List of museums focused on African Americans

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An example of an African American museum: The Dr. Carter G. Woodson African American History Museum. Woodson was the founder of Black History Month, and a noted educator. Dr. Carter G. Woodson Museum.jpg
An example of an African American museum: The Dr. Carter G. Woodson African American History Museum. Woodson was the founder of Black History Month, and a noted educator.

This is a list of museums in the United States whose primary focus is on African American culture and history. Such museums are commonly known as African American museums. According to scholar Raymond Doswell, an African American museum is "an institution established for the preservation of African-derived culture." [1]

Contents

Museums have a mission of "collecting and preserving material on history and cultural heritage." African American museums share these goals with archives, genealogy groups, historical societies, and research libraries. [2] Museums differ from archives, genealogy groups, historical societies, memorials, and research libraries because they have as a basic educational or aesthetic purpose the collection and display of objects, and regular exhibitions for the public. [3] Being open to the public (not just researchers or by appointment) and having regular hours sets museums apart from historical sites or other facilities that may call themselves museums. [3]

History of African American museums in the United States

An exhibit at the National Museum of African American History and Culture. Museums not only collect and preserve historic and cultural material, their basic purpose is educational or aesthetic. NMAAHC (33628525655).jpg
An exhibit at the National Museum of African American History and Culture. Museums not only collect and preserve historic and cultural material, their basic purpose is educational or aesthetic.

The first African American museum was the College Museum in Hampton, Virginia, established in 1868. [2] Prior to 1950, there were about 30 museums devoted to African American culture and history in the United States. These were located primarily at historically black colleges and universities or at libraries that had significant African American culture and history collections. [4]

Important collections were developed at Bennett College in Greensboro, North Carolina; Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee; Howard University in Washington, D.C.; Lincoln University in Chester County, Pennsylvania; Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland; Talladega College in Talladega, Alabama; and Tuskegee University in Tuskegee, Alabama. [5] Additionally, local historical societies, history clubs, and reading groups in African American communities also collected and displayed African American cultural artifacts. [6]

The first independent, nonprofit African American museums in the United States were The African American Museum in Cleveland, Ohio (founded in 1956), the DuSable Museum of African American History in Chicago, Illinois (founded in 1960), and the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History in Detroit, Michigan (founded in 1965). Throughout the 1960s, the energy of the American Civil Rights Movement led to numerous local African American museums being founded. [4] Between 1868 and 1991, there were about 150 African American museums established in 37 states. [2]

Since its opening in 2016, the largest African American museum in the United States is the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African American History and Culture. The previous record holder was the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History in Detroit, Michigan. [7]

List of museums

This is a sortable table. Click on the column you wish it sorted by.

