The 372-ton ship was armed with two mortars –one 13in (330mm) and one 10in (254mm) –and 10guns. The ship took part in the Ross expedition of 1839–1843,and was abandoned in 1848 during the third Franklin expedition. The sunken wreck was discovered by the Canadian Victoria Strait expedition in September 2014.[3]
Birds collected on the first expedition were described and illustrated by George Robert Gray and Richard Bowdler Sharpe in The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Erebus &HMS Terror. Birds of New Zealand,1875. The revised edition of Gray (1846) (1875). The future botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker,then aged 23,was assistant-surgeon to Robert McCormick.[4]
Franklin expedition
'Erebus' and the 'Terror' in New Zealand,August 1841,by John Wilson Carmichael.Erebus officers:Top row left to right:Lt. Edward Couch (mate);James Walter Fairholme;Charles Hamilton Osmer (Purser);Charles Frederick Des Voeux [2nd Mate]. 2nd row from top Left to right:Francis Crozier (HMS Terror);Sir John Franklin;James Fitzjames. 3rd row from top left to right:Graham Gore (Commander);Stephen Samuel Stanley (Surgeon);2nd Lt. Henry Thomas Dundas Le Vesconte. Bottom row left to right:Robert Orme Sergeant [1st mate];James Reid [Master];Harry Duncan Goodsir (Assistant Surgeon);Henry Foster Collins (2nd Master),sketches from daguerreotypes by Richard Beard –The Illustrated London News (1845)
Sir John Franklin sailed in Erebus,in overall command of the expedition,and Terror was again commanded by Francis Crozier. The expedition was ordered to gather magnetic data in the Canadian Arctic and to complete a crossing of the Northwest Passage,which had already been partly charted from both the east and west but had never been entirely navigated.
The ships were last seen by Europeans entering Baffin Bay in August 1845,by two whaling vessels. The disappearance of the Franklin expedition set off a massive search effort in the Arctic. The broad circumstances of the expedition's fate were first revealed when Hudson's Bay Company doctor John Rae collected artefacts and testimony from local Inuit in 1853. Later expeditions up to 1866 confirmed these reports.
Both ships had become icebound and had been abandoned by their crews,totaling about 130 men,all of whom died from a variety of causes,including hypothermia,scurvy and starvation while trying to trek overland to the south. Subsequent expeditions until the late 1980s,and autopsies of crew members,also revealed that Erebus and Terror's shoddily canned rations may have been tainted by both lead and botulism. Oral reports by local Inuit that some of the crew members resorted to cannibalism were at least somewhat supported by forensic evidence of cut marks on the skeletal remains of crew members found on King William Island during the late 20th century.[7]
In April 1851,the British transport ship Renovation spotted two ships on a large ice floe off the coast of Newfoundland. The identities of the ships were not confirmed. It was suggested over the years that these might have been Erebus and Terror,though it is now certain they could not have been and were most likely abandoned whaling ships.[8]
Wreckage discovery
On the 15 August 2008,Parks Canada,an agency of the Government of Canada,announced a Can$ 75,000 six-week search deploying the icebreakerSir Wilfrid Laurier,with the goals of finding the ships and reinforcing Canada's claims regarding sovereignty over large portions of the Arctic.[9][10] The search was headed by underwater archeologist Robert Grenier,of Parks Canada,and local historian Louie Kamookak,who had collected Inuit oral histories related to the wreck,as well as working with the written records. Kamookak,who died in 2018 at the age of 58,was made an officer of the Order of Canada and a member of the Order of Nunavut for his work.[11][12][13]
The wreckage of one of Franklin's ships was found on 2 September 2014 by a Parks Canada team led by Ryan Harris and Marc-AndréBernier.[14][3] On 1 October 2014,it was announced that the remains were those of Erebus.[15] Recovery of the ship's bell was announced on 6 November 2014.[16] On 4 March 2015,it was announced that a diving expedition on Erebus,by Parks Canada and Royal Canadian Navy divers,would begin in April.[17]
On 12 September 2016, it was announced that the wreck of HMS Terror had been found submerged in Terror Bay, off the south-west coast of King William Island.[19] The wrecks are designated a National Historic Site of Canada with the precise location of the designation in abeyance.[20][21][22] On 23 October 2017, British Defence Minister Sir Michael Fallon announced that the United Kingdom would transfer the ownership of both ships to Canada, retaining only a few relics and any gold, along with the right to repatriate any human remains.[23]
