG, how do they become authoritative, and to what effect?" [26] Or in other words "who governs for whom and how and to what effect?". Researchers on agency in ESG thus investigate the "multiple ways in which actors acquire authority to affect the outcomes of ESG". [26]

The Earth System Governance Project's Science Plan explains the difference between actors and agents in ESG. [1] Agents are more empowered than actors: "Agents are authoritative actors, where authority is understood as the ability to exercise power with legitimacy". [26] For this reason, agency is about "a particular relationship between actors and those whom they seek to govern". [26] Categories of agents include states (or countries), businesses and civil society but these categories overlap and are not uniform.

Adaptiveness

The understanding of adaptiveness in the ESG context is for it to be "an umbrella term for a set of related concepts – vulnerability, resilience, adaptation, robustness, adaptive capacity, social learning and so on – to describe changes made by social groups in response to, or in anticipation of, challenges created through environmental change". [1] : 45  [27] Subsequently, ESG researchers have been investigating questions such as "what are the politics of adaptiveness? Which governance processes foster adaptiveness? What attributes of governance systems enhance capacities to adapt? How, when, and why does adaptiveness influence earth system governance?". [27]

Justice and allocation

Planetary justice

Planetary justice encompasses traditional concerns of environmental justice but foregrounds that the entire human and non-human world is now at stake, not merely a locality. [28] It is concerned with justice among humans as well as between humans and the natural world. [28] As early as 1972 scholars had called for planetary justice, and more recently (in 2006), the term has been used to refer to global justice from a non-Western philosophical perspective. [28] Scholars are now placing the justice discourse in the broader debate on planetary stewardship, earth system transformation and ESG. [28]

Planetary justice is a system designed to secure the integrity of the planetary system as well as universal protection of basic human dignity for all people. It requires addressing extreme concentrations of wealth in industrialized and middle-income countries and international redistributions of wealth. There are allocation challenges, both within and between countries. To address these challenges it is critical to realize pro-poor planetary justice. [29]

Planetary justice cannot be a debate among academics and activists in the global North alone. For the ideals of planetary justice to be achieved, these challenges must be linked to the lives and life worlds of the poorest and most marginalized people of the world. [29]

Approaches for ESG and planetary stewardship

There are five dominant approaches to ESG when viewed together with planetary stewardship: market liberal, bioenvironmentalist, ecomodernist, institutionalist, and social green. All of these approaches to planetary stewardship and ESG are not yet apt at realizing a pro-poor vision of justice. They cannot handle the complex causes of planetary crisis, including socioeconomic inequality and social injustice: [29]

  • A market liberal approach builds on neoclassical economics and the assumption of individual rational behavior to argue that economic growth and higher incomes are essential for effective planetary stewardship.
  • A bioenvironmentalist approach focuses on the constraints of biological limits, or the carrying capacity of the planet. Accordingly, bio-environmentalists see population pressure and overconsumption of natural resources as major causes of environmental degradation.
  • An ecomodernist approach emphasizes the need to tap into the "power of human ingenuity and creativity" for managing planetary problems such as climate change. Justice—at international and local levels—is not a core consideration for ecomodernists.
  • An institutionalist approach seeks to foster interstate cooperation in pursuit of planetary stewardship. Many institutionalist research programs remain focused on the goal of effective protection of the global environment—and not on increasing justice at the same time.
  • A social green approach sees planetary degradation as inseparable from questions of social, economic, and political inequalities.

Scholars have argued that planetary justice requires prioritizing poor people's interests within planetary stewardship. [29]

Contextual conditions

ESG research takes place in four contextual conditions: Transformations, inequality, anthropocene, and diversity. [5]

Transformations

Transformations have been defined as "shifts that involve fundamental changes in structural, functional, relational and cognitive dimensions of linked socio-technical-ecological systems". [30] Examples include climate change, economic globalization, and digitization. Very often, "transformations imply changes in power relations (e.g. challenging, disrupting or entrenching), and thus are deeply contested, political phenomena". [30] A variety of conceptual approaches have been developed to understand and analyse societal transition or transformation processes, including: socio-technical transitions, social-ecological systems, sustainability pathways, and transformative adaptation. [2]

The ESG framework can be used as a lens for understanding and analysing transformations. It is a high-level framework for thinking about governance, and does not give specific guidance on processes of transformation, but is flexible enough to accommodate different conceptual approaches that might be applied by different scholars. [2]

By using this framework, ESG researchers can explore the governance and politics of transformations towards sustainability by applying a conceptual lens that takes a political perspective of governance for sustainability. [2]

Anthropocene

This section is an excerpt from Anthropocene.[ edit ]
The Anthropocene is a now rejected proposal for the name of a geological epoch that would follow the Holocene, dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth up to the present day. It was rejected in 2024 by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in terms of being a defined geologic period. [31] The impacts of humans affect Earth's oceans, geology, geomorphology, landscape, limnology, hydrology, ecosystems and climate. [32] [33] The effects of human activities on Earth can be seen for example in biodiversity loss and climate change. Various start dates for the Anthropocene have been proposed, ranging from the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution (12,000–15,000 years ago), to as recently as the 1960s. The biologist Eugene F. Stoermer is credited with first coining and using the term anthropocene informally in the 1980s; Paul J. Crutzen re-invented and popularized the term. [34] However, in 2024 the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) rejected the Anthropocene Epoch proposal for inclusion in the Geologic Time Scale. [35] [36] [37]

