Heroin-assisted treatment

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Heroin-assisted treatment (HAT), or diamorphine-assisted treatment, refers to a type of Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) [1] where semi-synthetic heroin is prescribed to opiate addicts who do not benefit from, or cannot tolerate, treatment with one of the established drugs used in opiate replacement therapy such as methadone or buprenorphine (brand name Subutex). For this group of patients, heroin-assisted treatment has proven superior in improving their social and health situation. [2] Heroin-assisted treatment is fully a part of the national health system in Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, Canada, [3] and Denmark. [4] Additional trials are being carried out in the United Kingdom, [5] Norway, [6] and Belgium. [7]

Contents

History

The British have had a system of heroin maintenance since the 1920s. For decades it supplied a few hundred addicts nationwide, most of whom were doctors themselves. It was de-emphasized considerably during the 1960s-1980s as a result of the U.S. led war on drugs. [8] In the 1980s and early 1990s, Dr John Marks ran heroin-prescribing clinics in Liverpool, Widnes and Warrington that were highly controversial. [9] Because of the lack of large-scale trials, only anecdotal evidence existed as to the efficacy of the treatment. This changed in 1994 when Switzerland, faced with one of the largest open drug scenes in Europe at the time, started large-scale trials on the potential use of diamorphine as a maintenance drug. They proved diamorphine to be a viable maintenance drug which has shown equal or better rates of success than methadone in terms of assisting long-term users establish stable, crime-free lives. [10] These results encouraged countries like Germany and the Netherlands to conduct their own trials and finally to include heroin-assisted treatment fully as a part of the national health system in 2009. [11]

In Switzerland, heroin has been made available under supervision to addicts since around 1994. [12]

Several studies have been conducted between 1994-1996. [13]

Positions

Favor

In recent years the British have begun moving towards the inclusion of heroin maintenance programs as a legitimate component of their National Health Service.In 2013 European Union's European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction issued guidelines for the years 2013–2020; for the first time since the EMCDDA's 1995 inception, the group advocated "reducing the health and social risks and harms caused by drugs" in addition to longstanding policies of lessening demand and supply. Groups such as United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the Transnational Institute have released documents advocating harm-reduction strategies, though only the latter mentions heroin-assisted therapy. [14] [15]

Opposition

Groups such as the Drug Free America Foundation, have criticized heroin-assisted treatment along with other harm reduction strategies for allegedly creating the perception that certain behaviors can be partaken safely, such as illicit drug use, claiming that this may lead to an increase in that behavior by people who would otherwise be deterred.

We oppose so-called `harm reduction´ strategies as endpoints that promote the false notion that there are safe or responsible ways to use drugs. That is, strategies in which the primary goal is to enable drug users to maintain addictive, destructive, and compulsive behavior by misleading users about some drug risks while ignoring others. [16]

Such shortcomings arguably exist with some harm reduction measures, such as supervised injection facilities. These facilities provide users with the information and equipment necessary to avoid infection with diseases such as HIV, but leave them dependent on the black market. So users still face the health risk associated with the injection of impure street drugs and they still face the enormous financial strain of financing their addiction.

In the case of heroin-assisted treatment however, users are provided with a form of pharmaceutical-grade heroin injection solution which doctors consider fit for injection. And as doctors refrain from drastic changes in dose and provide post-injection monitoring, overdoses are rare and can be quickly treated with opioid antagonists like naloxone. Thus, patients in heroin-assisted treatment are relieved from the major complex of problems that defines illicit heroin use. Synthetic heroin taken under the aforementioned conditions is not neurotoxic and has few long-term side effects beside constipation and dependency. [17] And while it had been speculated that the availability of such treatment options might change public perception of the risks associated with drug use and might lead to an increase in illicit drug use, the incidence of heroin abuse in Switzerland has declined sharply since the introduction of heroin-assisted treatment. As a study published in The Lancet concluded:

The harm reduction policy of Switzerland and its emphasis on the medicalisation of the heroin problem seems to have contributed to the image of heroin as unattractive for young people."

— Nordt, Carlos, and Rudolf Stohler, "Incidence of Heroin Use in Zurich, Switzerland: A Treatment Case Register Analysis" [18]

Also, the notion that patients in such treatment programs are enabled to maintain "destructive behavior" contradicts the findings that patients significantly recover in terms of both their social and health situation. A clinical follow-up report on the German study on this matter found that 40% of all patients and 68% of those able to work had found employment after four years of treatment. Some even started a family after years of homelessness and delinquency. [19] [20]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine and diamorphine among other names, is a morphinan opioid substance synthesized from the dried latex of the Papaver somniferum plant and is mainly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects. Medical-grade diamorphine is used as a pure hydrochloride salt. Various white and brown powders sold illegally around the world as heroin are routinely diluted with cutting agents. Black tar heroin is a variable admixture of morphine derivatives—predominantly 6-MAM (6-monoacetylmorphine), which is the result of crude acetylation during clandestine production of street heroin. Heroin is used medically in several countries to relieve pain, such as during childbirth or a heart attack, as well as in opioid replacement therapy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Methadone</span> Opioid medication

