ICE 4

Last updated

ICE 4
DB ICE 4 9039 (51493678824).jpg
ICE 4 trainset
ICE 4, 1. Klasse.jpg
First class interior
Manufacturer
Built at
  • Wrocław (body shells)
  • Graz (bogies)
  • Krefeld (electronics)
  • Hennigsdorf (cabs)
Replaced
Constructed2015-2024
Number built137
  • 7-cars (Class 412.2): 37
  • 12-cars (Class 412.0): 50
  • 13-cars (Class 412.4): 50
Formation
  • K1n/K1s: 7 cars (3M4T)
  • K3s: 12 cars (6M6T)
  • K4s: 13 cars (7M6T)
Capacity
  • 499 (K1n/K1s)
  • 724 (K3s, 10-car)
  • 830 (K3s, 12-car) [1]
  • 918 (K4s, 13-car)
Operators DB Fernverkehr
Specifications
Train length
  • 202 m (662 ft 8+3⁄4 in) (7-car sets) [2]
  • 346 m (1,135 ft 2 in) (12-car sets) [3]
  • 374 m (1,227 ft 3⁄8 in) (13-car sets) [4]
[5]
Car length
  • Driving car: 29.106 m (95 ft 5+7⁄8 in)
  • Intermediate car: 28.75 m (94 ft 3+7⁄8 in)
Width2,642 to 2,852 mm (8 ft 8 in to 9 ft 4+1⁄4 in) (internal/external)
Height4,111 mm (13 ft 5+7⁄8 in)
Platform height 550 to 760 mm (21.7 to 29.9 in) ARL
Wheel diameter
  • Driving wheel: 920 / 840 mm (3 ft 1⁄4 in / 2 ft 9+1⁄8 in) (new/worn)
  • Carrying wheel: 825 / 750 mm (2 ft 8+1⁄2 in / 2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) (new/worn)
Maximum speed
  • K3s/K4s:
  • 265 km/h (165 mph)
  • K1s:
  • 250 km/h (155 mph)
Weight
  • K1n: 470 t (463 long tons; 518 short tons)
  • K3s: 820 t (807 long tons; 904 short tons)
  • K4s: 890 t (876 long tons; 981 short tons)
Traction system IGBT–VVVF
Power output
  • K1n/K1s: 4,950 kW (6,638 hp)
  • K3s: 8,250 kW (11,063 hp)
  • K3s (12-car): 9,900 kW (13,276 hp)
  • K4s (13-car): 11,550 kW (15,489 hp) [6]
Acceleration
  • K1n: 0.55 m/s2 (1.23 mph/s)
  • K3s: 0.53 m/s2 (1.19 mph/s)
Electric system(s) 15 kV  16+2⁄3 Hz AC (nominal) from overhead catenary
Current collector(s) Pantograph
UIC classification
  • K1n:: 2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+2′2′
  • K3s: 2′2′+Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+2′2′
  • K4s: 2′2′+Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+2′2′
Safety system(s) ETCS, LZB, PZB
Coupling system Scharfenberg Type 10
Track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Notes/references
Sources: Specifications [7] except where noted

ICE 4 is a brand name for long-distance Intercity-Express high-speed trains being procured for Deutsche Bahn.

Contents

Procurement started around 2008 for replacements for locomotive-hauled InterCity and EuroCity train services, and was later expanded to include replacements for ICE 1 and ICE 2 high-speed trainsets. In 2011 Siemens Mobility was awarded the contract for 130 seven-car intercity train replacements, and 90 ten-car ICE train replacements, plus further options – the contract for the ten-car sets was modified in 2013 to expand the trainset length to twelve vehicles. The name ICx was used for the trains during the initial stages of the procurement; in late 2015 the trains were rebranded 'ICE 4', at the unveiling of the first train set, and given the class designation 412 by Deutsche Bahn.

Two pre-production trainsets had been manufactured by 2016, and were used for testing later that year, prior to the introduction of the main series in late 2017.

