List of African-American women in medicine

Nurses at Oak Ridge Hospital in the 1940s

African-American women have been practicing medicine informally in the contexts of midwifery and herbalism for centuries. Those skilled as midwives, like Biddy Mason, worked both as slaves and as free women in their trades. Others, like Susie King Taylor and Ann Bradford Stokes, served as nurses in the Civil War. Formal training and recognition of African-American women began in 1858 when Sarah Mapps Douglass was the first black woman to graduate from a medical course of study at an American university. ^[1] Later, in 1864 Rebecca Crumpler became the first African-American woman to earn a medical degree. The first nursing graduate was Mary Mahoney in 1879. The first dentist, Ida Gray, graduated from the University of Michigan in 1890. It was not until 1916 that Ella P. Stewart became the first African-American woman to become a licensed pharmacist. Inez Prosser in 1933 became the first African-American woman to earn a doctorate in psychology. Two women, Jane Hinton and Alfreda Johnson Webb, in 1949, were the first to earn a doctor of veterinary medicine degree. Joyce Nichols, in 1970, became the first woman to become a physician's assistant.

This is an alphabetical list of African-American women who have made significant firsts and contributions to the field of medicine in their own centuries.

1800s

Susie Baker, later Susie Taylor, a Civil War nurse

A

• Caroline V. Still Anderson set up a successful clinic and dispensary in Philadelphia. ^[2]

B

• Anna DeCosta Banks, who graduated nursing school in 1891, had a long and successful career as a nurse in both the 19th and 20th centuries. ^[3]
• Lucy Hughes Brown in 1894 became the first African American woman physician in North Carolina, ^[4] and then later in the decade, the first in South Carolina. ^[5]
• Mary Louise Brown graduated from Howard University Medical School in 1898 and went on to do post-doctorate work in Edinburgh, Scotland. ^[6]

C

• Consuelo Clark-Stewart graduated from Boston University School of Medicine in 1884 ^[7] and was the first African-American woman to practice in Ohio.
• Rebecca J. Cole in 1867, became the second African-American woman to earn a medical degree in the United States. ^[8]
• Rebecca Davis Lee Crumpler in 1864 was the first African-American woman to earn a medical degree in the United States. ^[9]

D

• Halle Tanner Dillon became the first woman licensed as a physician in Alabama. ^[10]
• Sarah Mapps Douglass became the first woman to complete a medical course of study at an American university in 1858 when she graduated from the Ladies' Institute of the Pennsylvania Medical University. ^[11]
• Juan Bennett Drummond, 1888 graduate of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania, became the first African American woman doctor licensed in Massachusetts. ^[12]

E

• Matilda Evans in 1897 became the first African American woman to earn a medical license in South Carolina. ^[13]

F

• Sara Iredell Fleetwood graduated from the Freedmen's Hospital Nursing Training School in 1896. ^[14]
• Louise Celia Fleming in 1891 became the first African American woman to enroll in the Women's Medical College in Philadelphia. ^[15]

  

  Louise Celia Fleming, an early African American physician

• Martha Minerva Franklin graduated from nursing school in 1897 and worked to improve racial equality in nursing. ^[16]
• Sarah Loguen Fraser in 1879 became the first woman and African American to graduate from the Syracuse College of Medicine and became the fourth African American woman to become a doctor. ^[17]

G

• Artishia Garcia Gilbert in 1898 became the first African American woman to register as a licensed physician in Kentucky. ^[18]
• Mildred Wilborn Gildersleeve served as a nurse and midwife in Florida during the Reconstruction Era. Born enslaved in 1858, she was inducted into the Florida Women's Hall of Fame in 2019. ^[19]
• Ida Gray became the first African American woman to become a dentist when she graduated from the University of Michigan in 1890. ^[20]
• Eliza Ann Grier in 1897 became the first African-American woman to practice medicine in the state of Georgia. ^{[21] [22]}

H

• Julia R. Hall in 1892 became the first African American woman to work as a resident in the gynecology clinic of Howard University. ^[23]

J

• Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson was an American physician and the first woman to be licensed as a physician in the U.S. state of Alabama. ^{[24] [25]}
• Sarah Garland Boyd Jones in 1893 became the first woman physician licensed in Virginia. ^[26]
• Sophia B. Jones was a Canadian-born American medical doctor, who founded the nursing program at Spelman College. She was the first black woman to graduate from the University of Michigan Medical School and the first black faculty member at Spelman. ^[27]

M

• Mary Mahoney was the first African-American to graduate from nursing training, graduating in 1879. ^[28]
• Biddy Mason, a slave, worked as a midwife and later set up a day care and a nursery in Los Angeles. ^[29]
• Alice Woodby McKane created the first nurses training school in Georgia in 1893. ^[30]
• Verina Morton-Jones became the first woman to be licensed as a physician in Mississippi. ^[31]

P

• Georgia E. Lee Patton, 1893 medical school graduate who went on to practice medicine in Africa. ^[30]
• Beulah Wright Porter, in 1897 became the first African American woman physician in Indianapolis. ^[32]

R

• Sarah Parker Remond earned her medical license in 1871 in Italy. ^[11]
• Emma Ann Reynolds was a teacher who had a desire to address the health needs of her community. Refused entrance to nurses training schools because of racism, she influenced the creation of Provident Hospital in Chicago and was one of its first four nursing graduates. Continuing her education, Reynolds became a medical doctor serving at posts in Texas, Louisiana and Washington, D.C. before permanently settling in Ohio and completing her practice there. ^[33]
• Harriet Rice in 1887 was the first African American to graduate from Wellesley College. ^[34]

S

• Eunice P. Shadd was the first African-American woman to graduate from Howard University College of Medicine. ^[35]
• Nannette Stafford, 1878 medical school graduate from Howard University. ^[36]
• Susan Smith McKinney Steward in 1870 became the third African American woman to become a physician. ^[37]
• Ann Bradford Stokes in January 1863 was enlisted as a ships' nurse in the United States Navy. ^[38]
• 2nd Lt. Nurse Abbie Sweetwine of 494th Medical Group of the United States Air Force ran triage at the 1952 Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash based on her military field experience. The success of the team's response is credited with inspiring the development of the use of paramedics in Britain. ^[39]