Researchers and networks

Many scholars have applied the ESG framework in their research. [38] Examples include the following scholars who are also co-founders of the ESG Project: Frank Biermann, Michele Betsill, [19] John Dryzek, [23] Norichika Kanie and Lennart Olsson. [39] In addition, ESG scholars who have co-authored the ESG Project's first science and implementation plan in 2009 include for example: [1] Joyeeta Gupta, [25] Louis Lebel, [25] Diana Liverman, Heike Schroeder, and Bernd Siebenhüner. [20]

Other notable scholars in ESG are for example Peter M. Haas, Chris Gordon, Aarti Gupta, [22] Louis J. Kotzé, [17] James Meadowcroft, Chukwumerije Okereke, Asa Persson, Oran R. Young, Fariborz Zelli. 557 scholars are formally registered as members of the ESG Project (as of 2024). [40] : 11 

Earth System Governance Project

Frank Biermann opening the 2018 Utrecht Conference on Earth System Governance Frank Biermann opening the 2018 Utrecht Conference on Earth System Governance.jpg
Frank Biermann opening the 2018 Utrecht Conference on Earth System Governance
This section is an excerpt from Earth System Governance Project.[ edit ]

The Earth System Governance Project (or ESG Project in short) is a research network that builds on the work from about a dozen research centers and hundreds of researchers studying earth system governance. It is a long-term, interdisciplinary social science research alliance. Its origins are an international program called the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change. [42] The ESG Project started in January 2009. [42] Over time, it has evolved into a broader research alliance that builds on an international network of research centers, lead faculty and research fellows. It is now the largest social science research network in the area of governance and global environmental change. [43]

Utrecht University in the Netherlands has hosted the secretariat, called International Project Office, from 2019 to 2024. [44] [45] Previously the secretariat was at United Nations University in Bonn, Germany (from 2009 to 2012) and at Lund University, Sweden (from 2012 to 2018).

Critique

The idea of earth system governance (ESG) has been criticized for being too top-down, for placing too much emphasis on global governance structures. According to Mike Hulme, ESG represents an attempt to "geopolitically engineer" our way out of the climate crisis. [46] He questions whether the climate is governable and argues that it is way too optimistic and even hubristic to attempt to control the global climate by universal governance regimes. [46] Others regard this particular interpretation of the ESG concept as being too narrow and misleading. [47]

Andy Stirling criticized the ESG concept by saying: "No matter how much a governance model might emphasize 'polycentric' co-ordination (rather than top-down hierarchy), if it remains subordinated to a particular agency and specific ends, then the process is equally about control." [48] Ariel Salleh compared ESG with a "proto bio-political regime". [49] She also stated that "What is minimized in the ESG analysis are major historical tensions between capital and labor, core and periphery, human production and natural reproduction". On the other hand, political scientist Frank Biermann from Utrecht University responded to that criticism by saying that there has been "a misunderstanding that this community would study only global institutions" due to the wording of earth system in the term. [10] : 291 

Another line of criticism is to link "earth system governance research with dangers of universal, Northern-based intellectual dominance that marginalizes different epistemologies and in particular actors from the Global South". [10] : 291  On the other hand, Frank Biermann pointed out that "Much research on earth system governance has directly criticized ecomodernism, technocracy and postcolonialism, for instance by prioritizing work on "planetary justice", epistemic diversity, decolonializing Western science, or by engaging with ecosocialist and other progressive lines of thinking." [10] : 291 

Example applications

Complex and global challenges that ESG scholars investigate include for example as "ocean acidification, land use change, food system disruptions, climate change, environment-induced migration, species extinction, changing regional water cycles, as well as more traditional environmental concerns". [10] : 287 

Earth system law

The concept of earth system law is still in its infancy (as per 2021). It is a sub-discipline of ESG, itself a subfield of earth system sciences analyzed from a social sciences perspective. [11] The definition of earth system law is "an innovative legal imaginary that is rooted in the Anthropocene's planetary context and its perceived socio-ecological crisis". [50] However, a fuller determination of the precise content, purpose, meaning, and scope of earth system law remains a work in progress. [51]

Earth system law is intended to be a more generically applicable framework that spans the entire spectrum of law that is relevant for responding to earth system transformation. Researchers are now looking into questions around the understanding of earth system law, its form and content, as well as its ontological and epistemological orientation. [51]

Building on extant ESG research, earth system law challenges the conception that legal phenomena concerned with mediating the relationship between humans and the environment are to be categorized as environmental laws. Earth system law has the potential to transcend the shortcomings of environmental law, in particular its insufficient understanding and capturing of the complex relations between, and within, social, technical and natural systems. [52]