History

Contract and manufacture

Around 2008 Deutsche Bahn began the tendering process to replace locomotive/coach trainsets on its long distance subsidiary, DB Fernverkehr's, InterCity and EuroCity train services. The initial announcement suggested that the tender would be for 100 to 130 trainsets. No specific train type was specified and DB did not intend to become involved with the design process - both locomotive-hauled trains such as Railjet or variations on the ICE 3 EMU design were considered to be options. The new trains were to be branded ICX and were expected to be similar in aesthetic design to the ICE3 trains; the design speed was expected to be in the 200 to 250 km/h (125 to 155 mph) range and to improve upon the energy efficiency of the units it replaced. [8]

The scope of the procurement was later expanded to include replacements for the ICE 1 and ICE 2 trains with a top speed of up to 280 km/h (175 mph), and the size of the order increased to up to 300 trains. Bids were received from Alstom and Siemens, with the Siemens bid including Bombardier Transportation as a subcontractor. Initial bids made in 2009 were said to be too high by DB, being over €5 billion. In 2010, DB announced that Siemens had been chosen as the preferred bidder for the procurement scheme, [9] and on 9 May 2011 DB and Siemens signed a contract for 130 ICx trains, plus a further 90 trainsets to be formalised at a later date, with an option for a further 80 sets. The trains were to be delivered by 2030, with the value of the 220 train deal estimated at around €6 billion. [10] Siemens' share of the contract for the intercity sets was later reported as being worth €3.7 billion to the company, reported to be the "biggest order in the company's history". [11]

In 2011 Siemens awarded Bombardier Transportation a subcontract for its contribution to the project valued at €2.2 billion, of which €1.3 billion was for the 130 'intercity' trains. Bombardier's contract included aerodynamic optimisation of the design, and supply of the bodyshells - initially expected to come from its Görlitz plant, with driving vehicle assembly to take place at its Hennigsdorf plant, and Flexx Eco bogies manufactured at its plant in Siegen. [10] The change in the initial order from 10 to 12 car ICE replacement trains (170 additional vehicles) resulted in a €336 million increase in the value of Bombardier's order. [12]

Bodyshells are also to be supplied from Bombardier's Wrocław plant (Poland). [13] In 2015 Bombardier contracted Panattoni Europe to build an additional 18,357 m2 (197,590 sq ft) manufacturing hall for the Wrocław plant, initially to be used for the construction of the ICx trains. [14]

Faiveley was awarded (late 2011/early 2012) contracts to supply brake equipment, including magnetic track brakes, and electropneumatic brake systems; as well as doors and air conditioning systems for the 130 unit intercity order. [15] [16]

Voith was contracted to supply parts of the nose of the trainsets, including GFRP cabin, the nose module and its opening hatches, coupling systems, and snow deflector. [17] [18]

Construction of the trainsets was expected to start in 2013, with two pre-production trains delivered by 2016. [10] With Alstom taking over Bombardier’s rail business in January 2021, Bombardier’s manufacturing responsibility of remaining sets on order were transferred to Alstom.

Design

Voith ICx front end 'mockup', InnoTrans 2014 Siemens ICx Bugklappe InnoTrans 2014.JPG
Voith ICx front end 'mockup', InnoTrans 2014

The initial contract with Siemens, signed 2011 specified a design allowing flexible train make-up (between 5 and 14 units), [19] with 24 different variants described; each composed of motor cars, and trailer cars. Two main variants were: a seven car, 499 seat trainset with 3 motor cars (K1n) and a top speed of 230 km/h (145 mph) - these were to replace locomotive hauled trains; the second was a ten car, 724 seat variant with 5 power cars (K3s) and a top speed of 250 km/h (155 mph), to replace ICE1 and ICE2 trains - the replacements were expected to be 20 tonnes lighter than the trains they replaced, resulting in claimed energy savings of 30% [7] [10]

Each trainset was to have a restaurant/bistro car, cycle storage, and a designated 'family area'. [7] [10]

The exterior design received a Red Dot design award in 2015. [20]

The K3 trains are to be for Germany, Austria and Switzerland, 12 of the K1 trains are to be operated into the Netherlands. [21]

On 5 March 2013, DB announced that it had approved a 12 car 250 km/h (155 mph) train configuration that would raise capacity over, and replace in the base order, the existing 10 car train - seating capacity would increase from 724 seats to 830 seats. The order was altered in expectation of growing ridership for DB's long-distance services. [1] In 2020, DB announced a further order of a 13-car configuration, with increased passenger capacity and a higher top speed. The 12-part ICE4 of the K3s classification will also be upgraded to 265 km/h (165 mph).