T

• Susie King Taylor, first African-American to serve as a U.S. Army Nurse in the Civil War. ^[40]
• Sojourner Truth worked as a nurse while she was enslaved. Later, she advocated for formal training. ^{[41] [42]}

W

• Emma Wakefield-Paillet in 1898 became the first African American woman physician in Louisiana. ^[43]
• Georgia E. L. Patton Washington in 1893 became the first woman to earn a medical degree from Meharry Medical College. ^[44]
• Marie Imogene Williams in 1896 became the first African American female dentist to graduate from Howard University's dental school. ^{[45] [46] [47] [48]}

• Alice Woodby McKane in 1892 earned her medical degree and later went on to open the first hospital in Monrovia, Liberia in 1895 with her husband, Cornelius McKane. ^[49]

1900s

25th Station Hospital Unit, U.S. Army Black Nurses In Liberia during WWII

#

• 25th Station Hospital Unit, an all African-American unit as part of the Army Nurse Corps, was the first black medical unit sent overseas during World War II. ^[50]

A

• Lucile Adams-Campbell in 1983 became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in epidemiology in the United States. In 1995 as director of the Howard University Cancer Center in Washington D.C., she became the first Black woman to head a cancer center. ^[51]
• Clara Adams-Ender in 1967 became the first woman to be awarded the United States Army's Expert Field Medical Badge. ^[52]
• Virginia Alexander was a public health official and physician in Philadelphia who founded the Aspiranto Health Home in 1931 for the poorest members of her community. ^[53]
• Ludie Clay Andrews became the first registered nurse in Georgia in 1920. ^[54]
• Byllye Avery in 1984 founded the National Black Women's Health Project. ^[55]

B

• Margaret E. Bailey in 1970 became the first African American nurse to attain the rank of colonel in the United States Army. ^[52]
• Cynthia Barnes-Boyd was an academic administrator, professor, and nurse. She was the director of the Office of Community Engagement and Neighborhood Health Partnerships at the University of Illinois Chicago (UIC), and executive director of the University of Illinois Mile Square Health Center. ^[56]
• Patricia Era Bath, first African American to complete a residency in ophthalmology. ^[9]
• Lillian Beard is a pediatrician and has served as a spokesperson for the American Academy of Pediatrics. ^[57]
• Hattie Bessent in 1976 became the first African American to serve as graduate dean at Vanderbilt University Graduate School of Nursing. ^[58]
• JudyAnn Bigby served as director of the Harvard Medical School Center of Excellence in Women's health. ^[59]
• Juliann Bluitt Foster became the first African American full-time faculty at the Northwestern University Dental School in 1967. ^[60]
• Etnah Rochelle Boutte was a pharmacist and the only African American woman elected to the New York City Cancer Commission in 1951. ^[61]
• Nancy Boyd-Franklin was named distinguished psychologist of the year by the Association of Black Psychologists in 1994. ^[62]
• Goldie D. Brangman-Dumpson was one of the surgical team at Harlem Hospital that saved Martin Luther King Jr. in 1958. ^[41]
• Clara Brawner was the only African American woman practicing medicine in the Memphis area in the mid 1950s. ^[63]
• Mary Elizabeth Britton in 1904 became the first African American woman licensed as a physician in Lexington, Kentucky. ^[64]
• Dorothy Lavinia Brown was the first African American woman working in general surgery residency in the Southern United States, where she started in 1948. ^[65]
• Edna C. Robinson Brown was the first African-American woman to practice dentistry in Cambridge, Massachusetts. She began her practice in 1916 as the only African-American woman dentist in New England. ^[66]
• Zora Kramer Brown served on the National Cancer Advisory Board between 1991 and 1998 and was the first African American woman to hold that position. ^[67]
• Carrie E. Bullock, a Chicago nurse, worked to promote the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN). ^[68]
• Prudence Burns Burrell was one of the small number of African American nurses in the Army Nurse Corps during World War II. ^[69]

C

• Barbara McDonald Calderon was the first public health nurse in Iowa. ^[70]

  

  Donna Christian-Christensen, the first woman and African-American physician to serve in the United States Congress on C-SPAN.

• Alexa Canady is the first African-American woman to become a neurosurgeon and practiced as a pediatric neurosurgeon. ^[71]
• Mary Elizabeth Carnegie, worked as a clinical instructor and dean of the nursing school of Florida A&M University. ^[72]
• Joye Maureen Carter in 1992 became the first African American in the United States to hold the position of Chief Medical Examiner (in DC). ^[73]
• May Edward Chinn in 1926 became the first African American woman to hold an internship at Harlem Hospital. ^[74]
• Cora LeEthel Christian, who also worked in the Virgin Islands, became the first African American woman to earn her medical degree at Jefferson Medical College in 1971. ^[75]
• Donna Christian-Christensen, in 1997 became the first woman physician and first African-American physician to serve in the United States Congress. ^[40]
• June Jackson Christmas served as the New York City Commissioner of Mental Health, Mental Retardation, and Alcoholism Services (1972-1980). ^[76]
• Lillian Atkins Clark was chief resident at the Douglass Hospital in Philadelphia starting in 1924. ^[77]
• Mamie Phipps Clark was a psychologist who worked on research regarding black children and education. ^[78]
• Mattie E. Coleman in 1932, an African American physician, became the first graduate of the dental program at Meharry Medical College. ^[79]
• Viola Mary Johnson Coleman was the first African-American female physician to practice medicine in Midland, Texas. ^[80]
• Anna Bailey Coles was the founding dean of Howard University's College of Nursing, created in 1969. ^[81]
• M. E. Thompson Coppin was the 10th African American woman to become a medical doctor in the United States. ^[82]
• Patricia Cowings was hired to work as a psychophysiologist at NASA in 1978. ^[83]
• Sadye Curry in 1972 became the first African American woman gastroenterologist. ^[84]

