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This is a list of African-American activists [1] covering various areas of activism, but primarily focus on those African Americans who historically and currently have been fighting racism and racial injustice against African Americans. The United States of America has a long history of racism against its Black citizens. [2] The names detailed below contains only notable African Americans who are known to be activist (sorted by surname).
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Ralph Abernathy | Civil rights movement | Ralph David Abernathy (March 11, 1926 – April 17, 1990) was a leader of the Civil Rights Movement, and close friend and mentor of Martin Luther King Jr. [3] |
Naomi Anderson | Gender (mainly women) and racial equality | Born: Naomi Bowman Talbert Anderson (March 1, 1843 – June 9, 1899). Black suffragist and poet. [4] |
Theresa El-Amin | Civil rights activist | Union organizer and former member of the Green Party of the United States Steering Committee. [5] |
Nipsey Hussle | Community activism |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
James Baldwin | Race and LGBT equality. | Born James Arthur Baldwin (August 2, 1924 – December 1, 1987). Also novelist and playwright. Baldwin was an inclusionist, not a separatist during the Civil Rights Movement. [6] |
James Bevel | Civil rights movement | Strategist for SNCC and SCLC, initiated and directed the Birmingham Children's Crusade, Selma to Montgomery marches, Chicago Open Housing Movement, and other events. |
Lillie Mae Bradford | Civil rights | Four years prior to Rosa Parks's refusal to give up her seat to a white man, Bradford (October 1, 1928 – March 14, 2017) was charged the wrong bus fare and racially insulted by a bus driver in Montgomery, Alabama to which she protested by sitting at the front of the bus reserved only for white people in accordance with racist American laws against its Black citizens. She was arrested and charged for disorderly conduct. |
Aurelia Browder | Civil rights | Also known as Aurelia Shines Browder Coleman (January 29, 1919 – February 4, 1971). Almost eight months prior to the Rosa Parks incident, Browder was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white person. [7] |
Nannie Helen Burroughs | Civil rights and feminist | Burroughs (May 2, 1879 – May 20, 1961) was also an educator, orator, religious leader and businesswoman. [8] |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Archibald J. Carey, Jr | Civil Rights Movement | Archibald James Carey Jr. (February 29, 1908 – April 20, 1981) was a lawyer, judge, politician, diplomat and clergyman. Confidante of Martin Luther King Jr., Carey was also active in the national Civil Rights Movement and worked to end employment discrimination in the U.S. government against Black Americans. [9] |
Christine Michel Carter | Working parent and Maternal health | Carter is an advocate for caregivers, specifically working mothers. She documented her experience pumping in a bathroom while working for an employer violating the Fair Labor Standards Act. [10] |
Eldridge Cleaver | Civil Rights Movement | Eldridge Cleaver (August 31, 1935 – May 1, 1998) was a leader of the Black Panther Party in the 1960s. |
Claudette Colvin | Civil Rights Movement | Claudette Colvin (September 5, 1939) [11] is an American nurse and one of the pioneers of the Civil Rights Movement. Colvin was arrested on March 2, 1955, at the age of 15 in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman on a crowded racially segregated bus. [12] Colvin was also an NAACP Youth Council member in her student days. [13] |
Anna Julia Cooper | Black feminist and civil rights | Anna Julia Haywood Cooper (August 10, 1858 – February 27, 1964) was an author, educator, sociologist, prominent African-American scholar, and "sometimes called the mother of Black Feminism." [14] |
John Anthony Copeland Jr. | John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry | Executed by hanging in Charles Town, Virginia (now West Virginia), December 16, 1859. |
Patrisse Cullors | Black Lives Matter and LGBT | Born in 1984, Cullors is an artist and activist, and an advocate for prison abolition in Los Angeles. She is a co-founder of the Black Lives Matter movement. [15] [16] [17] |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Angela Davis | Communism and feminism | Briefly involved in the Black Panther Party during the Civil Rights Movement. [18] |
William L. Dawson | Civil Rights Movement | William Levi Dawson (April 26, 1886 – November 9, 1970) was a politician; an active participant during the civil rights movement; and a sponsor of registration drives. |
Charles Diggs | Civil Rights Movement | Charles Coles Diggs Jr. (December 2, 1922 – August 24, 1998 [19] ) was an early member of the civil rights movement. |
Frederick Douglass | Abolitionist | Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey; c. February 1818 [20] – February 20, 1895 [21] was a social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman. |
W. E. B. Du Bois | Writer on African-American topics, a founder of NAACP | William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963). |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Soffiyah Eliijah | Prisoner rights | |
Ruth Ellis | LGBT rights | |
Keith Ellison | ||
Elizabeth Piper Ensley | Women's suffrage | |
Charles Evers | ||
Medgar Evers | Civil Rights | |
Myrlie Evers-Williams | Civil Rights |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
David Fagen | Anti-imperialism | David Fagen was the son of former slaves, born in 1878 in Tampa. [22] As a teenager, Fagen became involved in labour strikes but joined the army in 1898. After combat in Cuba, he was deployed to Manila to fight in the Philippine-American War (1899–1902). No longer able to conduct himself as an instrument of white racism or American imperialism he joined the Philippine Liberation Army where he was promoted to captain and given his own command. Fagen achieved legendary status as a fighter and became a hero not just to the Philippines but to all those who oppose American imperialism and racism. [23] |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Erica Garner | Black Lives Matter. [24] | Daughter of Eric Garner, founder of the Garner Way Foundation, a foundation named in honour of her father [25] [26] |