Introduction, operations, and maintenance

ICx 9004 end car en route to the Wegberg-Wildenrath Test and Validation Centre ICx Rheydt.JPG
ICx 9004 end car en route to the Wegberg-Wildenrath Test and Validation Centre

By 2013 DB had selected a site in Nippes, Cologne for a maintenance depot for all of its ICE fleet including future ICx trains. [22]

In April 2015 DB Systemtechnik began climatic testing on the ICx cab and other components. [23] Mainline test runs by DB Systemtechnik began on 25 September 2015. [24]

One pre-series-production trainset was formally unveiled at Berlin Südkreuz on 4 December 2015. The trainsets were re-branded ICE 4 at the same time (see also Intercity-Express), and given the network classification Class 412. [25]

On 16 September 2016, Siemens announced that the ICE 4 had been approved for operation by Federal Railway Authority (Eisenbahn-Bundesamt, EBA). Trial passenger operations commenced on Hamburg - Würzburg - Munich services on 31 October 2016 with full service expected from December 2017. [26]

On 26 September 2018, the DB board approved the purchase of 18 additional seven-car trainsets and 50 individual cars to be added to trainsets then on order. [27]

On 4 April 2019 it was announced that due to problems with the carriage frames of the ICE 4 trains, [28] Deutsche Bahn would not take delivery of any further trains. Manufacturers Siemens and Bombardier Transportation were asked by DB to fix the issues.

On 17 July 2019 it was announced that Siemens, Bombardier, and Deutsche Bahn had come to an agreement in which Siemens and Bombardier would fix the trains, which were deemed safe, between 2020 and mid-2023. Further, Deutsche Bahn would begin immediately accepting more deliveries of the trains. [29]

In 2020, it was announced that up to 50 13-car configurations would be put into service from 2021, known publicly as "XXL-ICE" trains. These longer trains will be 374 meters long, and carry up to 918 passengers. Their top speed will also be higher than other models, at 265 km/h (165 mph). [30] [31] [32] [33] In April 2023 the final 13-car train was delivered.

In June 2023 the outstanding orders for the ICE 4 were fulfilled with the delivery of the 137th unit, a 7-car train. Deutsche Bahn for now has chosen to further expand its ICE fleet with the ICE 3 Neo (Class 408).

Formation

Seven-car sets

The seven-car sets, K1s (former classification K1n), are formed as follows. [34]

Car No.27/3726/3625/3524/3423/3322/3221/31
DesignationApmzf 6812.2ARmz 8812.2Bpmbsz 7412.2Bpmz 3412.2Bpmz 3812.2Bpmz 3412.7Bpmdzf 7812.2
Class and function1. Class
Cab car		1. Class
Bordrestaurant		2. Class
Servicewagen		2. Class2. Class
Cab car
Seating capacity5027 in 1. Class
16 in Restaurant		448859
+2 folding seats

12-car sets

The 12-car sets, K3s, are formed as follows. [35]

Car No.1412111097654321
DesignationApmzf 0812.0Apmz 1812.0Apmz 1412.0ARmz 8812.0Bpmbsz 6412.0Bpmz 9812.0Bpmz 2412.0Bpmz 2412.3Bpmz 4812.0Bpmz 2412.5Bpmz 2412.8Bpmdzf 5812.0
Class and function1. Class
Cab car		1. Class1. Class
Bordrestaurant		2. Class
Servicewagen		2. Class2. Class
Cab car
Seating capacity506721 in 1. Class
22 in Restaurant		388859
+2 folding seats

13-car sets

The 13-car sets, K4s, are formed as follows. [36]

Car No.14121110987654321
DesignationApmzf 0812.0Apmz 1812.0Apmz 1412.0ARmz 8812.0Bpmbsz 6412.0Bpmz 9812.0Bpmz 2412.0Bpmz 2412.3Bpmz 4812.0Bpmz 2412.7Bpmz 2412.5Bpmz 2412.8Bpmdzf 5812.0
Class and function1. Class
Cab car		1. Class1. Class
Bordrestaurant		2. Class
Servicewagen		2. Class2. Class
Cab car
Seating capacity506721 in 1. Class
22 in Restaurant		388859
+2 folding seats

