In Buddhism, Jāti (Sanskrit/Pāli), "birth", refers to physical birth; to rebirth, the arising of a new living entity within saṃsāra (cyclic existence); and to the arising of mental phenomena.
Within the teachings on the Four Noble Truths, jāti refers to physical birth, and is qualified as dukkha (suffering): "Now this, monks, is the noble truth of dukkha: birth (jati) is dukkha, aging is dukkha, death is dukkha."
In traditional Buddhist thought, there are four forms of birth:[1][2]
birth from a womb (Sanskrit: Jarayuja; Pali: Jalābuja; Chinese:胎生; Standard Tibetan: Mnal-skyes)—like most mammals and some worldly devas;
birth from moisture (Sanskrit: Samsvedaja; Pali: Saṃsedaja; Chinese:濕生; Standard Tibetan: Drod-skyes)—probably referring to the appearance of animals whose eggs are microscopic, like maggots appearing in rotting flesh;
birth by transformation (Sanskrit: Upapaduka; Pali: Opapatika; Chinese:化生; Standard Tibetan: Rdzus-skyes)—miraculous materialization, as with the devas.
Jāti is the eleventh link within the eleventh Nidāna of paṭiccasamuppāda ("dependent arising" or "dependent origination"), where it can refer both to rebirth and to the arising of mental phenomena.[3] The Vibhanga, the second book of the Theravada Abbidhamma, treats it in both ways. In the Suttantabhajaniya it is described as rebirth, which is conditioned by becoming (bhava), and gives rise to old age and death (jarāmaraṇa) in a living being. In the Abhidhammabhajaniya it is treated as the arising of mental phenomena.[3]
Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2000), The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya, Boston: Wisdom Publications, ISBN0-86171-331-1
Nanamoli, Bhikkhu (1995), The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya, Boston: Wisdom Publications, ISBN0-86171-072-X
Commentaries and interpretations
Ajahn Sumedho (2002), The Four Noble Truths, Amaravati Publications
Ajahn Sucitto (2010), Turning the Wheel of Truth: Commentary on the Buddha's First Teaching, Shambhala
Das, Surya (1997), Awakening the Buddha Within, Broadway Books, Kindle Edition
Epstein, Mark (2004), Thoughts Without A Thinker: Psychotherapy from a Buddhist Perspective, Basic Books, Kindle Edition
Goldstein, Joseph (2002), One Dharma: The Emerging Western Buddhism, HarperCollins
Moffitt, Phillip (2008), Dancing with Life: Buddhist Insights for Finding Meaning and Joy in the Face of Suffering, Rodale, Kindle Edition
Nhat Hanh, Thich (1999), The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching, Three River Press
Rahula, Walpola (2007), What the Buddha Taught, Grove Press, Kindle Edition
Trungpa, Chogyam (2009), The Truth of Suffering and the Path of Liberation (edited by Judy Leif), Shambhala
Tulku, Ringu (2005), Daring Steps Toward Fearlessness: The Three Vehicles of Tibetan Buddhism, Snow Lion
Scholarly
Gethin, Rupert (1998), Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press
Harvey, Peter (1990), Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press
Kalupahana, David J. (1992), A history of Buddhist philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
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