Demographics of Cleveland

Last updated
1917 multilingual poster in English, Italian, Hungarian, Slovene, Polish, and Yiddish, advertising English classes for new immigrants in Cleveland. Inviting Immigrants to Cleveland Poster (6279784636).jpg
1917 multilingual poster in English, Italian, Hungarian, Slovene, Polish, and Yiddish, advertising English classes for new immigrants in Cleveland.

The demographics of Cleveland have fluctuated throughout the city's history. From its founding in 1796, Cleveland's population grew to 261,353 by 1890, and to 796,841 by 1920, making it the fifth largest city in the United States at the time. By 1930, the population rose to 900,429 and, after World War II, it reached 914,808. [1] Due to various historical factors including deindustrialization, suburbanization, and urban sprawl, Cleveland's population began decreasing in the 1960s. By 1970, the city's population was 750,903. By 1980, it was 573,822 and it had lost its position as one of the top 10 largest cities in the U.S. [1] By 2020, the population had further fallen to 372,624. [2] Beginning in 2018, the city's population began to flatten, after decades of decline. [3] Additionally, between 2010 and 2020, several neighborhoods within Cleveland saw a significant population increase, most notably Downtown, [4] but also University Circle and several West Side neighborhoods. [5]

Contents

Population data

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1820 606—    
1830 1,075+77.4%
1840 6,071+464.7%
1850 17,034+180.6%
1860 43,417+154.9%
1870 92,829+113.8%
1880 160,146+72.5%
1890 261,353+63.2%
1900 381,768+46.1%
1910 560,663+46.9%
1920 796,841+42.1%
1930 900,429+13.0%
1940 878,336−2.5%
1950 914,808+4.2%
1960 876,050−4.2%
1970 750,903−14.3%
1980 573,822−23.6%
1990 505,616−11.9%
2000 478,403−5.4%
2010 396,815−17.1%
2020 372,624−6.1%
* = Population estimate.
Source: United States Census records and Population Estimates Program data. [1] [6] [2]

As of the 2020 Census, there were 372,624 people and 170,549 households residing in the city of Cleveland (a population roughly comparable to that of Zurich). The population density was 4,901.51/sq mi (1,892.5/km2). [2] During the day, incoming commuters from other parts of Cuyahoga County and Metropolitan Cleveland increase the city's population by 30%. [7]

The median income for a household in the city was $30,907. The per capita income for the city was $21,223. 32.7% of the population living below the poverty line. Of the city's population over the age of 25, 17.5% held a bachelor's degree or higher, and 80.8% had a high school diploma or equivalent. [2]

According to the 2010 census, 29.7% of Cleveland households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 22.4% were married couples living together, 25.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46.4% were non-families. 39.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 3.11. [6]

In 2010, the median age in the city was 35.7 years. 24.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 11% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.1% were from 25 to 44; 26.3% were from 45 to 64; and 12% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.0% male and 52.0% female. [6]

Ethnic and racial composition

Cleveland, Ohio – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)Pop 2000 [8] Pop 2010 [9] Pop 2020 [10] % 2000% 2010% 2020
White alone (NH)185,641132,710119,54738.80%33.44%32.08%
Black or African American alone (NH)241,512208,208176,81350.48%52.47%47.45%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)1,1959978440.25%0.25%0.23%
Asian alone (NH)6,2847,21310,3901.31%1.82%2.79%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)123701000.03%0.02%0.03%
Some Other Race alone (NH)8275991,9700.17%0.15%0.53%
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH)8,0937,48414,2611.69%1.89%3.83%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)34,72839,53448,6997.26%9.96%13.07%
Total478,403396,815372,624100.00%100.00%100.00%
Map of racial distribution in Greater Cleveland, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} White Black Asian Hispanic Other Race and ethnicity 2010- Cleveland (5560462500).png
Map of racial distribution in Greater Cleveland, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people:
⬤ White⬤ Black⬤ Asian⬤ Hispanic⬤ Other

According to the 2020 census, the racial composition of the city was 32.1% non-Hispanic white, 47.5% African American (non-Hispanic), 2.8% Asian and Pacific Islander, 0.2% Native American, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos were 13.1% of the population. [5] 14.7% spoke a language other than English at home, including Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, Albanian, and various Slavic languages (Russian, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, and Slovene). [2] There is no ethnic or racial majority in Cleveland. A 2020 analysis found the city to be the most ethnically and racially diverse in Ohio. [11]