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intercity Express</span> German state-owned high-speed rail system

Intercity Express is a high-speed rail system in Germany. It also serves destinations in Austria, France, Belgium, Switzerland and the Netherlands as part of cross-border services. It is the flagship of the German state railway, Deutsche Bahn. ICE fares are fixed for station-to-station connections, on the grounds that the trains have a higher level of comfort. Travelling at speeds up to 300 km/h (190 mph) within Germany and 320 km/h (200 mph) when in France, they are aimed at business travellers and long-distance commuters and marketed by Deutsche Bahn as an alternative to flights.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siemens Desiro</span> Family of diesel and electric multiple units from Siemens

The Siemens Desiro is a family of diesel or electric multiple unit passenger trains developed by Siemens Mobility, a division of the German Siemens AG conglomerate. The main variants are the Desiro Classic, Desiro ML, Desiro UK and the later Desiro City, Desiro HC and Desiro RUS. The trains are mostly used for commuter and regional services, and their rapid acceleration makes them suitable for services with short distances between stations. The design is flexible, and has become common in many European countries.

DB Fernverkehr AG is a semi-independent division of Deutsche Bahn that operates long-distance passenger trains in Germany. It was founded in 1999 in the second stage of the privatisation of Deutsche Bahn, under the name of DB Reise&Touristik and was renamed in 2003. As of 2024, DB Fernverkehr operates approximately 800 domestic and 250 international train services per day, utilizing 500 trainsets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siemens Velaro</span> Family of high-speed electric multiple unit trains

Siemens Velaro is a family of high-speed electric multiple unit trains built by Siemens. It is based on the ICE 3 high-speed trains initially co-manufactured by Siemens and Bombardier for German national rail operator Deutsche Bahn (DB).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ICE 2</span> German high speed train

The ICE 2 is the second series of German high-speed trains and one of six in the Intercity-Express family since 1995. The ICE 2 (half-) trains are even closer to a conventional push–pull train than the ICE 1, because each train consists of only one locomotive, six passenger cars and a cab car. The maximum speed is 280 km/h (175 mph), but this is limited to 250 km/h (155 mph) when the cab car is leading the train and even further down to 160 km/h (100 mph) when two units are coupled at the powerheads due to the forces on the overhead line by their respective pantographs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intercity Experimental</span> German experimental high speed train

The Intercity Experimental, later renamed ICE V, was an experimental train developed by the Deutsche Bundesbahn for research into high-speed rail in Germany. It is the predecessor of all Intercity Express trains of the Deutsche Bahn.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metropolitan (train)</span> Former branded service of Deutsche Bahn

Metropolitan was the brand name of a German premium passenger train service between the cities of Cologne and Hamburg. Meant as an alternative to air transport, the first-class-only trains were operated from 1 August 1999 until 11 December 2004 by the Metropolitan Express Train GmbH based in Bad Homburg, a wholly owned subsidiary of the DB Fernverkehr wholly owned subsidiary of Deutsche Bahn AG.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intercity Express Programme</span> Deployment of Hitachi trains on the British rail network

The Intercity Express Programme (IEP) was an initiative of the Department for Transport (DfT) in the United Kingdom to procure new trains to replace the InterCity 125 and InterCity 225 fleets on the East Coast Main Line and Great Western Main Line. These new trains were designed and produced by Hitachi as part of their A-train family, classified as Class 800 electro-diesel units and Class 801 electric multiple units. Hitachi categorises the units as ta part of the AT300 family and has referred to them as the Hitachi Super Express Train.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alstom Coradia</span> Family of diesel and electric multiple units

The Alstom Coradia is a family of diesel multiple units, electric multiple units, and unpowered rail cars for intercity and regional service manufactured by Alstom, with variants operating in Europe, North America, and Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ICE 3</span> German high speed train model

ICE 3, is a family of high-speed electric multiple unit trains operated by Deutsche Bahn. It includes classes 403, 406,407 and 408, which are additionally specified as ICE 3, ICE 3M, New ICE 3 and ICE 3neo respectively. Three multisystem trains, known as ICE International, are owned by Nederlandse Spoorwegen. ICE 3 trains have a maximum speed of 320 km/h (200 mph) when travelling on the high-speed rail lines, however class 403 are permitted to go up to a maximum speed of 330 km/h (210 mph) when it travels on the high-speed route between Frankfurt and Cologne.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Railjet</span> European high-speed rail service operated by ÖBB and ČD