NameCityStateFoundedReferencesImage
African American Historical and Cultural MuseumWaterlooIowa1997
A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum Chicago Illinois 1995 [8] Randolph Museum.jpg
Africa Center, The New York City (Manhattan) New York 1984 [9] [a] The Africa Center (48052806767).jpg
African American Civil War Memorial Museum Washington D.C. 1999 [13]
African-American Research Library and Cultural Center Fort Lauderdale Florida 2002 [14] Picture of Broward County's African American Research Library.jpg
African American Firefighter Museum Los Angeles California 1997 [15] Fire Station No. 30 (African American Firefighters Museum).jpg
African American Military History Museum Hattiesburg Mississippi 2000 [16] AfricanAmericanMilitaryHistoryMuseum Exterior.jpg
African American Multicultural Museum Scottsdale Arizona 2005 [17]
African American Museum Dallas Texas 1974 [18] African American Museum August 2016 03.jpg
African American Museum and Library at Oakland Oakland California 1994 [19] African American Museum and Library at Oakland (2008).jpg
African American Museum in Cleveland, The Cleveland Ohio 1956 [20] Afommus.jpg
African American Museum in Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1976 [21] African American Museum in Phila.jpg
African American Museum of Iowa Cedar Rapids Iowa 2003 [22] African American Museum of Iowa.jpg
African American Museum of Nassau County Hempstead New York 1970 [23]
African American Museum of the Arts DeLand Florida 1994 [24] Deland AAMA01.jpg
African American Museum of Southern Illinois Carbondale Illinois 1997 [25]
Afro-American Historical and Cultural Society Museum Jersey City New Jersey 1984 [26] Greenville Library n museum 1841 JFKB jeh.jpg
Alabama State Black Archives Research Center and Museum Huntsville Alabama 1990 [27]
Alexandria Black History Museum Alexandria Virginia 1987 [28] [b]
America's Black Holocaust Museum Milwaukee Wisconsin 1988 [29] America's Black Holocaust Museum.jpg
Anacostia Museum Washington D.C. 1967 [30] Anacostia-Museum B&W.jpg
Anne Spencer House and Garden Museum Lynchburg Virginia 1977 [31] Spencer House Lynchburg Nov 08.JPG
APEX (African American Panoramic Experience) Museum Atlanta Georgia 1978 [32]
Armstead T. Johnson High School Montross Virginia 2000 [33] Armstead T. Johnson High School.jpg
Backstreet Cultural Museum New Orleans Louisiana 1999 [34] TremeBackstreet.jpg
Banneker-Douglass Museum Annapolis Maryland 1984 [35] Mt Moriah Jul 09.JPG
Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum Oella Maryland 1998 [36] Benjamin Banneker Historical Park and Museum Feb 18, 2017, 1-09 PM edit (33082346766).jpg
Beck Cultural Exchange Center Knoxville, Tennessee Tennessee 1975 [37]
Bertha Lee Strickland Cultural Museum Seneca South Carolina 2015 [38]
Birmingham Civil Rights Institute Birmingham Alabama 1992 [39] Sixteenth Street Baptist Church section of the Milestone exhibition gallery in the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute.jpg
Black American West Museum and Heritage Center Denver Colorado 1971 [40] Justina Ford House.JPG
Black Cowboy Museum Rosenberg Texas 2017 [41]
Black History 101 Mobile Museum Detroit Michigan 1995 [42]
Black History Museum and Cultural Center of Virginia Richmond Virginia 1981 [43] Black History Museum, Richmond.JPG
Blanchard House Museum Punta Gorda Florida 2004 [44]
Bontemps African American Museum Alexandria Louisiana 1988 [45]
Brazos Valley African American Museum Bryan Texas 2006 [46] Brazos valley african american museum.jpg
Bronzeville Children's Museum Chicago Illinois 1998 [47] 20100409 Bronzeville Childrens Museum.jpg
Buffalo Soldiers National Museum Houston Texas 2000 [48] Buffalo Soldiers National Museum.jpg
California African American Museum Los Angeles California 1981 [49]
Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History Detroit Michigan 1965 [50] Museum of African American History.jpg
Charlotte Hawkins Brown Museum Sedalia North Carolina 1987 [51] Museum of African American History.jpg
Clemson Area African American Museum Clemson South Carolina 2010 [52] Clemson Area African American Museum.jpg
Crispus Attucks Museum Indianapolis Indiana 1998 [53]
Delta Cultural Center Helena Arkansas 1991 [54] Delta Cultural Center-HelenaAR.jpg
Destination Crenshaw Los Angeles California 2019 [55]
Dorchester Academy and Museum Midway Georgia 2004 [56] GA Midway Dorchester Academy Boys Dorm01.jpg
Dr. Carter G. Woodson African American History Museum St. Petersburg Florida 2006 [57] Dr. Carter G. Woodson Museum.jpg
DuSable Museum of African American History Chicago Illinois 1960 [20] The DuSable Museum.jpg
Eddie Mae Herron Center and Museum Pocahontas Arkansas 2001 [58] Colored school and museum.JPG
Ely Educational Museum Pompano Beach Florida 2000 [59]
Evansville African American Museum Evansville Indiana 2007 [60]
Finding Our Roots African American Museum Houma Louisiana 2017 [61]
Frederick Douglass National Historic Site Washington D.C. 1962 [62] Frederick Douglass House.jpg
Freedom House Museum Alexandria Virginia 2008 [63] Franklin-armfield-office.JPG
Freedom Rides Museum Montgomery Alabama 1962 [64] Old Montgomery Greyhound Station May2009.jpg
George Washington Carver Museum, The Tuskegee Alabama 1941 [65] George Washington Carver Museum.jpg
George Washington Carver Museum Phoenix Arizona 1980 [66]
George Washington Carver Museum and Cultural Center Austin Texas 1980 [67] George Washington Carver Museum Austin TX.jpg
George Washington Carver National Monument Newton County Missouri 1960 [68] George Washington Carver National Monument - Visitor Center.jpg
Great Blacks in Wax Museum Baltimore Maryland 1983 [69]
Great Plains Black History Museum Omaha Nebraska 1975 [70] Webster Telephone Exchange-Afro-American Museum, North Omaha.jpg
Griot Museum of Black History, The St. Louis Missouri 1997 [71] Griot Museum of Black History and Culture2.jpg
Hammonds House Museum Atlanta Georgia 1988 [72]
Hampton University Museum Hampton Virginia 1988 [73]
Harriet Tubman Museum Cape May New Jersey 2020 [74] Harriet Tubman Museum, Cape May, NJ - 2024.jpg
Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center Church Creek Maryland 2017 [75] Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center.jpg
Harvey B. Gantt Center Charlotte North Carolina 1974 [76] Harvey B. Gantt Center on Opening Day.jpg
Henderson Institute Historical Museum Henderson North Carolina 1986 [77] Henderson Institute Library.jpg
Hotel Metropolitan Museum Paducah Kentucky [78]
Houston Museum of African American Culture Houston Texas 2012 [79]
Howard County Center of African American Culture Columbia Maryland 1987 [80] Howard County Center of African American Culture.jpg
Idaho Black History Museum Boise Idaho 1995 [81] Idaho Black History Museum.JPG
International African American Museum Charleston South Carolina 2023 [82] [83]
International Civil Rights Center and Museum Greensboro North Carolina 2010 [84] International Civil Rights Center and Museum.jpg
Jacob Fontaine Religious Museum Austin Texas 2004 [85] Southgate lewis house.jpg
Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia Big Rapids Michigan 1996 [86] Jim Crow Museum.jpg
John Johnson House Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1997 [87] WTP B30 Audrey 1.jpg
John E. Rogers African American Cultural Center Hartford Connecticut 1991 [88]
John G. Riley Center/Museum of African American History and Culture Tallahassee Florida 1996 [89] Tallahassee FL Riley House02.jpg
Josephine School Community Museum Berryville Virginia 2003 [90] JosephineCitySchool 0257.jpg
Kansas African-American Museum Wichita Kansas 1997 [91] Kansas African American Museum.jpg