D

• Phyllis Mae Dailey was an American nurse and officer who became the first African-American woman either to serve in the United States Navy or to become a commissioned Naval officer. ^[85]
• Donna P. Davis in 1975 became the first African American physician in the United States Navy. ^[86]
• Frances Elliott Davis in 1919 became the first African American nurse officially recognized by the American Red Cross. ^[87]
• Bessie Delany, who graduated from the Columbia University School of Dental and Oral Surgery in 1923 became the second African American woman to be licensed as a dentist in New York State. ^[88]
• Clotilde Dent Bowen was a psychiatrist who was the first African-American woman to graduate in medicine from Ohio State University (in 1947), the first Black physician to hold a military commission, and the first woman commander of a U.S. military hospital. Bowen was also the first African-American woman to reach the rank of colonel in the U.S. Army. ^[89]
• Edith DeVoe was the second Black woman admitted to serve in the United States Navy Nurse Corps during World War II, the first Black nurse to be admitted to the regular Navy, and was the first Black nurse to serve in the Navy outside the mainland United States. ^[90]
• Helen O. Dickens, in 1950 became the first African-American woman to become part of the American College of Surgeons. ^[40]
• Janice Douglas in 1984 became the first woman to hold the rank of professor of medicine at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. ^[91]
• Lillian Singleton Dove, who graduated from Meharry Medical College in 1917, may have been one of the first African American woman surgeons. She also wrote regular news columns about health in the Chicago Defender . ^[30]
• Georgia Dwelle in 1920, established the first general hospital for African Americans in Georgia. ^[92]

E

• Ruth Marguerite Easterling was an American physician and pathologist who worked with William Augustus Hinton to develop the Hinton test for syphilis. She also served on the staff of the Tuskegee Veterans Administration Hospital in Alabama, and was director of laboratories at the Cambridge Massachusetts City Hospital. ^[93]

• Lena F. Edwards was a physician who helped low income and migrant workers. In 1964, she was the first African American woman to receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom. ^[94]
• Willarda V. Edwards is the first African-American woman to serve as the president of the Baltimore Medical Society. ^[95]
• Joycelyn Elders was the first African American appointed as Surgeon General of the United States in 1993. ^[28]
• Effie O'Neal Ellis in 1970 became the first African American woman to work as an administrator at the American Medical Association. ^[96]
• Josephine English was an American gynecologist who was the first African-American woman to open a private practice in New York. ^[97]
• Anna Cherrie Epps in 1969 became the first African American woman to work as a professor at the Tulane University School of Medicine. ^[98]
• Roselyln P. Epps worked as a professor of pediatrics and child health at Howard University, starting in 1981. ^[99]
• Lydia Ashburne Evans was an early African American physician who worked in Chicago. ^[100]

F

• Dorothy Celeste Boulding Ferebee was a physician and civil rights activist. ^[101]
• Angelina Dorothea Ferguson, pediatrician and the first associate vice-president for health affairs at Howard University. ^[102] She was also known for her work with sickle cell anemia. ^[98]
• Vernice Ferguson in 1981 was elected president of the American Academy of Nursing. ^[103]
• Ella Mae Ferneil was the first African American registered nurse in the state of California. ^[104]
• Debra Holly Ford became the first African American woman certified in colon and rectal surgery in 1996. ^[105]
• Justina Laurena Carter Ford in 1902 became the first African American woman to earn a medical license in Colorado. ^[106]
• Yvette Fay Francis-McBarnette graduated from Yale School of Medicine in 1950 and was the second African American woman admitted to the school. ^[107]
• Dolores Mercedes Franklin in 1974 became the first African American woman to graduate from the Harvard School of Dental Medicine. ^[108]
• Melissa Freeman was a physician based at the Beth Israel Medical Center. She developed the use of methadone to treat heroin addiction, ran a methadone maintenance program in New York, and mentored young doctors. ^{[109] [110]}
• Clara Frye was a nurse and inventor who received a patent for a combination bed and bedpan in 1907. ^[111]

G

• Vanessa Northington Gamble is a physician who chaired the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Legacy Committee in 1996. ^{[112] [113] [114]}
• Isabella Garnett and her husband, Arthur Butler, founded the first hospital in the city of Evanston, Illinois that would serve African-American patients. ^[115]
• Jessie G. Garnett in 1919 became the first woman to graduate from Tufts Dental School. ^[116]

  

  Jessie Gideon Garnett (1897–1976)

• Marilyn Hughes Gaston, in 1990 becomes the first black woman doctor appointed director of the Health Resources and Services Administration's Bureau of Primary Health Care. ^[9]
• Wilina Ione Gatson in 1960 became the first African American graduate of the University of Texas nursing school. ^[117]
• Fannie Gaston-Johansson in 1998 earned full professorship and tenure at Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, the first African American woman to earn that position. ^[118]
• Hughenna L. Gauntlett in 1968 became the first African-American woman to be certified by the American Board of Surgery (ABS).
• Helene Doris Gayle, in 1995 becomes the first woman and African-American appointed as director of the National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention at the US CDC. ^[40]
• Florence S. Gaynor became the first African American woman to "head a major teaching hospital" in 1971. ^[119]
• Mary Keys Gibson in 1907 became the first African American in the Southern United States to earn a nursing certificate. ^[120]
• Zenobia Gilpin in 1934 was the first African-American woman doctor on the staff of Children's Memorial Clinic in Richmond, Virginia. ^[121]
• Margaret E. Grigsby was the first African-American woman to become a fellow of the American College of Physicians and the first woman to preside over a major medical division at Howard University Hospital. ^[122]
• Alyce Chenault Gullattee was a psychiatrist, medical school professor, activist, and expert on addiction. She was a faculty member in the psychiatry department at Howard University College of Medicine for over fifty years. ^[123]
• Lucille C. Gunning was an African-American pediatrician and medical services administrator who became a specialist in the treatment of children's cancer and the director of pediatric rehabilitation at Harlem Hospital. ^{[124] [125]}

H

• Mamie Odessa Hale was nurse and teacher of midwives in Arkansas. ^[126]
• Beatrix McCleary Hamburg in 1948 became the first African American woman to graduate from the Yale School of Medicine. ^[127]
• Jean L. Harris in 1955 is the first African American woman to earn a medical degree from the Medical College of Virginia. ^[128]
• Maxine Hayes is an American public health expert who was the State Health Officer for Washington state from 1998 until 2013.
• Eve Higginbotham in 1994 became the first African American woman chair of a department of ophthalmology in a university. ^[129]
• Jane Hinton in 1949 is one of the first of two African American women to become a doctor of veterinary medicine. ^[130]
• Lillian Holland Harvey was the dean of the Tuskegee University School of Nursing for 30 years. ^[41]
• Sandra Cavanaugh Holley in 1988 became the first African American president of the American Speech–Language–Hearing Association. ^[131]
• Laura Holloway Yergan was a public health nurse and nursing educator who often worked internationally, in Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the Caribbean.
• Gertrude Cora Teixeria Hunter was the first director for Health Services for Head Start. ^[132]
• M. Deborrah Hyde in 1982 was the first female and African American to complete a neurosurgery residency at Case Western University. Hyde is also the second African-American woman certified by the American Board of Neurological Surgery. ^{[133] [134]}