Railjet is a high-speed rail service in Europe operated by Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB) and Czech Railways (ČD). Branded as Railjet Express (RJX) for the fastest services and as Railjet (RJ) for services with additional stops, it was introduced in 2008 and operates at speeds of up to 230 km/h (143 mph). Railjet is ÖBB's premier service and operates both domestically within Austria and on international services to adjacent major cities in the Czech Republic, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Hungary and Slovakia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">China Railway CRH3</span> Chinese high-speed train

The CRH3 Hexie is a version of the Siemens Velaro high-speed train used in China on the Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway line, Wuhan-Guangzhou Passenger Dedicated Line, Zhengzhou-Xi'an Passenger Dedicated Line and the Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway. It is capable of service speed of 380 km/h (236 mph) as the very similar Velaro E used in Spain, but, similarly to the Sapsan, it is 300 mm (11.8 in) wider to take advantage of a more generous structure gauge and thus be able to fit in more seats in a 2+3 layout.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ICE T</span> High-speed German tilting train

DBAG Class 411 and Class 415 are German tilting electric multiple-unit high-speed trains in service with DB Fernverkehr, commonly known as ICE T.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ICE TD</span> Diesel multiple unit train type

The DBAG Class 605, commonly known as the ICE TD is a high-speed diesel multiple unit (DMU) train, formerly in service with Deutsche Bahn and DSB. It was retired from active passenger service in 2017 after years of operational issues with one trainset being kept and repurposed as a technology testbed.

<i>Sapsan</i> Russian gauge high speed electric express train

The Sapsan is a Russian gauge high speed electric express train. The train is a Siemens Velaro model, which in turn is based on the ICE 3M/F high-speed trains manufactured by Siemens for the German Deutsche Bahn (DB), known as the Siemens Velaro.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zefiro (train)</span> Canadian high-speed train

Zefiro is a family of high-speed passenger trains designed by Bombardier Transportation whose variants have top operating speeds of between 250 km/h (155 mph); 380 km/h (240 mph) and 400 km/h (250 mph).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intercity (Deutsche Bahn)</span> Locomotive-hauled long-distance passenger rail service in Germany

Intercity, often shortened to IC, is the second-highest train classification in Germany, after the Intercity Express (ICE). Intercity services are locomotive-hauled express trains, usually over long-distances. There are Intercity routes throughout Germany and routes generally operate every other hour, with multiple routes giving a more frequent service on core routes. Intercity services are operated by the DB Fernverkehr division of Deutsche Bahn, Germany’s national railway.

Intercity 2, abbreviated as IC2, refers to DB Intercity trains formed of double-deck rolling stock. Such trains were first introduced by Deutsche Bahn Fernverkehr in December 2015 to replace its aging IC coaches.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ICE L</span> German long distance train (230 km/h)

ICE L is a long-distance locomotive-hauled push-pull train which is being built by the Spanish company Talgo for the German train operator DB Fernverkehr and is scheduled to commence operation from 2025. The name of the train was changed in 2021 from its previous working title ECx, with the L standing for low-floor entry. The trains form part of the manufacturer's Talgo 230 family of trains. The Talgo Travca locomotives ordered for the service are designated DB Class 105. They will replace old Intercity (IC) trains in Germany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NS Intercity Nieuwe Generatie</span> Class of electric multiple units for Nederlandse Spoorwegen

The Intercity Nieuwe Generatie, or ICNG is an electric multiple unit trainset of the Dutch Railways. In addition to supplementing the existing intercity rolling stock, it will replace the Bombardier TRAXX locomotives and Intercityrijtuig coaches on the high-speed line between Amsterdam and Belgium. This will provide the connection that was originally planned to be provided by the Fyra service, which was cancelled in 2013.