Within Cleveland, the non-Hispanic white and Hispanic (of any race) populations are largely concentrated on the city's West Side, while the Black American population is largely concentrated on the East Side and the Asian population is mostly concentrated in the historical Asiatown neighborhood. [12] The East-West racial divide is a legacy of redlining and blockbusting on Cleveland's East Side, [13] and before the 1950s, such a division did not exist, as the poet Langston Hughes observed. [14] However, the division is not absolute; there is a significant African American minority on the West Side, and the East Side neighborhood of University Circle is majority non-Hispanic white, with significant African American and Asian minorities. [15] The city's Downtown is majority non-Hispanic white, with African American, Asian, and Hispanic minorities. [16]

The demographic distribution has largely remained stable since the 1970s, although there have been significant shifts in the composition of certain neighborhoods, notably Collinwood and Broadway–Slavic Village. [17] Cleveland's African American population increased from 235,405 (46.6%) in 1990 to 246,242 (51.0%) in 2000. However, due to increased African American migration to nearby East Side suburbs, the percentage of non-Hispanic African Americans in the city fell to 47.5% by 2020. Between 2010 and 2020, the decrease of the non-Hispanic white population slowed, while the Asian and especially Hispanic populations saw considerable growth. [5]

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Cleveland saw a massive influx of immigrants from Ireland, Italy, and the Austro-Hungarian, German, Russian, and Ottoman empires, most of whom were attracted by manufacturing jobs. [18] In 1920, the city proper boasted a foreign-born population of 30% and, in 1870, that percentage was 42%. [19] As a result of the U.S. immigration restrictions of 1921 and 1924 and the decline of industry, Cleveland's foreign-born population decreased over time and was 4.1% by 1990. [19] In the late 2010s, the immigrant population of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County began to see significant growth. [20] By 2020, the foreign-born population of Cleveland had increased to 6%, while the foreign-born population of Cuyahoga County was 7.6%. [2] [21] A 2019 study found Cleveland to be the city with the shortest average processing time in the nation for immigrants to become U.S. citizens. [22]

In Cleveland and Cuyahoga County, most of the foreign-born are from Europe, the Middle East, East Asia, Latin America, and South Asia, with smaller numbers from Africa. Within Cleveland, the neighborhoods with the highest foreign-born populations are Asiatown/Goodrich–Kirtland Park (32.7%), Clark–Fulton (26.7%), West Boulevard (18.5%), Brooklyn Centre (17.3%), Downtown (17.2%), University Circle (15.9%, with 20% in Little Italy), and Jefferson (14.3%). [23] Within Cuyahoga County, many Cleveland suburbs also boast high foreign-born populations, especially East Side suburbs such as Beachwood (17.11%), Mayfield Heights (16.36%), and Solon (15.56%) with their large communities of Russian-speaking immigrants from the post-Soviet states. [24] [25] [26] On the West Side, the streetcar suburb of Lakewood also has a significant foreign-born population and has been recognized locally as a hotspot for immigrants. [27]

European and Middle Eastern communities

The non-Hispanic white population is mostly concentrated on Cleveland's West Side, Downtown, and University Circle, and comprises 32.1% according to the 2020 census. [5] This category, as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, encompasses Cleveland's many ethnic European and Middle Eastern communities. Among them are Irish (especially in Kamm's Corners and other areas of West Park), Italians (especially in Little Italy and around Mayfield Road), Germans, and several Central-Eastern European ethnicities, including Czechs, Hungarians, Lithuanians, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Rusyns, Slovaks, Ukrainians, and ex-Yugoslav groups, such as Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs. [18] The presence of Hungarians within Cleveland proper was, at one time, so great that the city boasted the highest concentration of Hungarians in the world outside of Budapest. [28] Cleveland also has a long-established Jewish community, [29] as well as significant communities of Albanians, [30] Arabs (especially Lebanese, Syrians, and Palestinians), [31] Armenians, [32] French, [33] Greeks, [34] Iranians, [35] Scots, [18] and Turks. [36] There was also a strong and large Spanish community between the both World Wars, [37] until they integrated (like Irish, Germans or French did).