L.E. Coleman African-American Museum Halifax County, Virginia Virginia 2005 [92]
LaVilla Museum Jacksonville Florida 1999 [93]
Legacy Museum, The Montgomery Alabama 2018 [94]
Legacy Museum of African American History Lynchburg Virginia 2000 [95]
Lewis H. Latimer House New York City (Queens) New York 2004 [96] Latimer house shady side jeh.jpg
Lincolnville Museum and Cultural Center St. Augustine Florida 2005 [97]
Louis Armstrong House New York City (Queens) New York 2003 [98] Louis Armstrong House 01.jpg
Mariposa Museum & World Cultural Center Peterborough New Hampshire 2002 [99]
Mariposa Museum in Oak Bluffs (Mariposa Museum & World Cultural Center) Oak Bluffs Massachusetts 2019 [100]
Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site Visitors Center Atlanta Georgia 1996 [101]
Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site Washington D.C. 1979 [102] Mary McLeod Bethune Council House.jpg
Mary McLeod Bethune Home Daytona Beach Florida 1956 [103] [c] Daytona Beach Bethune house02.jpg
Mary S. Harrell Black Heritage Museum New Smyrna Beach Florida 1999 [104] New Smyrna Saint Rita Mission.jpg
Mayme A. Clayton Library and Museum Culver City California 2010 [105]
McLemore House African-American Museum Franklin Tennessee 2002 [106] McLemore House.JPG
Mississippi Civil Rights Museum Jackson Mississippi 2017 [107] [108] Jackson December 2018 62 (Museum of Mississippi History and Mississippi Civil Rights Museum).jpg
MoCADA New York City (Brooklyn) New York 1999 [109] WSTM Zefferus 0166.jpg
Mosaic Templars Cultural Center Little Rock Arkansas 2008 [110]
Muhammad Ali Center Louisville Kentucky 2005 [111] AliCenter.jpg
Museum of African American History & Abiel Smith School Boston Massachusetts 1964 [112] Abiel Smith School.jpg
Museum of the African Diaspora San Francisco California 2005 [113] Museum of the African Diaspora.jpg
Nash House Museum Buffalo New York 2003 [114] Rev. J. Edward Nash Sr. House, Buffalo, New York, December 2009.jpg
Natchez Museum of African American History and Culture Natchez Mississippi 1991 [115] Natchez, MS, Museum of African American History and Culture IMG 6954.JPG
National African American Archives and Museum Mobile Alabama 1992 [116] National African American Archives Mobile.JPG
National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center Wilberforce Ohio 1987 [117] NAAMCC Image for promo material002.jpg
National Center for Civil and Human Rights Atlanta Georgia 2014 [107] National Center for Civil and Human Rights 01.jpg
National Center of Afro-American Artists Roxbury Massachusetts 1969 [118]
National Civil Rights Museum Memphis Tennessee 1991 [119] Lorraine Motel 04 15 Mar 2012.jpg
National Museum of African American History and Culture Washington D.C. 2016 [120] Smithsonian-nmaahc-outside-20160720.jpg
National Museum of African American Music Nashville Tennessee 2013 [121] [d]
National Underground Railroad Freedom Center Cincinnati Ohio 2004 [122] NationalUndergroundRailroadFreedomCenter.jpg
National Voting Rights Museum Selma Alabama 1991 [123] Selma December 2018 01 (National Voting Rights Museum and Institute).jpg
Negro Leagues Baseball Museum Kansas City Missouri 1990 [124] Nlbmandjazz.jpg
Negro Southern League MuseumBirminghamAlabama2014 [125]
New Orleans African American Museum New Orleans Louisiana 1988 [126] MeilleurGoldthwaiteHouseFrontB.jpg
Newsome House Museum and Cultural Center Newport News Virginia 1991 [127] J.T. Newsome House (Front).jpg
Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center Niagara Falls New York 2018 [128] Niagara Falls customhouse.jpg
Northeast Louisiana Delta African American Heritage Museum Monroe Louisiana 1994 [129]
Northwest African American Museum Seattle Washington 2008 [130] Seattle - NAAM 05.jpg