Ocean governance

UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development

The UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (UNDOS) is a United Nations Decade that runs from 2021 to 2030, with a vision of "the science we need for the ocean we want". [53] [54] UNDOS offers a framework to strengthen connections and weave partnerships between all communities working to study, conserve, and sustainably use the ocean and its resources. The Decade will boost scientific research in this area. [7] ESG research in relationship to oceans tackles fundamental questions of "who gets what?” (justice and allocation), "who gets to decide?” (democracy and power), "how are current systems maintained?” (architecture and agency), and "how do these systems change?” (in the present: agency, adaptiveness and reflexivity; and in the future: anticipation and imagination). [7]

Scholars of ESG say that their research is instrumental in addressing governance-related needs of UNDOS. [6] First, it can identify salient frames for ocean problems that trigger policy action. Second, it can inform stakeholder involvement by mapping powerful and marginalized interests and suggesting pathways towards more inclusive participation. Third, it can support viable and effective ocean solutions based on insights into political support coalitions and governance design. [6]

Mainstreaming of governance research into ocean science has also been recommended: The ESG community can facilitate this mainstreaming by enhancing knowledge cumulation around ocean issues within the network; engaging more strongly in the production of actionable and action-oriented knowledge; and seeking integration into inter- and transdisciplinary ocean research. [6]

Sub-topics where ESG with regards to ocean governance can be applied are for example governance issues around deep sea mining, [55] ocean acidification, [56] marine biodiversity. [57]

High Seas Treaty

There is the expectation that a new agreement in ocean law that was reached in 2023 will constitute a major innovation in ESG, and could add more complexity and robustness to existing global ocean governance. [8] This agreement is called the High Seas Treaty or Global Ocean Treaty or the United Nations agreement on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement). It was adopted on 19 June 2023 and is a legally binding instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. [58] [59] It falls under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). [60]

Social science research on ESG can offer insights on the factors that have promoted successful negotiation, design, and implementation of international environmental agreements that are similar to the High Seas Treaty. [8] Such findings relevant to those negotiations include regime theory, critical theory, science and technology studies, and coupled human and natural systems. The negotiations for such an agreement involved a large number of interested states and stakeholders with vested interests. This means that negotiators faced the classic dilemma of identifying obligations and commitments that are demanding enough to solve the problem but not so demanding that states will oppose their inclusion in an agreement or reject membership in an agreement that includes them. [8]

Research on ESG helps to understand that negotiators for such a treaty must overcome three major challenges to reach meaningful agreement: (i) the politicization of science, which may inhibit agreement on whether to act, especially in a context of decision-making under uncertainty; (ii) institutional fragmentation and interplay, which make it challenging to add elements to an already crowded ocean governance space in ways that increase coherence and effectiveness; and (iii) the need for the new international legally binding instrument to respond to the complex set of multiple, multilevel, and systemic threats to marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction. [8]

Artificial intelligence and digitalization

Researchers are investigating the impacts, problems, and possibilities surrounding the use of certain emerging technologies—namely, artificial intelligence (AI) and digitalization—in activities relevant to ESG. [61] There is no uniformly techno-optimist or techno-pessimist orientation amongst ESG researchers. Nevertheless, concerns about technology course through the entire ESG agenda. [61]

AI can be used to support public decision-making. [62] ESG researchers pointed out that those interested in adopting AI within their decision-making systems should first ask critical governance questions about the extent to which AI-informed decisions will be democratic, whether implementing such technology will contribute to north–south (in)equality, and the costs and benefits of involving private sector service providers in public sector operations. [61] Examples for such questions that ESG researchers explore include: "How to provide confidence that AI-informed decision-making is democratically sound? [...] What risk comes from government ownership and operation of AI-models and tools – is it any different to the existing management of public institutions and decisions? What are the risks and opportunities presented by AI to community engagement – how can we ensure that people remain involved in the decisions that affect them?" [62]

Climate governance

Climate governance, in particular research on climate policy, is another application of earth system governance. [63] [1]

This section is an excerpt from Climate governance.[ edit ]

Climate governance is the diplomacy, mechanisms and response measures "aimed at steering social systems towards preventing, mitigating or adapting to the risks posed by climate change". [64] A definitive interpretation is complicated by the wide range of political and social science traditions (including comparative politics, political economy and multilevel governance) that are engaged in conceiving and analysing climate governance at different levels and across different arenas. In academia, climate governance has become the concern of geographers, anthropologists, economists and business studies scholars. [65]

Climate governance – that is, effective management of the global climate system – is thus of vital importance. However, building effective collective mechanisms to govern impacts on the climate system at the planetary level presents particular challenges, e.g. the complexity of the relevant science and the progressive refinement of scientific knowledge about our global climate and planetary systems, and the challenge of communicating this knowledge to the general public and to policy makers. There is also the urgency of addressing this issue; the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has underlined that the international community has a narrow window of opportunity to act to keep global temperature rise at safe levels. Modern international climate governance is organized around three pillars: mitigation, adaptation and means of implementation. Under each pillar are many issues and policies, illustrating the many ways climate change affects society. [66]

See also

Related Research Articles

Sustainable development is an approach to growth and human development that aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The aim is to have a society where living conditions and resources meet human needs without undermining planetary integrity. Sustainable development aims to balance the needs of the economy, environment, and social well-being. The Brundtland Report in 1987 helped to make the concept of sustainable development better known.