African American communities

According to the 2020 census, non-Hispanic African Americans comprise 47.5% of Cleveland's population. [5] Black American communities have a long history in the city and grew significantly from 1910 to 1970 as a result of the First and Second Great Migrations. [38] Most of the African American neighborhoods are on the East Side of Cleveland, but there are also significant communities on the West Side, particularly in the Bellaire–Puritas and Cudell neighborhoods. [39] [40] Cleveland also has small African (especially Ethiopian and Congolese) and West Indian immigrant populations. [41]

Hispanic and Latino communities

According to the 2020 census, the city's Hispanic and Latino communities form 13.1% of the population and have seen dramatic growth in recent decades. [5] According to the Cleveland City Planning Commission, "more than 1 out of 8 Clevelanders [were] Hispanic or Latino in 2020." [5] The vast majority of Hispanics in Cleveland are of Puerto Rican descent, but there are also smaller numbers of immigrants from Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, South and Central America, and Spain. [42] The Clark–Fulton neighborhood on the West Side has the highest concentration of Hispanics in Cleveland and Cuyahoga County. [43] The adjacent West Side neighborhoods of Brooklyn Centre, Stockyards, West Boulevard, and Detroit–Shoreway also have significant Hispanic populations. [44] [45] [46] [47]

Asian and Pacific Islander communities

Cleveland's Asian and Pacific Islander communities comprise 2.8% of the city's population and have also been growing, according to the 2020 census. [5] Most are centered on historical Asiatown and include Chinese, Koreans, Vietnamese, and other groups. [12]

Romani

The Roma began settling on Cleveland's near west side in the 1880s, and within 40 years there were at least 1,000 Roma living in the Ohio City neighborhood. Cleveland's Romani population dwindled down to a few hundred by the 1970s. Some Roma moved to nearby West Side suburbs, while hundreds more chose to move to larger cities, such as New York City or Chicago. [48]

Native Americans

The United States census figures put the Native American population of Greater Cleveland at 1,603 in the year 1980. In the 1990 U.S. census, the Native American population had increased to 2,706. [49]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cleveland</span> City in Ohio, United States

Cleveland, officially the City of Cleveland, is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located in Northeast Ohio along the southern shore of Lake Erie, it is situated across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and lies approximately 60 miles (97 km) west of Pennsylvania. Cleveland ranks as the most populous city on Lake Erie, the second-most populous city in Ohio, and the 54th-most populous city in the U.S. with a 2020 population of 372,624. The city anchors the Cleveland metropolitan area, the 33rd-largest in the U.S. at 2.18 million residents, as well as the larger Cleveland–Akron–Canton combined statistical area, the most populous in Ohio and the 17th-largest in the country with a population of 3.63 million in 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mayfield Heights, Ohio</span> City in Ohio, United States

Mayfield Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. The population was 20,351 at the 2020 census. An eastern suburb of Cleveland, it is part of the Cleveland metropolitan area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Old Brooklyn</span> Neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Old Brooklyn is a neighborhood on the West Side of Cleveland, Ohio, United States, located approximately five miles south of downtown Cleveland. It extends east-to-west from the Cuyahoga River to the city of Brooklyn and north-to-south from the Brookside Park Valley to the city of Parma. It is home to the Cleveland Metroparks, including the Cleveland Zoo; the Jesse Owens tree at James Ford Rhodes High School; and the Benjamin Franklin Community Garden, the largest urban community garden in Cuyahoga County. Old Brooklyn has recently adopted the slogan "Old Brooklyn, a great place to grow" to commemorate its history and potential growth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buckeye–Shaker</span> Neighborhood of Cleveland in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States