References

  1. 1 2 "DB approves longer ICx trainsets". Railway Gazette International. 5 March 2013. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  2. ↑ Fahrzeuglexikon 2021, p. 116.
  3. ↑ Fahrzeuglexikon 2021, p. 126.
  4. ↑ Fahrzeuglexikon 2021, p. 142.
  5. ↑ "Fahrzeuglexikon für den Fernverkehr" [Vehicle lexicon for long-distance transport](PDF) (in German). DB. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  6. ↑ The ICx - the new DB platform, Siemens, archived from the original on 7 July 2017, retrieved 24 September 2015
  7. 1 2 3 Siemens factsheet 2011
  8. ↑ Rossberg, Ralf Roman (25 September 2008). "DB keeps ICX options open". Railway Gazette International. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  9. ↑ "Siemens preferred bidder for ICx inter-city train deal". Railway Gazette International. 25 January 2010. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "DB and Siemens sign ICx contract". Railway Gazette International. 9 May 2011. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  11. ↑ "Rail win drives Siemens growth", www.railwaygazette.com, 29 December 2011, archived from the original on 26 September 2015, retrieved 24 September 2015
  12. ↑ "Bombardier signs ICx variation order", www.railwaygazette.com, 8 April 2013, archived from the original on 3 October 2017, retrieved 24 September 2015
  13. ↑ "Najwiekszy kontrakt w historii giganta. Pudla ICx beda powstawac w Polsce", biznes.onet.pl (in Polish), 17 June 2011, archived from the original on 20 June 2015, retrieved 18 June 2015
  14. ↑ "Bombardier to expand Wroclaw factory", www.railwaygazette.com, 24 September 2015, archived from the original on 3 October 2017, retrieved 24 September 2015
  15. ↑ "World rolling stock market November 2011", www.railwaygazette.com, 25 November 2011, archived from the original on 24 September 2018, retrieved 24 September 2015
  16. ↑ "World rolling stock market Feb 2012", www.railwaygazette.com, 20 February 2012, archived from the original on 24 September 2018, retrieved 24 September 2015
  17. ↑ Front End System Including Nose Flaps ICx, Germany, Voith, retrieved 24 September 2015
  18. ↑ "Lightweight rolling stock components", www.railwaygazette.com, 10 July 2014, archived from the original on 26 September 2015, retrieved 24 September 2015
  19. ↑ Siemens factsheet 2011, p. 4.
  20. ↑ Long-Distance ICx Train Receives Red Dot Design Award (Press Release), Bombardier, 30 June 2015
  21. ↑ Siemens factsheet 2011, p. 23.
  22. ↑ "News in Brief - January 2013", www.railwaygazette.com, 1 January 2013, archived from the original on 9 April 2016, retrieved 24 September 2015
  23. ↑ Barrow, Keith (24 April 2015), "DB Systemtechnik carries out ICx inspections", www.railjournal.com
  24. ↑ "ICx test running begins", www.railwaygazette.com, 25 September 2015, archived from the original on 7 July 2017, retrieved 25 September 2015
  25. ↑ "ICx becomes ICE 4", www.railwaygazette.com, 7 December 2015, archived from the original on 7 July 2017, retrieved 7 December 2015
  26. ↑ "ICE 4 enters passenger service". International Railway Journal. 1 November 2016.
  27. ↑ "More ICE4s ordered as DB spends €1bn on inter-city fleet". Railway Gazette International. 27 September 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  28. ↑ "Deutsche Bahn asks Siemens and Bombardier to fix train quality issues", reuters.com, 4 April 2019
  29. ↑ "Deutsche Bahn resumes acceptance of ICE 4 trains".
  30. ↑ "Final 12-Car ICE 4 Delivered and Named 'Metropole Ruhr'". Railway News. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  31. ↑ "Largest order: Siemens is building ICE 4 trains for Deutsche Bahn". Siemens (Press Release). Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  32. ↑ "Über 900 Sitzplätze – Deutsche Bahn plant Einsatz von XXL-ICE (in German)". Bahn Blog Stelle. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  33. ↑ "Hamburg–Berlin im Halbstundentakt (In German)". Deutsche Bahn. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  34. ↑ Fahrzeuglexikon 2021, pp. 117–125.
  35. ↑ Fahrzeuglexikon 2021, pp. 127–141.
  36. ↑ Fahrzeuglexikon 2021, pp. 143–159.

Sources

Commons-logo.svg Media related to DBAG Class 412 at Wikimedia Commons

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.