I

• Eleanor Lutia Ison-Franklin was the first African American woman to earn a position as a "major administrative officer" at Howard University School of Medicine. ^[135]

J

• Alma N. Jackson in 1945 became the first African American woman commissioned as a nurse for the United States Public Health Service. ^[136]
• Anna Louise James, in 1908 was the first black woman to become licensed as a pharmacist in Connecticut. ^[137]
• Grace Marilynn James, in 1953 became one of two of the first African American women to serve on the faculty of a medical school in the American South. ^[138]
• Mildred Faye Jefferson in 1951 became the first African American woman to earn a medical degree from Harvard Medical School. ^[139]
• Mae C. Jemison, first African-American woman astronaut, is also a physician. ^[28]
• Renee Rosalind Jenkins in 1989 became the first African American president of the Society for Adolescent Medicine and in 2007, became the first African American president of the American Academy of Pediatrics. ^[140]
• Gladys L. Johnson in 1982 became the first African American woman oral and maxillofacial surgeon. ^[141]
• Linda Dianne Johnson in 1978 became the first African American woman optometrist in Mississippi. ^[142]
• Mattiedna Johnson played a role in curing scarlet fever in the 1940s. ^[143]
• Hazel W. Johnson-Brown in 1979 became the first African American chief of the Army Nurse Corps. ^[52]
• Edith Irby Jones in 1985 became the first woman to be elected as president of the National Medical Association. ^[144]

K

• Elizabeth Lipford Kent in 1955 became the first African American nurse to earn a doctorate in public health. ^[145]
• Francis M. Kneeland established her own practice as a physician in Memphis, Tennessee in 1907. ^[146]

L

• Henrietta Lacks, in 1951 was diagnosed with terminal cervical cancer, and whose cancer cells were cultivated without her or her family's knowledge or consent, are the source of the HeLa cell line, the first immortalized human cell line. ^[147]
• Agnes D. Lattimer, pediatrician, did her residency at Cook County Hospital in 1960. In 1986, Lattimer was appointed as the medical director of Cook County Hospital, making her the first African-American woman medical director of a major hospital. ^{[148] [149]}
• Margaret Morgan Lawrence was the first African-American woman to become a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst in the United States ^[150]
• Jemima Belle Lawson in 1920 became the first African American to earn the title of registered nurse in Bell County, Texas. ^[151]
• Nancy Leftenant-Colon in March 1948 became the first African American in the Regular Army Nurse Corps. ^[152]
• Vivian M. Lewis in 1959 became the first African American woman to earn a medical degree from the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine. ^[153]
• Diane Lindsay who served in the Army Nurse Corps became the first African American nurse to earn the Soldier's Medal for Heroism. ^[52]
• Ruth Smith Lloyd was the first African American woman to earn a doctorate in anatomy. ^[154]
• Myra Adele Logan in 1943 was the first woman to perform open-heart surgery. ^[155]
• Marie B. Lucas was a physician and one of the earliest women to practice medicine in Washington, D.C. ^[156]
• Hulda Margaret Lyttle was the first African American to pass the State of Tennessee's nursing license exam. ^[157]

M

• Audrey Forbes Manley, in 1988, became the first African American woman to become the assistant surgeon general of the U.S. ^[158]
• Shirley F. Marks is an American psychiatrist. She was the second African-American woman to graduate from Harvard Medical School.
• Ethel Maynard was a politician, activist, and registered nurse who served in the Arizona House of Representatives as a member of the Democratic Party. She was the first black woman to serve in the Arizona Legislature.

• Barbara Martin McArthur in 1976 created the first nurse epidemiology program in the US. ^[159]
• Pearl McBroom developed new ways of observing changes in coronary blood vessel tissue. ^[160]
• Ernest Mae McCarroll in 1946 became the first black physician to work at the Newark City Hospital. ^[161]
• Gertrude Elizabeth Curtis McPherson in 1904 became the first black woman to pass the New York State Board of Dentistry. ^[20]
• Mary E. Merritt became the first African-American licensed nurse in Kentucky. ^[162]
• Marie Metoyer in 1951 became the first African American woman to graduate as a medical doctor from Cornell University. ^[163]
• Edith Mitchell was a retired Brigadier general of the United States Air Force and an oncologist. She was clinical professor of medicine and medical oncology at Thomas Jefferson University. ^[164]
• Jane Evelyn Mitchell, one of the first African American registered nurses in Delaware. ^[165]
• Janet L. Mitchell was an American physician known for her advances in perinatal HIV/AIDS treatment.
• Mildred Mitchell-Bateman in 1962 became the first woman to head a state department of mental health. ^[166]

N

• Helen E. Nash helped integrate St. Louis Children's Hospital and worked on reducing infant mortality. ^[167]
• Joyce Nichols became the first woman educated formally as a Physician Assistant in 1970. ^[40]
• Eva M. Noles in 1940 became the first African American person to graduate from the E.J. Meyer Memorial Hospital School of Nursing. ^[168]

  

  Joyce Nichols, center, and Shirley Thompson, right, treat Raymond Hayes in 1983.