Buckeye–Shaker is a neighborhood on the East Side of Cleveland, Ohio. It encompasses two sub neighborhoods: in its south and west, the old Buckeye neighborhood; and in its northeast, the Shaker Square neighborhood, which is centered on an historic shopping district and an eponymous rapid transit station, located at the intersection of Shaker and Moreland Boulevards, on the light rail line that connects the city of Shaker Heights to downtown Cleveland. From the early to mid-20th century, the Buckeye Road neighborhood was known as "Little Hungary", serving as the historic heart of Cleveland's Hungarian community, which at one time was the largest in the world outside of Hungary and for years has been almost completely African-American. Shaker Square, continues to be known as one of Cleveland's most notable neighborhoods, in terms of shopping, dining, architecture, the education of its residents, participation in civic life, diversity, and quality of living.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kamm's Corners</span> Neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Kamm's Corners is a neighborhood on the West Side of Cleveland, Ohio. It is bounded by the streetcar suburb of Lakewood to the north, the Rocky River Reservation of the Cleveland Metroparks and the suburbs of Rocky River and Fairview Park to the west, the New York Central Railroad tracks to the east, and Puritas Road to the south. Kamm's Corners Plaza and Warren Village are the major retail centers of the neighborhood. According to the 2019 U.S. census estimate, the neighborhood has the highest concentration of Irish Americans in Cleveland and Cuyahoga County.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Broadway–Slavic Village</span> Neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Broadway–Slavic Village is a neighborhood on the Southeast side of Cleveland, Ohio. One of the city's oldest neighborhoods, it originated as the township of Newburgh, first settled in 1799. Much of the area has historically served as home to Cleveland's original Czech and Polish immigrants. While demographics have shifted over the decades, the largest part of Broadway today, Slavic Village, is named for these earlier communities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jefferson, Cleveland</span> Neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Jefferson is a neighborhood on the West Side of Cleveland, Ohio. It is bounded by the neighborhoods of West Boulevard and Cudell and the village of Linndale to the east, Bellaire–Puritas to the south, Kamm's Corners to the west, and the streetcar suburb of Lakewood to the north. It is one of four sub-neighborhoods that comprise the larger historical neighborhood of West Park, the others being Kamm's Corners, Bellaire–Puritas, and Hopkins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brooklyn Centre</span> Neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Brooklyn Centre is a neighborhood on the West Side of Cleveland, Ohio. It borders Old Brooklyn to the south, Stockyards, Clark–Fulton, and Tremont to the north, and the Cuyahoga Valley and the suburb of Cuyahoga Heights to the east.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tremont, Cleveland</span> Neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Tremont is a neighborhood on the West Side of Cleveland, Ohio. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the district sits just south of the Ohio City neighborhood. It is bounded by the Cuyahoga Valley to the north and east, MetroHealth medical center to the south, and West 25th Street and Columbus Road to the west.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central, Cleveland</span> Neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Central, also known as Cedar–Central, is a neighborhood on the East Side of Cleveland, Ohio. Situated on the outskirts of downtown, Central is bounded roughly by East 71st Street on its east and Interstate 90 on its west, with Euclid Avenue on its north and Interstate 77 and the Penn Central Railroad to the south. The neighborhood is named after its onetime main thoroughfare, Central Avenue. It is home to several schools, including East Technical High School.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuyahoga Valley, Cleveland</span> Neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Cuyahoga Valley is a neighborhood on the Central and South Side of Cleveland, Ohio, located along the Cuyahoga River. Formerly known as Industrial Valley, the neighborhood was originally limited to only one section of the geographic Cuyahoga River Valley, but the city expanded it in 2012 to include the entire valley area. The present neighborhood includes the Flats and extends from the peninsula of Whiskey Island on Lake Erie in the north to the borders of the suburbs of Newburgh Heights and Cuyahoga Heights in the south. To the east, it borders Downtown Cleveland and the neighborhoods of Broadway–Slavic Village and Central. To the west, it borders the neighborhoods of Detroit–Shoreway, Ohio City, Tremont, and Brooklyn Centre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buckeye–Woodhill</span> Neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Buckeye–Woodhill is a neighborhood on the East Side of Cleveland, Ohio. It borders the neighborhoods of University Circle and Fairfax to the north, Kinsman to the west, Buckeye–Shaker to the east, and Mount Pleasant to the south. Once a predominantly Hungarian neighborhood, its population is today largely African American. Formerly known as Woodland Hills, it is politically part of Cleveland's Ward 6.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clark–Fulton</span> Neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Clark–Fulton is a neighborhood on the West Side of Cleveland, Ohio. It is bounded by Ohio City to the north, Tremont to the east, Brooklyn Centre to the south, and Stockyards on the west. The neighborhood, which covers about one square mile, is Cleveland's most densely populated community. In recent years, the neighborhood has begun calling itself La Villa Hispaña due to its large Hispanic population, Puerto Rican and otherwise. The community is focused on advancing and promoting Hispanic-owned businesses and cultural activities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lee–Miles</span> Historical area of Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Lee–Miles is a historical area on the Southeast side of Cleveland, Ohio, comprising the two neighborhoods of Lee–Harvard and Lee–Seville. Once an independent municipality known as Miles Heights, it was annexed by Cleveland after a referendum in 1932. Today, it most corresponds to Cleveland's Ward 1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stockyards, Cleveland</span> Neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Stockyards, colloquially the Stockyards or simply the Yards, is a neighborhood on the West Side of Cleveland, Ohio. It is located between I-71 to the south, roughly Ridge Road to the west, West 44th Street to the east, and just south of I-90 to the north. The neighborhood has been historically home to significant communities of Hungarians and Czechs, and since the 1980s, it has also been home to a growing Hispanic community.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cudell, Cleveland</span> Neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Cudell is a neighborhood on the West Side of Cleveland, Ohio. Named after Frank E. Cudell, the neighborhood has been a part of Cleveland since 1904, upon the completion of municipal annexation of the land by the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hopkins, Cleveland</span> Neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Hopkins is a neighborhood on the West Side of Cleveland, Ohio. Known as Riverside until 2014, it borders the neighborhoods of Kamm's Corners and Bellaire–Puritas to the north and northeast, the suburb of Fairview Park to the northwest, and Brook Park to the south, east, and west. Most of the area of Hopkins is covered by Cleveland Hopkins International Airport. Consequently, the neighborhood has "one of Cleveland's lowest population levels as well as the lowest level of population density."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Boulevard</span> Neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States