In September 2018, Parks Canada announced that Erebus' condition had deteriorated significantly, with a 14 metres (46ft) section of the upper deck detaching from the ship, flipping over, and moving towards the stern. Parks Canada attributed the deterioration to "an upwards buoyant force acting on the decking combined with storm swell in relatively shallow water". It was then confirmed that the United Kingdom will own the first 65 artifacts brought up from Erebus while the wrecks of both ships and other artifacts will be owned by Canada and the Inuit.[24] Taking advantage of "sublime" weather conditions in the summer of 2019, Parks Canada were able to recover a number of artifacts from Erebus, namely personal items belonging to members of the crew, which were unveiled at Parks Canada's conservation lab in Ottawa in February 2020.[25] The planned exploration of the wreck sites in 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with access to the wrecks restricted to the Inuit Guardians keeping watch on the sites and for those with harvesting rights in the surrounding waters. Underwater archaeology team leader Marc-Andre Bernier remarked that Parks Canada was "concerned about Erebus", given the wreck's shallower depths and the earlier reports of damage.[26] Parks Canada's Underwater Archaeology Team returned to the wrecks in May 2022, after a two-year postponement caused by the pandemic; particular attention would be paid to any further damage to Erebus, due to her shallower depths.[27][28] Recovered from Erebus during the 2022 season were 275 items, most prominently a leather-bound folio discovered in the steward's pantry. The Parks Canada team has expressed the hope that deciphering its contents, whatever they might be, may bode well for future discoveries of written materials from both ships.[29][30]
Public access
On board Parks Canada's archeology support barge "Qiniqtiryuaq" beside the wreck of HMS Erebus, September 2019
On 5 September 2019, passengers of Adventure Canada on MSOcean Endeavour were the first members of the public to visit the site of the wreck of the Erebus.[31] The wreck site is within the Wrecks of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site and is managed jointly by Parks Canada and local Inui, and public access to the site is not usually allowed.[32] The visit by Adventure Canada passengers was a trial by Parks Canada in creating a visitor experience for the wreck site.[31]
Terror and Erebus (1965) is a verse radio play for CBC Radio by Canadian poet Gwendolyn MacEwen, subsequently published in her collection Afterworlds (1987).
Terror and Erebus (A Lament for Franklin) (1997) is an oratorio for solo baritone and chamber ensemble by Canadian composer Henry Kucharzyk, adapted from MacEwen's verse drama and crediting her for its libretto.[34]
Ice Blink: The Tragic Fate of Sir John Franklin's Lost Polar Expedition (2001), by Scott Cookman, offers a journalistic account of Franklin's expedition.
Erebus and Terror appear in Dan Simmons' novel The Terror (2007), which is a fictional account of the expedition's fate.
The Terror is a 2018 American television series based on Simmons' book.
Clive Cussler's novel, Arctic Drift (2008), uses Erebus and Terror as part of the plot as well as the establishing backstory of the ill-fated expedition.
"Erebus" (2012) is a radio play for BBC Radio 4, based on the Franklin expedition, by British poet Jo Shapcott.
Erebus: The Story of a Ship (2018, published by Hutchinson (a division of Random House), by Michael Palin, is an account of the ship, covering its loss in the Arctic, Antarctic exploration, and back to its construction in Milford Haven.[35] The book was serialized on BBC Radio 4 in 2018.
Erebus and Terror is the sixth track on the 2016 album, Further Than Rust by Canadian folk band, Nickeltree.
Erebus and Terror Gulf, in Antarctica. Named after the vessels used by Royal Navy Captain Sir James Clark Ross in exploring the area in 1842–43.[36][37]
Erebus crystal is a type of feldspar found in the immediate area surrounding Mount Erebus; the crystals grow in the magma beneath Mount Erebus and are ejected out of the mountain encased in glassy volcanic bombs.
↑ Campbell, Peter B. (18 December 2015). "Could Shipwrecks Lead the World to War?". The New York Times. p.A23. Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. "Franklin's ships are an important part of Canadian history given that his expeditions, which took place nearly 200 years ago, laid the foundations of Canada's Arctic sovereignty," Mr. Harper said.
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United Kingdom
![Erebus officers:Top row left to right:Lt. Edward Couch (mate);James Walter Fairholme;Charles Hamilton Osmer (Purser);Charles Frederick Des Voeux [2nd Mate]. 2nd row from top Left to right:Francis Crozier (HMS Terror);Sir John Franklin;James Fitzjames. 3rd row from top left to right:Graham Gore (Commander);Stephen Samuel Stanley (Surgeon);2nd Lt. Henry Thomas Dundas Le Vesconte. Bottom row left to right:Robert Orme Sergeant [1st mate];James Reid [Master];Harry Duncan Goodsir (Assistant Surgeon);Henry Foster Collins (2nd Master),sketches from daguerreotypes by Richard Beard - The Illustrated London News (1845) John Franklin expedition crew 1845.jpg](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Franklin_expedition_crew_1845.jpg/220px-John_Franklin_expedition_crew_1845.jpg)