O

• Estelle Massey Osborne was the first African American to earn her master's degree in nursing. ^[41]

P

• Doreen P. Palmer was the first woman to head the gastroenterology department in a hospital. ^[169]
• Thelma Patten Law in 1955 was the first African American woman to enter the Harris County Medical Society. ^[170]
• Margaret M. Patterson-Townsend in 1992 opened the first successful sleep disorder clinic owned and operated by an African American woman. ^[171]
• Sarah Ewell Payton in 1962 became the first African American woman certified by the American Board of Radiology. ^[172]
• Rose Marie Pegues-Perkins was one of the first African American x-ray technicians. ^[173]
• Audrey S. Penn was elected President of the American Neurological Association in 1994 and was the first African-American woman to serve as an (acting) director of an Institute of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). ^[174]
• Lucille Norville Perez is an American physician known for her work in substance abuse and HIV/AIDS prevention.
• Muriel Petioni in 1974 founded the Susan Smith McKinney Steward Medical Society for Women, professional organization for African American doctors. ^[175]
• Petra Pinn in 1923 was elected president of the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN). ^[176]
• Vivian Pinn in 1991 became the first woman appointed the director of the office of research on women's health at the National Institutes of Health. ^[40]
• Elinor Powell was a World War II nurse working for the Army who defied anti-miscegenation laws. ^[177]
• Inez Prosser in 1933 became the first African American woman to earn a doctorate in psychology. ^[178]
• Deborah Prothrow-Stith in 1987 became the youngest person and the first woman to serve as the commissioner of public health in Massachusetts. ^[179]

R

• Della H. Raney became the first African American nurse in the Army Nurse Corps when she was accepted in 1941. ^[180]

  

  Della H. Raney, of the Army Nurse Corps

• Rosalie A. Reed in 1973 became the first black veterinarian to work at a major zoo in the United States. ^[181]
• Theresa Greene Reed in 1968 became the first African American woman to work as an epidemiologist. ^[182]
• Clarice Reid is an American pediatrician born in Birmingham, Alabama, who led the National Sickle Cell Disease Program at the U.S. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) at the National Institutes of Health. ^[183]
• Estelle B. Richman in 1995 became the first African American woman to serve as Health Commissioner in Philadelphia. ^[184]
• Catherine Juanita Elizabeth Roett-Reid in 1951 became the first African American pediatrician in Houston, Texas. ^[185]
• Barbara Ross-Lee in 1993 became the first African-American woman appointed dean of a medical school in the United States. ^[40]
• Mary Munson Runge in 1979 became the first African American to serve as the head of the American Pharmaceutical Association. ^[186]

S

• Jessie Sleet Scales became the first African American public health nurse in 1900 when she was appointed to the Tuberculosis Committee of the Charity Organization Society in New York. ^[187]
• Velma Scantleburry-White is the first African-American female transplant surgeon in the United States ^[188]
• Rosalyn P. Scott in 1977 became the first African American woman trained in the practice of thoracic surgery. ^[189]
• Doris Shockley in 1955 became the first African American woman to earn a doctorate in pharmacology. ^[190]
• Omega Logan Silva in 1974 became the first African American person to work at the Department of Veterans Affairs as a Clinical Investigator. ^[191]
• Ellamae Simmons was the first African-American woman medical doctor in the United States to specialize in immunology. ^[192]
• Jeanne Craig Sinkford in 1975 becomes the first woman to serve as the dean of a school of dentistry. ^[193]
• Gloria R. Smith in 1983 became the first nurse appointed to the head of a state agency in Michigan. ^[141]
• Vada Watson Somerville in 1918 became the first African American woman to earn a Doctorate of Dental Surgery in California. ^[194]
• Jeanne Spurlock in 1971 became the first woman to receive the Edward A. Strecker M.D. Award. ^[195]
• Mabel Keaton Staupers worked to desegregate the nursing profession. ^[196]
• Ella P. Stewart in 1916 became the first black woman licensed as a pharmacist in both Pennsylvania and in the United States. ^[197]
• Florence Stroud became the first African American health directory for Berkeley University. ^[198]

T

• Natalia Tanner in 1946 became the first African American to do their residency at the University of Chicago. ^[199]
• Ruth Janetta Temple, a physician, worked in public health in Los Angeles. ^[200]
• Claudia L. Thomas is the first female orthopedic surgeon in the United States ^[188]
• Debi Thomas in 1988 won an Olympic bronze medal for figure skating and in 1997, graduated from medical school. ^[201]
• Adah Belle Samuel Thoms earned her nursing degree in 1905 at the Lincoln Hospital and Home School of Nursing and went on to advocate for better opportunities for black nurses. ^[41]
• Yvonne Thornton in 1981 became the first African-American woman to become board certified in special competency in maternal-fetal medicine. ^[40]

V

• Yvonnecris Veal in 1989 became the first woman chair on the Board of Trustees for the National Medical Association. ^[202]

W

• Valerie O. Walker in 1994 became the first African American woman to serve on the Missouri Board of Registration for the Healing Arts. ^[203]
• Mary Fitzbutler Waring, a physician and clubwoman, served as the chair of the Department of Health and Hygiene for the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs (NACW). ^[77]

  

  Jane Cooke Wright

• Alyce Faye Wattleton in 1978 became the first African American to serve as president of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. ^[204]
• Alfreda Johnson Webb in 1949 became one of the first of two African American women to earn a doctor of veterinary medicine. ^[130]
• Josie E. Wells in 1910 became the first African American woman teaching at Meharry Medical College. ^[205]
• Frances Cress Welsing, psychiatrist who studied racism. ^[206]
• Doris Wethers, who graduated from Yale School of Medicine in 1952, was the third African-American woman to graduate from the school. In 1958 Wethers was the first African-American attending physician at St Luke's Hospital, in New York City. ^{[107] [207]}
• Emma Rochelle Wheeler, graduated from Meharry Medical College in 1905 and helped create Walden Hospital. ^[208]
• Ionia Rollin Whipper, graduated from Howard University Medical School in 1903 and in 1931, created the Ionia R. Whipper Home for Unwed Mothers. ^[209]
• Betty Smith Williams in 1971 co-founded the National Black Nurses Association. ^{[41] [210]}
• Geraldine Pittman Woods, in 1964 became the first African-American woman appointed to the National Advisory General Medical Services Council. ^[40]
• Minnie D. Woodward in 1913 was the first African American to earn a certificate of registration as a trained nurse in Tennessee. ^[211]
• Jane C. Wright, in 1967 became the associate dean and professor of surgery at New York Medical College. ^[40]

Y

• N. Louise Young was the first African American woman practicing medicine in Maryland, beginning in 1933. ^[212]
• Terri Young is an American pediatric ophthalmologist. ^[213]

Z

• Josefa Zaratt in 1905 was one of the first African-American women to graduate from Tufts Medical School. ^[214]

2000s

A

• Ije Akunyili in 2023 became the first African American woman chief medical officer at Jersey City Medical Center. ^[215]
• Michelle Albert is a cardiologist who is the Walter A. Haas Lucie-Stern Endowed Chair in Cardiology and professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. Albert is a past president of the American Heart Association, the Association of Black Cardiologists and of the Association of University Cardiologists. She is an elected member of the National Academy of Medicine, the American Society of Clinical Investigators and the Association of American Physicians. ^[216]