The Anthropocene is a now rejected proposal for the name of a geological epoch that would follow the Holocene, dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth up to the present day. It was rejected in 2024 by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in terms of being a defined geologic period. The impacts of humans affect Earth's oceans, geology, geomorphology, landscape, limnology, hydrology, ecosystems and climate. The effects of human activities on Earth can be seen for example in biodiversity loss and climate change. Various start dates for the Anthropocene have been proposed, ranging from the beginning of the Neolithic Revolution, to as recently as the 1960s. The biologist Eugene F. Stoermer is credited with first coining and using the term anthropocene informally in the 1980s; Paul J. Crutzen re-invented and popularized the term. However, in 2024 the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) rejected the Anthropocene Epoch proposal for inclusion in the Geologic Time Scale.

Global governance refers to institutions that coordinate the behavior of transnational actors, facilitate cooperation, resolve disputes, and alleviate collective action problems. Global governance broadly entails making, monitoring, and enforcing rules. Within global governance, a variety of types of actors – not just states – exercise power.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainability</span> Societal goal and normative concept

Sustainability is a social goal for people to co-exist on Earth over a long period of time. Definitions of this term are disputed and have varied with literature, context, and time. Sustainability usually has three dimensions : environmental, economic, and social. Many definitions emphasize the environmental dimension. This can include addressing key environmental problems, including climate change and biodiversity loss. The idea of sustainability can guide decisions at the global, national, organizational, and individual levels. A related concept is that of sustainable development, and the terms are often used to mean the same thing. UNESCO distinguishes the two like this: "Sustainability is often thought of as a long-term goal, while sustainable development refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research</span> German research institute

The Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research is a German government-funded research institute addressing crucial scientific questions in the fields of global change, climate impacts, and sustainable development. Ranked among the top environmental think tanks worldwide, it is one of the leading research institutions and part of a global network of scientific and academic institutions working on questions of global environmental change. It is a member of the Leibniz Association, whose institutions perform research on subjects of high relevance to society.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Earth System Governance Project</span> Social science research programme

The Earth System Governance Project is a research network that builds on the work from about a dozen research centers and hundreds of researchers studying earth system governance. It is a long-term, interdisciplinary social science research alliance. Its origins are an international program called the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change. The ESG Project started in January 2009. Over time, it has evolved into a broader research alliance that builds on an international network of research centers, lead faculty and research fellows. It is now the largest social science research network in the area of governance and global environmental change.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Earth system science</span> Scientific study of the Earths spheres and their natural integrated systems

Earth system science (ESS) is the application of systems science to the Earth. In particular, it considers interactions and 'feedbacks', through material and energy fluxes, between the Earth's sub-systems' cycles, processes and "spheres"—atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, pedosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and even the magnetosphere—as well as the impact of human societies on these components. At its broadest scale, Earth system science brings together researchers across both the natural and social sciences, from fields including ecology, economics, geography, geology, glaciology, meteorology, oceanography, climatology, paleontology, sociology, and space science. Like the broader subject of systems science, Earth system science assumes a holistic view of the dynamic interaction between the Earth's spheres and their many constituent subsystems fluxes and processes, the resulting spatial organization and time evolution of these systems, and their variability, stability and instability. Subsets of Earth System science include systems geology and systems ecology, and many aspects of Earth System science are fundamental to the subjects of physical geography and climate science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental issues</span> Concerns and policies regarding the biophysical environment

Environmental issues are disruptions in the usual function of ecosystems. Further, these issues can be caused by humans or they can be natural. These issues are considered serious when the ecosystem cannot recover in the present situation, and catastrophic if the ecosystem is projected to certainly collapse.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Planetary boundaries</span> Limits not to be exceeded if humanity wants to survive in a safe ecosystem

Planetary boundaries are a framework to describe limits to the impacts of human activities on the Earth system. Beyond these limits, the environment may not be able to self-regulate anymore. This would mean the Earth system would leave the period of stability of the Holocene, in which human society developed. The framework is based on scientific evidence that human actions, especially those of industrialized societies since the Industrial Revolution, have become the main driver of global environmental change. According to the framework, "transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be deleterious or even catastrophic due to the risk of crossing thresholds that will trigger non-linear, abrupt environmental change within continental-scale to planetary-scale systems."