Odell S. Williams Now And Then African-American Museum Baton Rouge Louisiana 2001 [131] African American Museum, Baton Rouge.jpg
Old Dillard Museum Fort Lauderdale Florida 1995 [132] Ft Laud FL Old Dillard High School01.jpg
Omenala Griot Afrocentric Teaching Museum Atlanta Georgia 1992 [133]
Oran Z's Black Facts and Wax Museum Los Angeles California 2000 [134]
Paul R. Jones Collection of African American Art Newark Delaware 2004 [135]
Philadelphia Doll Museum Philadelphia Pennsylvania 1988 [136]
Poindexter Village Museum and Cultural Center Columbus Ohio Planned [137]
Pope House Museum Raleigh North Carolina 2011 [138] Pope House.jpg
Portsmouth Colored Community Library Museum Portsmouth Virginia 2013 [139] Portsmouth Community Library 13SEP2014.jpg
Prince George's African American Museum and Cultural Center North Brentwood Maryland 2010 [140]
Ralph Mark Gilbert Civil Rights Museum Savannah Georgia 1996 [141]
Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture Baltimore Maryland 2005 [142]
River Road African American Museum Donaldsonville Louisiana 1994 [143]
Rosa Parks Museum Montgomery Alabama 2000 [144] Rosa Parks Library and Museum.jpg
Rural African American Museum Opelousas Louisiana 2018 [145]
Sandy Ground Historical Museum New York City (Staten Island) New York 1994 [146] Sandy Ground Museum.jpg
Scott Joplin House State Historic Site St. Louis Missouri 1983 [147]
Scottsboro Boys Museum and Cultural Center Scottsboro Alabama 2010 [148]
Slave Haven Underground Railroad Museum Memphis Tennessee 1997 [149] Burkle estate memphis front 2.jpg
Slave Mart Museum Charleston South Carolina 1938 [150] Old-slave-mart-facade-sc1.jpg
Smith-Robertson Museum and Cultural Center Jackson Mississippi 1984 [151] Smith Robertson Museum and Cultural Center (3060910103).jpg
Southeastern Regional Black Archives Research Center and Museum Tallahassee Florida 1976 [152] CarnegieLibraryTLH.JPG
Spady Cultural Heritage Museum Delray Beach Florida 2001 [153] Delray Beach FL Spady Museum01.jpg
Spelman College Museum of Fine Art Atlanta Georgia 1996 [154]
Springfield and Central Illinois African-American History Museum Springfield Illinois 2012 [155]
Stiles African American Heritage CenterDenverColorado1998
Stiles African American Heritage Center Stiles AAHC 2022.jpg
Stiles African American Heritage Center
Studio Museum in Harlem New York City (Manhattan) New York 1968 [156] Studio-in-harlem1.jpg
Swift Museum Rogersville Tennessee 2008 [157] Price-Community-Center-Rogersville-tn1.jpg
Tangipahoa African American Heritage Museum Hammond Louisiana 2007 [158] Tangipahoa African-American Heritage Museum 2010Jan16.JPG
Taylor House Museum of Historic Frenchtown Tallahassee Florida 2011 [159] TAYLOR HOUSE PHOTOGRAPH.jpg
Tubman African American Museum Macon Georgia 1981 [160]
Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site Tuskegee Alabama 2008 [161] Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site.JPG
Tuskegee Airmen National Museum Detroit Michigan 1987 [162]
Underground Railroad Museum at Belmont Mansion Philadelphia Pennsylvania 2007 [163] WTP A11 Techserv 1.jpg
Weeksville Heritage Center New York City (Brooklyn) New York 2005 [164] Hunterfly road houses.jpg
Wells' Built Museum Orlando Florida 2001 [165] Orlando Wellsbuilt Hotel01.jpg
Whitney Plantation St. John the Baptist Parish Louisiana 2014 [166] WhitneyPlantation11.JPG
Willam V. Banks Broadcast Museum Detroit Michigan 2017 [167]
Zion Union Heritage Museum Hyannis Massachusetts 2008 [168]
Zora Neale Hurston Museum of Fine Arts Eatonville Florida 2017 [169] Eatonville FL ZNH Natl Museum01.jpg
Minnesota African American Heritage Museum and Gallery MinneapolisMinnesota2018 [170]
Seek MuseumRussellvilleKentucky2016 [171]
Bibb House of Seek Museum Russellville Kentucky Bibb House of Seek Museum, Russellville Kentucky.jpg
Bibb House of Seek Museum Russellville Kentucky