B

• Regina Marcia Benjamin, 18th United States Surgeon General, appointed in 2009. ^[9]
• Uché Blackstock is an emergency physician and former associate professor of emergency medicine at the New York University School of Medicine. ^[217]
• Carolyn Barley Britton in 2008 became the first neurologist president of the National Medical Association. Britton is known for her national health care advocacy and work in neurological complications of HIV and infectious diseases. ^[218]
• U. Diane Buckingham is a psychiatrist known for her development of culturally sensitive diagnosis and treatment of mental illness in children and adolescents. ^[219]

• 

  Nadine Burke Harris, first Surgeon General for California

  Nadine Burke Harris becomes the first Surgeon General of the State of California in 2019. ^[220]

C

• Judith Martin Cadore is a U.S. family practitioner who serves rural populations prone to health care disparities in the Bay City, Texas area. ^[221]
• Virginia Caine is the director and chief medical officer of the Marion County Public Health Department in Indianapolis, Indiana and in 2024, the National Medical Association installed Virginia Caine as its 125th president. ^[222]
• Rotonya M. Carr is a hepatologist and physician-scientist who studies the function of lipid metabolites and lipid droplet proteins in relation to hepatic insulin signaling. She is the Cyrus E. Rubin Chair and division head of gastroenterology at the University of Washington. ^[223]
• Camille A. Clare is an obstetrician and gynecologist. Clare is the Chair of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at SUNY Downstate Medical Center and Professor at the College of Medicine and the School of Public Health. ^[224]
• Janine Austin Clayton is an ophthalmologist and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) associate director for research on women's health and director of the Office of Women's Health. ^[225]
• Tracie C. Collins is an academic, physician, and government official serving as the Secretary of Health of New Mexico. ^[226]
• Kizzmekia Corbett is a viral immunologist. Corbett is an Assistant Professor of Immunology and Infectious Diseases at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and the Shutzer Assistant Professor at the Harvard Radcliffe Institute. ^[227]
• Giselle Corbie-Smith is a Kenan Distinguished Professor of Social Medicine at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine. She serves as Director of the UNC Center for Health Equity Research and Associate Provost of the Institute of Rural Innovation. ^[228]
• Deidra Crews is a nephrologist and epidemiologist. Crews is the Deputy Director of Johns Hopkins Center for Health Equity, Associate Director for Faculty Development, Division of Nephrology, and a Professor of Medicine at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. ^[229]

D

• Jessica Henderson Daniel in 2018 became the first African-American president elected to the American Psychological Association. ^[230]
• Deborah V. Deas is a psychiatrist and academic administrator serving as the dean of the UC Riverside School of Medicine since 2016. ^[231]
• Letitia Dzirasa in 2019 became the first African-American woman commissioner of the Baltimore City Health Department. ^[232]

E

• Shekinah Elmore was an assistant professor in the department of radiation oncology at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine. ^[233]
• Ihuoma Emenuga is an internist and public health physician who served as the commissioner of the Baltimore City Health Department from January to July 2024. ^[234]
• Roselyn Payne Epps in 2002 became the first African American woman president of the American Medical Women's Association. ^[40]
• Michele K. Evans is an internist and medical oncologist. She is a senior investigator and Deputy Scientific Director at the National Institute on Aging (NIH). ^[235]
• Ngozi Ezike was the first African-American woman director of the Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) and in 2022, she was appointed CEO and President of the Sinai Chicago hospital system. ^{[236] [237]}

F

• Icilma V. Fergus in 2014 became President of the Association of Black Cardiologists (ABC) ^[238]
• Courtney Fitzhugh is a hematologist-oncologist and scientist. She is a clinical researcher and head of the laboratory of early sickle cell mortality prevention at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. ^[239]
• Gwendolyn A. Foster, first Black female on active duty to become a general officer in the United States Air Force Medical Service. ^[240]
• Mindy Thompson Fullilove is a social psychiatrist who focuses on the ways social and environmental factors affect the mental health of communities. She is currently a professor of Urban Policy and Health at The New School. ^[241]

G

• Melissa L. Gilliam is a pediatric and adolescent gynecologist. In 2021 Gilliam became the first woman of color to serve as provost of Ohio State University and in 2024 became the 11th president of Boston University. ^[242]
• Sherita Hill Golden is a physician-scientist who is the Hugh P. McCormick Family Professor of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Johns Hopkins University. ^[243]
• Anjelica Gonzalez in 2022 was appointed head of Davenport College, making her the first Black woman to serve as head of college in Yale University's history. ^[244]
• Wallena Gould in 2015 became the first African American Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) to become a fellow in the American Academy of Nursing (AAN). ^[245]
• Carmen Renée Green is an anesthesiologist, pain medicine physician, and academic administrator. In 2021, she became the second dean of the CUNY School of Medicine. ^[246]
• Vanessa Grubbs is a nephrologist and a writer based in Oakland, California. Grubbs is an associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco and works at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital. ^[247]

H

• Odette Harris in 2018 became the first African-American woman appointed Professor of Neurosurgery at Stanford University. ^{[248] [249]}
• Patrice Harris in 2018 became the first African-American president elected to the American Medical Association. ^[40]
• Rebecca Hasson is an Associate Professor of Kinesiology at the University of Michigan. She researches the causes and consequences of pediatric obesity and how the environment impacts obesity related metabolic risk factors to inform health policies. ^[250]
• Andrea Hayes-Jordan was the first pediatric surgeon to perform a high-risk, life-saving procedure in children with a rare form of cancer and developed the first orthotropic xenograft model of metastatic Ewing's sarcoma. In 2002, she became the first African-American female pediatric surgeon board-certified in the United States. She is the Chairwoman of Surgery at Howard University Hospital. ^{[251] [252]}
• Sharon Henry in 2000 became the first African-American woman to become a fellow in the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. ^[40]
• Ebony Jade Hilton in 2013 became the first African-American woman anesthesiologist to be hired at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) ^[253]

J

• Thea L. James is the Associate Professor, Associate Chief Medical Officer, and Vice President of the Mission at the Boston Medical Center. ^{[254] [255]}
• Michele Johnson, became the first woman and African American promoted to a full professorship of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging and of Neurosurgery at the Yale School of Medicine in 2014. ^[256]
• Paula A. Johnson is the first African-American president of Wellesley College, chairwoman of the Boston Public Health Commission, former professor at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.