Alicia Garza | Black Lives Matter | Co-founder of the Black Lives Matter movement |
Ernest Green | Civil rights movement | Part of the Little Rock Nine, and became the first African-American to graduate from Little Rock Central high School in 1958. |
Shields Green | John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry | Executed by hanging in Charles Town, Virginia (now West Virginia), December 16, 1859. |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Fannie Lou Hamer | voting rights and women's rights; civil rights movement | |
Fred Hampton | ||
Frances Harper | Abolitionist; women's rights | |
Aaron Henry | Civil rights movement | |
T. R. M. Howard | Civil rights movement | |
Langston Hughes | Civil rights, Communism | |
John Horse |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Rizza Islam | Political rights, Nation of Islam | |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Jesse Jackson | Civil rights movement | |
Alberta Odell Jones | Civil rights movement | Attorney |
Quincy Jones | Civil Rights | |
Marsha P. Johnson | Civil rights |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Colin Kaepernick | Black Lives Matter | |
Sarah Louise Keys | Civil rights | |
Martin Luther King Jr. | Civil rights |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Audre Lorde | Poet, author, civil rights, feminist |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
DeRay Mckesson | ||
John Berry Meachum | Religion, education, vocational training, Underground Railroad | [27] |
Irene Morgan | ||
Amzie Moore | ||
Khalid Abdul Muhammad |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Dangerfield Newby | John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry | Dangerfield Newby (1815 – October 17, 1859), born into slavery |
Bree Newsome | ||
Huey P. Newton |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Sarah Massey Overton | Women's rights |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Rosa Parks | Civil Rights Movement | |
Lucy Parsons | ||
Jewel Prestage |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Emma J. Ray | Suffrage Movement | Social and racial justice |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Bobby Seale | ||
Mary Ann Shadd Cary | ||
Al Sharpton | ||
Nina Simone | ||
Mary Louise Smith | ||
Marion Stamps | ||
Bryan Stevenson | Criminal justice reform |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Sojourner Truth | Abolitionist; women's suffrage | |
Harriet Tubman | Abolitionist; women's suffrage |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Vicki Garvin | Human rights activist; Civil rights movement |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Madam C. J. Walker | ||
Booker T. Washington | Writer, community leader, founder of Tuskegee Institute | Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856 – November 14, 1915). Born into slavery. |
Ida B. Wells | Civil rights movement; suffragist | One of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People |
Cornel West | ||
Roy Wilkins | Civil rights movement | |
Bobby E. Wright | Pan-Africanism |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Malcolm X | Human rights activist; Civil rights movement |
Name | Area of activism | Notes and references |
---|---|---|
Andrew Young | Civil rights movement |
The Civil Rights Memorial is an American memorial in Montgomery, Alabama, created by Maya Lin. The names of 41 people are inscribed on the granite fountain as martyrs who were killed in the civil rights movement. The memorial is sponsored by the Southern Poverty Law Center.
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks was an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. The United States Congress has honored her as "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement". Parks became an NAACP activist in 1943, participating in several high-profile civil rights campaigns. On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks rejected bus driver James F. Blake's order to vacate a row of four seats in the "colored" section in favor of a white passenger, once the "white" section was filled. Parks was not the first person to resist bus segregation, but the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) believed that she was the best candidate for seeing through a court challenge after her arrest for civil disobedience in violating Alabama segregation laws, and she helped inspire the Black community to boycott the Montgomery buses for over a year. The case became bogged down in the state courts, but the federal Montgomery bus lawsuit Browder v. Gayle resulted in a November 1956 decision that bus segregation is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
Claudette Colvin is an American pioneer of the 1950s civil rights movement and retired nurse aide. On March 2, 1955, she was arrested at the age of 15 in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman on a crowded, segregated bus. This occurred nine months before the more widely known incident in which Rosa Parks, secretary of the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), helped spark the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott.
Mary Louise Ware is an African-American civil rights activist. She was arrested in October 1955 at the age of 18 in Montgomery, Alabama for refusing to give up her seat on the segregated bus system. She is one of several women who were arrested for this offense prior to Rosa Parks that year. Parks was the figure around whom the Montgomery bus boycott was organized, starting December 5, 1955.