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References

Notes
  1. ↑ The museum was known as the Center for African Art at its founding, and changed its name in 1933 to the Museum for African Art. [10] The name was changed again in 2013 to the New Africa Center, [11] and by 2014 had dropped the word "New" in favor of The Africa Center. [12]
  2. ↑ Founded in 1983 by the Parker-Gray Alumni and the Alexandria Society for the Preservation of Black Heritage, the museum was originally an archive known as the Alexandria Black History Research Center. Volunteers staffed the archive. In 1987, the City of Alexandria agreed to take over the archive, expanded its mission, and turned it into the Alexandria Black History Museum. [28]
  3. ↑ The Mary McLeod Bethune Home is operated as a historic house museum. [103]
  4. ↑ The museum was originally named the Museum of African American Art, Music and Culture, but changed its name to reflect a focus solely on music. [121]
Citations
  1. ↑ Doswell 2008, p. 8.
  2. 1 2 3 Dickerson 1991, p. 169.
  3. 1 2 Burcaw 1997, p. 19.
  4. 1 2 Coleman 2006, p. 151.
  5. ↑ Dickerson 1991, p. 170.
  6. ↑ Coleman 2006, pp. 151–152.
  7. ↑ Dagbovie 2010, p. 75.
  8. ↑ Petrosino, Frankie J. (September–October 2003). "Museum and Online Registry Preserve Story of Black Railroad Porters". The Crisis. p. 10.
  9. ↑ Glueck, Grace (September 21, 1984). "Show From France Opens New Center for African Art". The New York Times. p. C1.
  10. ↑ Reif, Rita (February 7, 1993). "For African Art Treasures, a Place to Spread Out". The New York Times. p. Section 2, 33.
  11. ↑ Cohen, Patricia (August 24, 2013). "Museum for African Art Broadens Its Mandate". The New York Times. p. C3. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  12. ↑ Cohen, Patricia (July 23, 2014). "When a Museum's Big Dreams Prove Too Ambitious". The New York Times. p. C1. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  13. ↑ Evelyn, Dickson & Ackerman 2008, p. 269.
  14. ↑ Smith, Henrietta M. (Fall 2002). "The African-American Research Library and Cultural Center of the Broward County Library: Building Bridges and Beyond". Reference and User Services Quarterly: 21.
  15. ↑ "Watch 'Visiting with Huell Howser': 'Fire Museum'". KCET. February 20, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
  16. ↑ Lowrey, Eric (February 6, 2014). "Hattiesburg's African-American Military History Museum re-opens". WDAM. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  17. ↑ Curtis 1996, p. 54.
  18. ↑ Duty & Penn 2007, p. 45.
  19. ↑ Mjagkij 2001, p. 190.
  20. 1 2 Coleman 2006, p. 152.
  21. ↑ Huntington 2006, p. 73.
  22. ↑ Hornsby 2011, p. 275.
  23. ↑ Rumsey, Spencer (January 19, 2014). "Rhythm and Roots: Nassau's African American Museum Brings History to Life". Long Island Press. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  24. ↑ Thomas, Ashley D. (March 12, 2015). "DeLand Museum Celebrates 20th Year". Daytona Times. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  25. ↑ Esch, Janis (September 10, 2017). "African American Museum of Southern Illinois celebrates 20th anniversary". The Southern. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  26. ↑ Lurie & Mappen 2004, p. 8.
  27. ↑ Faulk, Kent (March 4, 2002). "Budget Cuts Threaten Goals of Black Archives". Gadsden Times. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
  28. 1 2 Pulliam 2011, p. 73.
  29. ↑ Sisson 2006, p. 644.
  30. ↑ Alexander 1997, pp. 147–148.
  31. ↑ Faulconer, Justin (September 8, 2014). "Area around Anne Spencer House and Garden Museum added to national historic register". Lynchburg News and Advance. Retrieved August 10, 2015; Higgins, Adrian (July 29, 2014). "A Virginia Haven of the Harlem Renaissance". The Washington Post. p. C1.
  32. ↑ Lefever & Page 2008, p. 80.
  33. ↑ Johnson, Steven (February 2020). "Segregation to Preservation: Northern Neck school made a big difference". Cooperative Living. pp. 14–15. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  34. ↑ Reckdahl, Katy (December 2, 2015). "With founder ailing, fundraiser will seek to aid Treme's Backstreet Cultural Museum". The Advocate. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  35. ↑ Holland 2007, p. 121.
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  70. ↑ Danilov, Victor J. Women and Museums: A Comprehensive Guide. Lanham, Md.: AltaMira Press, 2005, p. 238.
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  73. ↑ Hammond, Jane (January 20, 2018). "Explore 150 years of Hampton University history in new exhibit". Hampton Daily Press. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
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  76. ↑ Washburn, Mark (October 25, 2009). "Vivian and John Hewitt Built the Art Collection That Led to the Building of Harvey B. Gantt Center". The Charlotte Observer. p. 1A.
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  78. ↑ West, Joyce (February 15, 2015). "Paducah's Hotel Metropolitan". Kentucky Educational Television (KET).
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  81. ↑ Burden, Paul R. A Subject Guide to Quality Web Sites. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2010, p. 321.
  82. ↑ Wren, David (November 4, 2015). "Boeing gives $500K to Charleston's African American museum". Charleston Post and Courier. Retrieved December 6, 2015; Parker, Adam (August 21, 2015). "Museum project gets big gift in name of NAACP President Dot Scott". Charleston Post and Courier. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
  83. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". International African American Museum. Retrieved June 11, 2023.
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  86. ↑ Gilson, Dave (March–April 2016). "These Racist Collectibles Will Make Your Skin Crawl". Mother Jones. Retrieved January 15, 2021; Wise, Carrie (January 15, 2021). "Racist Signs and Toys Teach Tolerance at Jim Crow Museum". WCPN. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
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  88. ↑ Amaral, Jorge. "Making Room for History." Hartford Courant. May 20, 2005; Goode, Steven. "Grand Vision For Hartford's Northwest School." Hartford Courant. October 2, 2010.
  89. ↑ "Riley House Receives Collection of Abolitionist Papers." Black Issues in Higher Education. October 7, 2004, p. 13.
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  93. ↑ Bull, Roger. "Ritz Theatre Celebrates 10 Years Back in Business in LaVilla." Florida Times-Union. September 14, 2009. Accessed March 3, 2012; Potter, Dorothy Bundy Turner and Potter, Clifton W. Lynchburg, 1757-2007. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2007, p. 117.
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  101. ↑ While the national historic site was designated in 1980, the museum in the visitors center was not constructed until 1996. See: Scott, David Logan and Scott, Kay Woelfel. Guide to the National Park Areas: Eastern States. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot Press, 2004, p. 55; Davis, Ren and Davis, Helen. Atlanta Walks: A Comprehensive Guide to Walking, Running, and Bicycling the Area's Scenic and Historic Locales. Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers, 2011, p. 26.
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  104. ↑ Redd, Robert (2015). "Historic Sites and Landmarks of New Smyrna Beach". Charleston, S.C.: The History Press. p. 67. ISBN   9781626197664.
  105. ↑ Johnson, Winter. "'Freedom Ride' Celebrated at Mayme A. Clayton Library and Museum." Archived September 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Culver City Patch. August 10, 2011. Accessed March 3, 2012.
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  110. ↑ Davis, Ryan. "A Cultural Icon Rises From the Ashes in Historic Little Rock." The Crisis. Summer 2009, p. 39-40.
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