The International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP) was a research programme that studied the human and societal aspects of the phenomenon of global change.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diana Liverman</span> Geographer and science writer

Diana Liverman is a retired Regents Professor of Geography and Development and past Director of the University of Arizona School of Geography, Development and Environment in the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences in Tucson, Arizona.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carl Folke</span> Swedish environmental scientist (born 1955)

Carl Folke, is a trans-disciplinary environmental scientist and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He is a specialist in economics, resilience, and social-ecological systems, viewing such systems as intertwined and potentially unexpected in their interactions. As a framework for resource management, this perspective brings important insights to environmental management, urban planning, and climate adaptation. He suggests ways to improve our ability to understand complex social-ecological interactions, deal with change, and build resilience, often working at smaller scales as a step towards addressing larger scales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goals</span> United Nations goals for people for 2030

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a collection of 17 global objectives established by the United Nations in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. These goals aim to address a broad range of interconnected global challenges, including poverty eradication, environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic growth, under the guiding principle of "leaving no one behind." Designed to replace the Millennium Development Goals, the SDGs apply universally to all countries, irrespective of their development status, and seek to promote peace, prosperity, and the health of the planet.

Future Earth is an international research program which aims to build knowledge about the environmental and human aspects of Global change, and to find solutions for sustainable development. It aims to increase the impact of scientific research on sustainable development.

Planetary Health is a multi- and transdisciplinary research paradigm, a new science for exceptional action, and a global movement. Planetary health refers to "the health of human civilization and the state of the natural systems on which it depends". In 2015, the Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health launched the concept which is currently being developed towards a new health science with over 25 areas of expertise.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stockholm Resilience Centre</span> Swedish environmental research center

The Stockholm Resilience Centre (SRC), is a research centre on resilience and sustainability science at Stockholm University. It is a joint initiative between Stockholm University and the Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Michele Betsill is an American political scientist. She is a professor of political science at Colorado State University, where she has also been the chair of the department. She studies climate change and sustainability policies, with a particular focus on how non-governmental actors and sub-national governments respond to climate change. She was a co-founder of the Earth System Governance Project in 2009.

Xuemei Bai (白雪梅) is a Distinguished Professor of Urban Environment and Human Ecology at the Australian National University. She was the winner of the 2018 Volvo Environmental Prize, and is the winner of the KIEL Global Economy Prize 2021. She is an elected fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia and an ARC Laureate Fellow (2023-). Bai is a commissioner of the Earth Commission, leading a group on methods of cross-scale translation from planetary limits to local actors. She has been named as one of the World’s 100 Most Influential People in Climate Change Policy in 2019 and 2021.

Joyeeta Gupta is a social scientist focusing on environment and development. She is Distinguished Professor of Climate Justice, Sustainability and Global Justice, and is also Professor of Environment and Development in the Global South and holds a water professorship at IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education. She is the co-chair (2024-2025) of the UN Secretary General Appointed Group of Ten High-level Representatives of Civil Society, Private Sector and Scientific Community to Promote Science, Technology and Innovation for the SDGs (10-Member-Group) - a component of the UN Technology Facilitation Mechanism. She is a Commissioner in the Global Commission on the Economics of Water, organized by OECD, financed by the Netherlands Government (2022-24). She was Co-chair of the first phase of the Earth Commission (2019-2024), convened by Future Earth and the Global Commons Alliance during which time 22 publications were achieved with a top publication in Nature and in Lancet Planetary Health. Along with Johan Rockström, she did a plenary presentation of the Earth Commission results at the World Economic Forum in Davos in January 2023. She also was co-chair of UNEP’s Global Environment Outlook-6 assessing knowledge on the environment and the Sustainable Development Goals. The report and its Summary for Policy Makers were presented to the 4th United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) for endorsement by UN Member States at that assembly. The report received the Prose Prize. She was awarded the 2023 Spinoza Prize - the highest distinction in Dutch science and also called the 'Dutch Nobel Prize', the 2022 Piers Sellers prize for world leading contribution to solution-focused climate research, Priestley International Centre for Climate, the 2019 Prose Award for the GEO, the 2015 Atmospheric Science Librarians International Choice Award for her Cambridge University Press Book: History of Global Climate Governance, the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize as an IPCC author, and the 2005 2nd Zayed prize as a Millenium Ecosystem Assessment author. In 2024 she did a concert on Climate Injustice in Four Seasons at the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam and Eindhoven. Her work has been made into a three dimensional art piece in the pop climate museum which the public can interact with. She is also featured in the ‘Prize Cupboard’ in the Rijksmuseum Boerhaave in Leiden.