West Boulevard is a neighborhood on the West Side of Cleveland, Ohio. It borders the suburbs of Brooklyn and Linndale to the south, Interstate 90 and the neighborhoods of Cudell and Detroit–Shoreway to the north, Stockyards to the east, and Jefferson to the west. Its name is derived "from the West Blvd. thoroughfare which runs north-south through the district’s center."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Pleasant, Cleveland</span> Neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Mount Pleasant is a neighborhood on the East Side of Cleveland, Ohio. It borders the neighborhoods of Buckeye–Shaker and Buckeye–Woodhill to the north, Kinsman to the west, Union–Miles Park to the south, and the suburb of Shaker Heights and the Lee–Harvard neighborhood of Cleveland's Lee–Miles area to the east. The neighborhood has been home to numerous ethnic groups, first Manx immigrants, then Germans, Czechs, Russians, Jews, and Italians. Today, it is a predominantly African American neighborhood. Together with Buckeye–Shaker, it is politically part of Cleveland's Ward 4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neighborhoods in Cleveland</span> Designated neighborhoods within the city

Neighborhoods in Cleveland refer to the 34 neighborhood communities of the city of Cleveland, Ohio, as defined by the Cleveland City Planning Commission. Based on historical definitions and census data, the neighborhoods serve as the basis for various urban planning initiatives on both the municipal and metropolitan levels. Technically known as Statistical Planning Areas (SPAs), they also provide a "framework for summarizing socio-economic and other statistics within the city." City neighborhood boundaries were last revised by the City Planning Commission in 2012.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). "Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved October 20, 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "U.S. Census Bureau Quick Facts: Cleveland" . Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  3. ↑ Exner, Rich (May 23, 2019). "Cleveland's population flattens near 385,000 after decades of big losses, new census estimates say". The Plain Dealer . Retrieved July 3, 2019.
  4. ↑ Exner, Rich (May 13, 2016). "How downtown Cleveland is changing: by the numbers". The Plain Dealer . Retrieved July 3, 2019.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Census 2020 in Cleveland". Cleveland City Planning Commission. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  6. 1 2 3 U.S. Census Bureau Quick Facts: Cleveland (2010) Archived 2014-02-18 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ "Commuter-Adjusted Daytime Population". U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  8. ↑ "P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Cleveland city, Ohio". United States Census Bureau.
  9. ↑ "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Cleveland city, Ohio". United States Census Bureau .
  10. ↑ "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Cleveland city, Ohio". United States Census Bureau .
  11. ↑ Mosby, Chris (January 23, 2020). "3 Ohio Cities Among Nation's Most Diverse: U.S. News". Patch . Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  12. 1 2 "Asiatown". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University . Retrieved July 2, 2019.
  13. ↑ Eddings, Amy (November 14, 2017). "Divided by Design: Tracking Neighborhood Racial Segregation in Cleveland". WVIZ . Retrieved July 3, 2019.
  14. ↑ Rothstein, Richard (2017). The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America . New York: Liveright (W. W. Norton & Company). p. 22. ISBN   9781631492853. See also "Map of City of Cleveland Ethnic Settlements, Circa 1923". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University . Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  15. ↑ "Cleveland Neighborhoods and Wards: University Neighborhood Factsheet (2021)" (PDF). The Center for Community Solutions (Cleveland). Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  16. ↑ "Cleveland Neighborhoods and Wards: Downtown Neighborhood Factsheet (2021)" (PDF). The Center for Community Solutions (Cleveland). Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  17. ↑ Jarboe, Michelle (May 10, 2017). "CSU report advises Cleveland to invest public money in East Side neighborhoods". The Plain Dealer . Retrieved July 3, 2019.