L

• Risa Lavizzo-Mourey is an American medical doctor and executive who served as president and CEO of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation from 2003 to 2017. ^{[257] [258]}

• Irene D. Long in 2000 was appointed as the first female chief medical officer at the Kennedy Space Center

M

• Veronica Mallett is a health physician. She is known for her work in urogynecology, specifically with respect to genital organ prolapse and urinary incontinence, and for her efforts in reducing health disparities. ^[259]
• Kameron Leigh Matthews is a physician who is the Chief Health Officer of Cityblock Health effective January 2022, a value-based healthcare provider for Medicaid and lower-income Medicare beneficiaries. ^[260]
• Celia Maxwell is an infectious disease physician and academic administrator. She is the co-director of clinical trials and the clinical trials unit at the Howard University College of Medicine. ^[261]
• Worta McCaskill-Stevens was a physician-scientist and medical oncologist who specialized in cancer disparities research, management of comorbidities within clinical trials, and molecular research for cancer prevention interventions. ^[262]
• Monica McLemore is a nurse who is an associate professor of Family Health Nursing at the University of California, San Francisco. ^[263]
• Jennifer Mieres is a cardiologist who wrote Heart Smart for Black Women and Latinas. Mieres is the Associate Dean of Faculty Affairs and a professor of cardiology, at The Zucker School of Medicine. ^[264]
• Michelle E. Morse is an internist, an assistant professor at Harvard Medical School/Brigham and Women's Hospital and co-founded EqualHealth and Social Medicine Consortium. She is currently the interim Commissioner of Health for the City of New York. ^[265]

N

• LaQuandra S. Nesbitt is a family physician who in 2022 joined the George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences (SMHS) as the executive director of the Center for Population Health Sciences and Health Equity. ^[266]
• Evelyn Nicol was an immunologist and microbiologist. Nicol was the first scientist to isolate the herpes zoster virus, and is one of the few African-American women to receive a patent in molecular biology, for a new production method of urokinase. ^{[267] [268]}

O

• Elizabeth O. Ofili in 2000 became the first woman to serve as president of the Association of Black Cardiologists. ^[269]

P

• Monica E. Peek is a physician and the Ellen H. Block Professor for Health Justice and Associate Vice Chair for Research Faculty Development at the University of Chicago's Pritzker School of Medicine. ^[270]
• Lori J. Pierce in 2020 became the first African-American woman to be the President of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) ^[271]
• Tina Young Poussaint is a professor of radiology at the Harvard Medical School and a Neuroradiologist at the Boston Children's Hospital. In 2010 she served as president of the American Society of Pediatric Neuroradiology. ^[272]

R

• Joan Reede became the first dean for diversity and community partnership at Harvard Medical School in 2001. ^[273]
• Valerie Montgomery Rice, in 2014 became the president of the Morehouse School of Medicine, the first woman to hold the position. ^[274]
• Lynne D. Richardson is an emergency physician and health services researcher. She is a professor at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and a member of the National Academy of Medicine. ^[275]

S

• Adrienne Williams Scott is an ophthalmologist specialized in diabetic retinopathy, epiretinal membranes, and macular degeneration. She is chief of the Wilmer Eye Institute in Bel Air, Harford County, Maryland. She is an associate professor of ophthalmology at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. ^[276]
• Jeannette E. South-Paul in 2001 became the first African American to serve as permanent department chair at the University of Pittsburgh department of family medicine. ^[277]
• Ala Stanford is a pediatric surgeon. She is the founder of R.E.A.L. Concierge Medicine and the Black Doctors COVID-19 Consortium. Stanford is also the first African-American woman pediatric surgeon to be trained entirely in the United States. ^[278]
• Altha Stewart is a psychiatrist. In 2015, Stewart was recruited by the University of Tennessee Health Science Center to establish and direct the Center for Health in Justice Involved Youth. While there, she became the first African-American president of the American Psychiatric Association. ^[279]

T

• Susan C. Taylor is a dermatologist. She is the Bernett L. Johnson, Jr., M.D. Professor and the vice chair of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in the department of dermatology at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. She is the 84th president of the American Academy of Dermatology, the first African-American in the role. ^[280]
• Patricia L. Turner in 2022 became the first African American, and first woman to serve as executive director and Chief Executive Officer of the American College of Surgeons. ^[281]

W

• Akilah Weber is a board-certified OBGYN and leads the Pediatric & Adolescent Gynecology Division at Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego. Weber is also a politician serving as a member of the California State Senate since 2024. ^[282]
• Nadja West in 2015 became the first African-American Surgeon General of the United States Army.
• Consuelo H. Wilkins is a physician, biomedical researcher, and health equity expert. She is Senior Vice President and Senior Associate Dean for Health Equity and Inclusive Excellence at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. She is a professor of medicine in the Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and has a joint appointment at Meharry Medical College. ^{[283] [284]}
• Karen Winkfield in 2005 became the second black woman to complete the medical scientist program at Duke University School of Medicine. ^[285]

Y

• Yasmin Hurd In 2017 elected to the National Academy of Medicine, and she is the Ward-Coleman Chair of Translational Neuroscience and the Director of the Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai. ^[286]

Z

• Jasmine Zapata in 2021 was named the chief medical officer and state epidemiologist for community health at Wisconsin Department of Health Services. ^[287]