Methadone, sold under the brand names Dolophine and Methadose among others, is a synthetic opioid agonist used for chronic pain and also for opioid use disorder. It is used to treat chronic pain, and it is also used to treat addiction to heroin or other opioids. Prescribed for daily use, the medicine relieves cravings and removes withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal management using methadone can be accomplished in less than a month, or it may be done gradually over a longer period of time, or simply maintained for the rest of the patient's life. While a single dose has a rapid effect, maximum effect can take up to five days of use. After long-term use, in people with normal liver function, effects last 8 to 36 hours. Methadone is usually taken by mouth and rarely by injection into a muscle or vein.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harm reduction</span> Public health policies which lessen negative aspects of problematic activities

Harm reduction, or harm minimization, refers to a range of intentional practices and public health policies designed to lessen the negative social and/or physical consequences associated with various human behaviors, both legal and illegal. Harm reduction is used to decrease negative consequences of recreational drug use and sexual activity without requiring abstinence, recognizing that those unable or unwilling to stop can still make positive change to protect themselves and others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Supervised injection site</span> Medical facility

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The Swedish Drug Users Union is a non-profit NGO founded in October 2002 by a group of people who use drugs associated to Opiate Substitution Treatment programs in Sweden. SDUU has local chapters in Stockholm, Göteborg, Halmstad, Kalmar, Skåne, Örebro, Umeå, Skellefteå and Piteå.

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Harm reduction consists of a series of strategies aimed at reducing the negative impacts of drug use on users. It has been described as an alternative to the U.S.'s moral model and disease model of drug use and addiction. While the moral model treats drug use as a morally wrong action and the disease model treats it as a biological or genetic disease needing medical intervention, harm reduction takes a public health approach with a basis in pragmatism. Harm reduction provides an alternative to complete abstinence as a method for preventing and mitigating the negative consequences of drug use and addiction.

References

  1. ↑ "Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT)". www.samhsa.gov. 21 July 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  2. ↑ Haasen, C.; Verthein, U.; Degkwitz, P.; Berger, J.; Krausz, M.; Naber, D. (July 2007). "Heroin-assisted treatment for opioid dependence: randomised controlled trial". Br J Psychiatry. 191: 55–62. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.026112 . PMID   17602126.
  3. ↑ "Canada now allows prescription heroin in severe opioid addiction". CBC.ca. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  4. ↑ "EMCDDA | Drug treatment overview for Denmark". www.emcdda.europa.eu. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  5. ↑ Siddique, Haroon (5 March 2017). "Durham police will give addicts heroin to inject in 'shooting galleries'". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  6. ↑ "Norway government announces plans to give heroin to 400 addicts". The Independent. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  7. ↑ Demaret, Isabelle; Quertemont, Etienne; Litran, Géraldine; Magoga, Cécile; Deblire, Clémence; Dubois, Nathalie; De Roubaix, Jérôme; Charlier, Corinne; Lemaître, André (2015). "Efficacy of Heroin-assisted Treatment In Belgium: A Randomised Controlled Trial". European Addiction Research. 21 (4): 179–187. doi:10.1159/000369337. hdl:2268/173889. ISSN   1421-9891. PMID   25832522. S2CID   19871277.
  8. ↑ "Following a sharp rise in the number of UK heroin addicts on record, and reports of cavalier prescription by doctors, the Second Brain Report is commissioned and concludes that tighter restrictions are needed." Transform: A History of Drug Prohibition Archived 2012-07-07 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ Seddon, Toby (2020). "Prescribing heroin: John Marks, the Merseyside clinics, and lessons from history". International Journal of Drug Policy. 78: 102730. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102730.
  10. ↑ Verthein, Uwe; Bonorden-Kleij, Karin; Degkwitz, Peter; Dilg, Christoph; Köhler, Wilfried K.; Passie, Torsten; Soyka, Michael; Tanger, Sabine; Vogel, Mario; Haasen, Christian (June 2008). "Long-term effects of heroin-assisted treatment in Germany". Addiction. 103 (6): 960–6, discussion 967–8. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02185.x. PMID   18422829.
  11. ↑ Strang, John; Groshkova, Teodora; Metrebian, Nicola (2012). New heroin-assisted treatment — recent evidence and current practices of supervised injectable heroin treatment in Europe and beyond (PDF). Luxembourg: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. doi:10.2810/50141. ISBN   978-92-9168-495-3. ISSN   1606-1683. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  12. ↑ swissinfo.ch, Gabriele Ochsenbein, (Translated from German by Terence MacNamee) (27 January 2014). "'Without the heroin programme I'd probably be dead'". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 16 July 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ "Heroin Assisted Treatment for Opiate Addicts – The Swiss Experience". sencanada.ca. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018.
  14. ↑ "Reducing the harm of Drug Use and Dependence" (PDF).
  15. ↑ "Decriminalise drugs to meet users' right to good health, says UN official - United Nations Drug Control". www.undrugcontrol.info. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  16. ↑ "Statement on so-called harm reduction policies" (PDF). dfaf.org. September 2018.
  17. ↑ Merck Manual of Home Health Handbook - 2nd edition, 2003, p. 2097
  18. ↑ The Lancet, Vol. 367, June 3, 2006, p. 1830.
  19. ↑ Follow-up report on the german pilot study "Heroin-assisted treatment of opiate dependent patients" page 9f
  20. ↑ Mental Health Treatment
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