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. It was a foundational event in the civil rights movement in the United States. The campaign lasted from December 5, 1955—the Monday after Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, was arrested for her refusal to surrender her seat to a white person—to December 20, 1956, when the federal ruling Browder v. Gayle took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws that segregated buses were unconstitutional.
Edgar Daniel Nixon, known as E. D. Nixon, was an American civil rights leader and union organizer in Alabama who played a crucial role in organizing the landmark Montgomery bus boycott there in 1955. The boycott highlighted the issues of segregation in the South, was upheld for more than a year by black residents, and nearly brought the city-owned bus system to bankruptcy. It ended in December 1956, after the United States Supreme Court ruled in the related case, Browder v. Gayle (1956), that the local and state laws were unconstitutional, and ordered the state to end bus segregation.
Jo Ann Gibson Robinson was an activist during the Civil Rights Movement and educator in Montgomery, Alabama.
The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) was formed on December 5, 1955 by black ministers and community leaders in Montgomery, Alabama. Under the leadership of Ralph Abernathy, Martin Luther King Jr. and Edgar Nixon, the MIA was instrumental in guiding the Montgomery bus boycott, a successful campaign that focused national attention on racial segregation in the South and catapulted King into the national spotlight.
Browder v. Gayle, 142 F. Supp. 707 (1956), was a case heard before a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama on Montgomery and Alabama state bus segregation laws. The panel consisted of Middle District of Alabama Judge Frank Minis Johnson, Northern District of Alabama Judge Seybourn Harris Lynne, and Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Richard Rives. The main plaintiffs in the case were Aurelia Browder, Claudette Colvin, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith. Jeanetta Reese had originally been a plaintiff in the case, but intimidation by segregationists caused her to withdraw in February. She falsely claimed she had not agreed to the lawsuit, which led to an unsuccessful attempt to disbar Fred Gray for supposedly improperly representing her.
Fred David Gray is an American civil rights attorney, preacher, activist, and state legislator from Alabama. He handled many prominent civil rights cases, such as Browder v. Gayle, and was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives in 1970, along with Thomas Reed, both from Tuskegee. They were the first black state legislators in Alabama in the 20th century. He served as the president of the National Bar Association in 1985, and in 2001 was elected as the first African-American President of the Alabama State Bar.
Mary Burnett Talbert was an American orator, activist, suffragist and reformer. In 2005, Talbert was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.
The Women's Political Council (WPC), founded in Montgomery, Alabama, was an organization that formed in 1946 that was an early force active in the civil rights movement that was formed to address the racial issues in the city. Members included Mary Fair Burks, Jo Ann Robinson, Maude Ballou, Irene West, Thelma Glass, and Euretta Adair.
Aurelia Shines Browder Coleman was an African-American civil rights activist in Montgomery, Alabama. In April 1955, almost eight months before the arrest of Rosa Parks in the same city and a month after the arrest of Claudette Colvin, she was arrested for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white rider while she was in the "Whites Only Area". She refused to move to the "Colored Area" thus leading to her arrest.
The civil rights movement (1865–1896) aimed to eliminate racial discrimination against African Americans, improve their educational and employment opportunities, and establish their electoral power, just after the abolition of slavery in the United States. The period from 1865 to 1895 saw a tremendous change in the fortunes of the Black community following the elimination of slavery in the South.
On the Bus with Rosa Parks is a book of poems by Rita Dove. Rosa Parks was an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. The United States Congress has called her "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement".
Erica Garner-Snipes was an American activist who advocated for police reform, particularly in the use of force during arrests. Garner became involved in activism following the 2014 murder of her father, Eric Garner, after a New York City police officer placed him in a lethal chokehold during an arrest.
Susie McDonald, also known as Miss Sue, was an African American activist who served as one of the plaintiffs in the bus segregation lawsuit Browder v. Gayle (1956) in Montgomery, Alabama. She was arrested for violating bus segregation law on October 21, 1955. She was a widow at the time, in her seventies, walked with a cane, and was light-skinned enough to be mistaken for white by bus operators, though she enjoyed correcting this misconception. Her husband Tom had done railroad work, and she received his pension.
Dr. Rosa Slade Gragg was an American activist and politician. She founded the first black vocational school in Detroit, Michigan; and was the advisor to three United States presidents. She was inducted in 1987 into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame.
Tracey Baptiste is a children's horror author from the Caribbean who uses folk stories in her novels.
Booker T. Washington School (1948–1970) was a primary school in Montgomery, Alabama, U.S.. It was at 632 South Union Street, and was preceded by Swayne College which had closed in 1937. The school building was demolished in 1948 to make way for Booker T. Washington High School, Montgomery's first high school for African American students.