Frank Biermann is a German political scientist and professor at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. His research interests are in "global institutions and organisations in the sustainability domain". He was the founder in 2006 and first chair of the Earth System Governance Project. From 2018 until 2024 he directed a 2.5-million EUR research programme on the steering effects of the Sustainable Development Goals. This was funded through a European Research Council Advanced Grant.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Biermann, Frank, Michele M. Betsill, Joyeeta Gupta, Norichika Kanie, Louis Lebel, Diana Liverman, Heike Schroeder, and Bernd Siebenhüner, with contributions from Ken Conca, Leila da Costa Ferreira, Bharat Desai, Simon Tay, and Ruben Zondervan (2009) Earth System Governance: People, Places and the Planet. Science and Implementation Plan of the Earth System Governance Project. Earth System Governance Report 1 (first science plan), IHDP Report 20. Bonn, IHDP: The Earth System Governance Project.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Patterson, James; Schulz, Karsten; Vervoort, Joost; van der Hel, Sandra; Widerberg, Oscar; Adler, Carolina; Hurlbert, Margot; Anderton, Karen; Sethi, Mahendra; Barau, Aliyu (2017). "Exploring the governance and politics of transformations towards sustainability". Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. 24: 1–16. doi: 10.1016/j.eist.2016.09.001 . hdl: 20.500.11850/121804 . CC-BY icon.svg Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  3. ↑ Kotzé, Louis J.; Kim, Rakhyun E. (2019). "Earth system law: The juridical dimensions of earth system governance". Earth System Governance. 1: 100003. Bibcode:2019ESGov...100003K. doi: 10.1016/j.esg.2019.100003 . ISSN   2589-8116.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Biermann, Frank; Betsill, Michele M; Vieira, Susana Camargo; Gupta, Joyeeta; Kanie, Norichika; Lebel, Louis; Liverman, Diana; Schroeder, Heike; Siebenhüner, Bernd; Yanda, Pius Z; Zondervan, Ruben (2010). "Navigating the anthropocene: the Earth System Governance Project strategy paper". Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2 (3): 202–208. Bibcode:2010COES....2..202B. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2010.04.005.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sarah Burch, Aarti Gupta, Cristina Yumie Aoki Inoue, Agni Kalfagianni, Åsa Persson (2018). Earth System Governance. Science and Implementation Plan of the Earth System Governance Project (second science plan). Utrecht, the Netherlands
  6. 1 2 3 4 Hofmann, Benjamin (2022). "Mainstreaming Earth System Governance into the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development". Earth System Governance. 12: 100139. doi: 10.1016/j.esg.2022.100139 . CC-BY icon.svg Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  7. 1 2 3 Gonçalves, Leandra R.; May, Candace K.; Webster, D.G. (2022). "The decade of ocean science for sustainable development: What is at stake?". Earth System Governance. 14: 100155. doi: 10.1016/j.esg.2022.100155 .
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 De Santo, E.M.; Ásgeirsdóttir, á.; Barros-Platiau, A.; Biermann, F.; Dryzek, J.; Gonçalves, L.R.; Kim, R.E.; Mendenhall, E.; Mitchell, R.; Nyman, E.; Scobie, M.; Sun, K.; Tiller, R.; Webster, D.G.; Young, O. (2019). "Protecting biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction: An earth system governance perspective". Earth System Governance. 2: 100029. doi: 10.1016/j.esg.2019.100029 . CC-BY icon.svg Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  9. ↑ Earth System Governance Project (2022) Annual Report 2022 of Earth System Governance Project, University of Utrecht
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Biermann, Frank (2022). "Chapter 21: Earth system governance – World politics in the post-environmental age". In Harris, Paul G. (ed.). Routledge handbook of global environmental politics. Routledge handbooks (2nd ed.). London; New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. doi:10.4324/9781003008873. ISBN   978-1-003-00887-3.
  11. 1 2 Petersmann, Marie-Catherine (2021). "Sympoietic thinking and Earth System Law: The Earth, its subjects and the law". Earth System Governance. 9: 100114. doi: 10.1016/j.esg.2021.100114 . CC-BY icon.svg Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  12. ↑ Hergarten, Stefan (2002). Self-Organized Criticality in Earth Systems. Springer-Verlag. ISBN   9783540434528.
  13. ↑ Tsonis, Anastasios A.; Elsner, James B. (2007). Nonlinear Dynamics in Geosciences. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN   9780387349183.
  14. ↑ Neugebauer, Horst J.; Simmer, Clemens (2003). Dynamics of Multiscale Earth Systems. Springer. ISBN   9783540417965.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Biermann, Frank; Kim, Rakhyun E., eds. (7 May 2020). "Chapter 1: Setting the stage". Architectures of Earth System Governance: Institutional Complexity and Structural Transformation (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108784641. ISBN   978-1-108-78464-1.
  16. ↑ Biermann, Frank (2007). "'Earth system governance' as a crosscutting theme of global change research". Global Environmental Change. 17 (3–4): 326–337. Bibcode:2007GEC....17..326B. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.11.010.