  18. 1 2 3 "Immigration and Migration". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 25 February 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  19. 1 2 Salling, Mark; Cyran, Ellen (January 1, 2006). "Foreign-Born Population in Selected Ohio Cities, 1870 to 2000: A Brief Descriptive Report". Cleveland State University . Retrieved July 2, 2019.
  20. ↑ Exner, Rich (April 2, 2018). "Among counties, Cuyahoga near top in Midwest for attracting immigrants". The Plain Dealer . Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  21. ↑ "U.S. Census Bureau Quick Facts: Cuyahoga County" . Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  22. ↑ Cho, Janet H. (February 7, 2019). "Cleveland is the No. 1 city for immigrants to become U.S. citizens, study says". The Plain Dealer . Retrieved July 2, 2019.
  23. ↑ "National Origin in Cleveland, Ohio". Statistical Atlas. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  24. ↑ "National Origin in Cuyahoga County, Ohio". Statistical Atlas. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  25. ↑ "Russians". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University . Retrieved July 2, 2019.
  26. ↑ "Soviet and Post-Soviet Immigration". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University . Retrieved July 2, 2019.
  27. ↑ Meiser, Rebecca (November 29, 2006). "Destination Lakewood: How a bar town became an immigration hot spot". Cleveland Scene . Retrieved August 1, 2019.
  28. ↑ "Hungarians". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. May 11, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  29. ↑ "Jews & Judaism". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University . Retrieved July 2, 2019.
  30. ↑ "Albanians". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  31. ↑ "Arab Americans". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. May 11, 2018. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  32. ↑ "Armenians". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University . Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  33. ↑ "French". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. May 11, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  34. ↑ "Greeks". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. May 11, 2018. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  35. ↑ Vandenberge, Jordan (January 3, 2020). "Iranian-Americans in Cleveland keeping close eye on rising tensions between US, Iran". WEWS-TV . Retrieved June 21, 2020.
  36. ↑ "Turks in Cleveland". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University . Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  37. ↑ "Back in Cleveland…". 14 March 2013.
  38. ↑ "African Americans". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University . Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  39. ↑ "Cleveland Neighborhoods and Wards: Bellaire–Puritas Neighborhood Factsheet (2021)" (PDF). The Center for Community Solutions (Cleveland). Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  40. ↑ "Cleveland Neighborhoods and Wards: Cudell Neighborhood Factsheet (2021)" (PDF). The Center for Community Solutions (Cleveland). Retrieved August 1, 2022.
  41. ↑ Drown, Hannah (August 26, 2019). "New Ethiopian Cultural Garden first in Cleveland to represent an African nation". The Plain Dealer . Retrieved June 12, 2020.
  42. ↑ "Hispanic Community". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 11 May 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
  43. ↑ "Cleveland Neighborhoods and Wards: Clark–Fulton Neighborhood Factsheet (2021)" (PDF). The Center for Community Solutions (Cleveland). Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  44. ↑ "Cleveland Neighborhoods and Wards: Brooklyn Centre Neighborhood Factsheet (2021)" (PDF). The Center for Community Solutions (Cleveland). Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  45. ↑ "Cleveland Neighborhoods and Wards: Stockyards Neighborhood Factsheet (2021)" (PDF). The Center for Community Solutions (Cleveland). Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  46. ↑ "Cleveland Neighborhoods and Wards: West Boulevard Neighborhood Factsheet (2021)" (PDF). The Center for Community Solutions (Cleveland). Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  47. ↑ "Cleveland Neighborhoods and Wards: Detroit–Shoreway Neighborhood Factsheet (2021)" (PDF). The Center for Community Solutions (Cleveland). Retrieved June 17, 2022.
  48. ↑ "ROMANI". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 16 May 2023.
  49. ↑ "AMERICAN INDIANS". 9 February 2022.

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