  17. 1 2 Kotzé, Louis J.; Kim, Rakhyun E.; Blanchard, Catherine; Gellers, Joshua C.; Holley, Cameron; Petersmann, Marie; van Asselt, Harro; Biermann, Frank; Hurlbert, Margot (2022). "Earth system law: Exploring new frontiers in legal science". Earth System Governance. 11: 100126. Bibcode:2022ESGov..1100126K. doi:10.1016/j.esg.2021.100126.
  18. ↑ van der Heijden, Jeroen; Bulkeley, Harriet; Certomà, Chiara, eds. (2019). Urban Climate Politics: Agency and Empowerment (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108632157. ISBN   978-1-108-63215-7.
  19. 1 2 Betsill, Michele M.; Benney, Tabitha M.; Gerlak, Andrea K., eds. (2020). Agency in Earth System Governance (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108688277. ISBN   978-1-108-68827-7.
  20. 1 2 Siebenhüner, Bernd; Djalante, Riyanti, eds. (2021). Adaptiveness: Changing Earth System Governance (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108782180. ISBN   978-1-108-78218-0.
  21. ↑ Park, Susan; Kramarz, Teresa, eds. (2019). Global environmental governance and the accountability trap. Earth system governance. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. ISBN   978-0-262-03906-2.
  22. 1 2 Gupta, Aarti, ed. (2014). Transparency in global environmental governance: critical perspectives. Earth system governance: a core research project of the international human dimensions programme on global environmental change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN   978-0-262-02741-0.
  23. 1 2 Dryzek, John S.; Bowman, Quinlan; Kuyper, Jonathan; Pickering, Jonathan; Sass, Jensen; Stevenson, Hayley (31 July 2019). Deliberative Global Governance (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108762922. ISBN   978-1-108-76292-2.
  24. ↑ Biermann, Frank; Kalfagianni, Agni (2020). "Planetary justice: A research framework". Earth System Governance. 6: 100049. Bibcode:2020ESGov...600049B. doi:10.1016/j.esg.2020.100049.
  25. 1 2 3 Gupta, Joyeeta; Lebel, Louis (2020). "Access and allocation in earth system governance: lessons learnt in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals". International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics. 20 (2): 393–410. Bibcode:2020IEAPL..20..393G. doi: 10.1007/s10784-020-09486-4 . ISSN   1567-9764.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Dellas, Eleni; Pattberg, Philipp; Betsill, Michele (2011). "Agency in earth system governance: refining a research agenda". International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics. 11 (1): 85–98. doi: 10.1007/s10784-011-9147-9 . ISSN   1567-9764.
  27. 1 2 Djalante, Riyanti; Siebenhüner, Bernd; King, Julie P.; Jager, Nicolas W.; Lebel, Louis (2021), Siebenhüner, Bernd; Djalante, Riyanti (eds.), "On Adaptiveness: Changing Earth System Governance", Adaptiveness: Changing Earth System Governance (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–25, doi:10.1017/9781108782180.003, ISBN   978-1-108-78218-0 , retrieved 13 September 2024
  28. 1 2 3 4 Biermann, Frank; Dirth, Elizabeth; Kalfagianni, Agni (2020). "Planetary justice as a challenge for earth system governance: Editorial". Earth System Governance. 6: 100085. doi: 10.1016/j.esg.2020.100085 . CC-BY icon.svg Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  29. 1 2 3 4 Kashwan, Prakash; Biermann, Frank; Gupta, Aarti; Okereke, Chukwumerije (2020). "Planetary justice: Prioritizing the poor in earth system governance". Earth System Governance. 6: 100075. Bibcode:2020ESGov...600075K. doi: 10.1016/j.esg.2020.100075 . PMC   7510448 . CC-BY icon.svg Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  30. 1 2 Burch, Sarah; Gupta, Aarti; Inoue, Cristina Y.A.; Kalfagianni, Agni; Persson, Åsa; Gerlak, Andrea K.; Ishii, Atsushi; Patterson, James; Pickering, Jonathan; Scobie, Michelle; Van der Heijden, Jeroen; Vervoort, Joost; Adler, Carolina; Bloomfield, Michael; Djalante, Riyanti (2019). "New directions in earth system governance research". Earth System Governance. 1: 100006. doi:10.1016/j.esg.2019.100006.
  31. ↑ Working Group on the ‘Anthropocene’ (26 March 2024). "Joint statement by the IUGS and ICS on the vote by the ICS Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy". Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
  32. ↑ Waters, C.N.; et al. (8 January 2016). "The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene". Science. 351 (6269): aad2622. doi:10.1126/science.aad2622. PMID   26744408. S2CID   206642594.
  33. ↑ Edwards, Lucy E. (30 November 2015). "What is the Anthropocene?". Eos. Vol. 96. doi:10.1029/2015EO040297.
  34. ↑ Dawson, Ashley (2016). Extinction: A radical history. OR Books. p. 19. ISBN   978-1944869014.
  35. ↑ "International Chronostratigraphic Chart". International Commission on Stratigraphy . Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  36. ↑ "What is the Anthropocene? – current definition and status". quaternary.stratigraphy.org. Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Working Group on the 'Anthropocene'. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  37. ↑ The Anthropocene: IUGS-ICS Statement. March 20, 2024. https://www.iugs.org/_files/ugd/f1fc07_ebe2e2b94c35491c8efe570cd2c5a1bf.pdf
  38. ↑ "Find an expert". Earth System Governance Project. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  39. ↑ "History of the ESG Project". Earth System Governance Project. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  40. ↑ Earth System Governance Project (2023) Annual Report 2023, Earth System Governance International Project Office at Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development at Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University
  41. ↑ "2018 Utrecht Conference on Earth System Governance". Earth System Governance Project. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  42. 1 2 Biermann, Frank, Michele M. Betsill, Joyeeta Gupta, Norichika Kanie, Louis Lebel, Diana Liverman, Heike Schroeder, and Bernd Siebenhüner, with contributions from Ken Conca, Leila da Costa Ferreira, Bharat Desai, Simon Tay, and Ruben Zondervan (2009) Earth System Governance: People, Places and the Planet. Science and Implementation Plan of the Earth System Governance Project. Earth System Governance Report 1, IHDP Report 20. Bonn, IHDP: The Earth System Governance Project.
  43. ↑ Dryzek, John S. (2016). "Institutions for the Anthropocene: Governance in a Changing Earth System". British Journal of Political Science. 46 (4): 937–956. doi:10.1017/S0007123414000453. ISSN   0007-1234.
  44. ↑ "International Project Office". Earth System Governance Project. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  45. ↑ Earth System Governance Project (2022) Annual Report 2022 of Earth System Governance Project, University of Utrecht
  46. 1 2 Hulme, Mike (2008). "The Conquering of Climate: Discourses of Fear and Their Dissolution". The Geographical Journal. 174 (1): 5–16. Bibcode:2008GeogJ.174....5H. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2008.00266.x. ISSN   0016-7398. JSTOR   30139401.
  47. ↑ Biermann, Frank (2014). Earth system governance: world politics in the anthropocene. Earth system governance : a core research project of the international human dimensions programme on global environmental change. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN   978-0-262-02822-6.
  48. ↑ Stirling, A. (2014) Emancipating Transformations: From controlling ‘the transition’ to culturing plural radical progress, STEPS Working Paper 64, Brighton: STEPS Centre
  49. ↑ Ariel Salleh (2013) The Idea of Earth System Governance. Unifying tool? Or hegemony for a new capitalist Landnahme? Working Paper der DFG-KollegforscherInnengruppe Postwachstumsgesellschaften, Nr. 10/2013, Jena
  50. ↑ Kim, Rakhyun E.; Kotzé, Louis J. (2021). "Planetary boundaries at the intersection of Earth system law, science and governance: A state‐of‐the‐art review". Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law. 30 (1): 3–15. doi:10.1111/reel.12383. ISSN   2050-0386.
  51. 1 2 Kim, Rakhyun E.; Blanchard, Catherine; Kotzé, Louis J. (2022). "Law, systems, and Planet Earth: Editorial". Earth System Governance. 11: 100127. doi:10.1016/j.esg.2021.100127.
  52. ↑ Mai, Laura; Boulot, Emille (2021). "Harnessing the transformative potential of Earth System Law: From theory to practice". Earth System Governance. 7: 100103. doi: 10.1016/j.esg.2021.100103 . CC-BY icon.svg Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  53. ↑ "United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030)". UNESCO Decades. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  54. ↑ "Ocean Decade – The Science We Need for the Ocean We Want". Ocean Decade. 1 December 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  55. ↑ Kim, Rakhyun E. (2017). "Should deep seabed mining be allowed?". Marine Policy. 82: 134–137. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.010.
  56. ↑ Kim, Rakhyun E. (2012). "Is a New Multilateral Environmental Agreement on Ocean Acidification Necessary?". Review of European Community & International Environmental Law. 21 (3): 243–258. doi:10.1111/reel.12000.x. ISSN   0962-8797.
  57. ↑ Kim, Rakhyun E. (2024). "The likely impact of the BBNJ Agreement on the architecture of ocean governance". Marine Policy. 165: 106190. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2024.106190.
  58. ↑ "Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General – on Int'l Legally Binding Instrument under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea | United Nations Secretary-General". United Nations. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  59. ↑ "Intergovernmental Conference on Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction |". United Nations. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  60. ↑ "Protecting the ocean, time for action". oceans-and-fisheries.ec.europa.eu. 4 March 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  61. 1 2 3 Gellers, Joshua C. (2022). "Emerging technologies and earth system governance in the anthropocene: Editorial". Earth System Governance. 14: 100157. doi: 10.1016/j.esg.2022.100157 . CC-BY icon.svg Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  62. 1 2 Bolton, Mitzi; Raven, Rob; Mintrom, Michael (2021). "Can AI transform public decision-making for sustainable development? An exploration of critical earth system governance questions". Earth System Governance. 9: 100116. doi:10.1016/j.esg.2021.100116.
  63. ↑ "Taskforce on Climate Governance Project". Earth System Governance. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  64. ↑ Jagers, S.C.; Stripple, J. (2003). "Climate Governance beyond the State". Global Governance. 9 (3): 385–400. doi:10.1163/19426720-00903009.
  65. ↑ Bulkeley, H. (2010). "Climate Policy and Governance: an editorial essay". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. 1 (3): 311–313. Bibcode:2010WIRCC...1..311B. doi:10.1002/wcc.1. S2CID   129109192.
  66. ↑ "Video #2 of 4: The Pillars of Climate Governance - Paris Knowledge Bridge: Unpacking International Climate Governance". enb.iisd.org. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.