References

1. "First African-American woman graduates from Yale School of Medicine". 1948.
2. Aptheker 1982, p. 98.
3. Buhler-Wilkerson, Karen (1997). "Banks, Anna De Costa". In Hines, Darlene Clark (ed.). Black Women in America: Science Health and Medicine. New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 37–38. ISBN   0816034249.
4. “The New Doctors” Wilmington Messenger, May 20, 1894, p. 1
5. Webster 1999, p. 167.
6. Moldow, Gloria (1997). "Brown, Mary Louise". In Hines, Darlene Clark (ed.). Black Women in America: Science Health and Medicine. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 45. ISBN   0816034249.
7. Horner, J. Richey, ed. (June 1910). "Obituaries". The Journal of the American Institute of Homoeophathy. II: 409.
8. "Rebecca J. Cole". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
9. Haskins, Julia (February 25, 2019). "Celebrating 10 African-American medical pioneers". AAMC. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
10. Aptheker 1982, p. 98-99.
11. Aptheker 1982, p. 97.
12. "Juan Bennett Drummond was first African American woman doctor in Massachusetts". South Coast Today. March 15, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
13. "Matilda Arabella Evans". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
14. Harley, Sharon (1997). "Fleetwood, Sara Iredell". In Hine, Darlene Clark (ed.). Black Women in America: Science Health and Medicine. New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 72–73. ISBN   0816034249.
15. Singer, Hazel (February 10, 2014). "Louise Celia "Lulu" Fleming (1862-1899) •". Black Past. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
16. Windsor, Laura Lynn (January 1, 2002). Women in Medicine: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN   9781576073926.
17. Staten, Candace (March 14, 2014). "Sarah Loguen Fraser (1850-1933)". Black Past. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
18. Webster 1999, p. 170.
19. "Mildred Wilborn Gildersleeve". Florida Women's Hall of Fame. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
20. Aptheker 1982, p. 106.
21. C., Atwater, Edward (2016). Women medical doctors in the United States before the Civil War : a biographical dictionary. Rochester, NY. ISBN   9781580465717. OCLC   945359277.
22. "Eliza Ann Grier". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
23. Webster 1999, p. 165.
24. Mossell, N. F. (1908). The Work of the Afro-American Women. United States: G.S. Ferguson Company.
25. ["Mrs. Halle T. Dillon; Bishop B. T. Tanner; Dr. Dillon; Tuskegee"]. Southern Argus (Baxter Springs, Kansas), October 8, 1891: 2. Readex: Readex AllSearch.
26. Webster 1999, p. 166.
27. "Pioneers and pathbreakers: Black History milestones at Michigan Medicine". Michigan Medicine. February 12, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
28. "African-American Trailblazers in Medicine & Medical Research". USF Health. February 15, 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
29. Hine 1997, p. 3.
30. Aptheker 1982, p. 102.
31. Aptheker 1982, p. 99.
32. "Above And Beyond: Lillian Thomas Fox & Beulah Wright Porter". Moment of Indiana History - Indiana Public Media. March 12, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
33. Buckler, Helen (1968). Daniel Hale Williams Negro Surgeon (2nd ed.). New York, New York: Pitman Publishing Corporation. pp. 66–68, 71.
34. "Dr. Harriet A. Rice". Guilded Age Newport in Color. February 10, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2025.
35. Lloyd, Sterling M., Jr. (May 2006). "History". Howard University College of Medicine. Retrieved September 14, 2025.
36. "1877-78 Catalog of the Officers and Students of Howard University". Howard University Catalog: 6. 1877.
37. Hine 1997, p. 15.
38. Slawson, Robert (January 4, 2011). "African Americans in Medicine in the Civil War Era". Black Past. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
39. Bull, John (October 8, 2012). "ARCHIVE: Angels and Errors: How the Harrow & Wealdstone Disaster Helped Shape Modern Britain". London Reconnections. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
40. Murphy, Beverly. "LibGuides: Black History Month: A Medical Perspective: Chronology of Achievements". Duke University Medical Center Library & Archives. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
41. Walker, Angelina (February 10, 2020). "12 Leaders in Nursing and Medicine To Honor This Black History Month". Nurse.org. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
42. "Say their names: 'Call and Response' explores horrific history of medical testing on enslaved people". The Bay State Banner. September 27, 2023. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
43. "Honoring Louisiana's First Black Female Physician". Iberia Travel. October 2, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
44. Miller, Janet (1997). "Washington, Georgia". In Hine, Darlene Clark (ed.). Black Women in America: Science Health and Medicine. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 126. ISBN   0816034249.
45. The Crisis. The Crisis Publishing Company, Inc. 1979. p. 399.
46. Smith, Jessie Carney; Phelps, Shirelle (1992). Notable Black American Women. VNR AG. p. 497. ISBN   978-0-8103-9177-2.
47. A Historical, Biographical and Statistical Souvenir. Beresford. 1900.
48. U.S., Passport Applications, 1795-1925: Marie Imogene Williams . Vol. 0067. 1908. Retrieved August 12, 2024– via www.ancestry.com.
49. Miller, Janet (1997). "Woodby-McKane, Alice". In Hine, Darlene Clark (ed.). Black Women in America: Science Health and Medicine. New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 128–129. ISBN   0816034249.
50. Bellafaire, Judith (1993). The Army Nurse Corps: A Commemoration of World War II Service. U.S. Army Center of Military History. pp. 8–9.
51. "Lucile Adams-Campbell, Ph.D. Cancer Health Disparities and Prevention". National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Prevention. Retrieved August 27, 2025.
52. Kandia Johnson (November 11, 2019). "African American Women Who Made U.S. Military History". Black Enterprise. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
53. "Virginia Alexander". Changing the Face of Medicine. Archived from the original on December 11, 2003.
54. "Ludie Clay Andrews". Georgia Women of Achievement. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
55. "Our Story The first nonprofit organization created by Black women to help protect and advance the health and wellness of Black women and girls". Black Women's Health Imperative. Retrieved August 1, 2025.
56. "Deaths: Cynthia 'Cee' Barnes-Boyd". UIC Today. July 19, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2025.
57. "MedicalMakers". The History Makers. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
58. Webster 1999, p. 71.
59. "JudyAnn Bigby". National Institutes of Health. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
60. Webster 1999, p. 64.
61. Webster 1999, p. 35.
62. Medea, Andra (1997). "Boyd-Franklin, Nancy". In Hines, Darlene Clark (ed.). Black Women in America: Science Health and Medicine. New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 41–42. ISBN   0816034249.
63. "Clara Arena Brawner". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
64. Webster 1999, p. 171.
65. Bourlin, Olga (January 19, 2015). "Dorothy Lavinia Brown (1919-2004)". Black Past. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
66. Neal, Anthony (May 19, 2016). "Dr. Jessie K. Garnett: The first black woman to practice dentistry in the Hub". The Bay State Banner. Retrieved August 20, 2025.
67. Webster 1999, p. 44.
68. Armfield, Felix (1997). "Bullock, Carrie E.". In Hine, Darlene Clark (ed.). Black Women in America: Science Health and Medicine. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 47. ISBN   0816034249.
69. Biggar, Joanna (April 11, 1993). "Black WACs reminisce on WWII". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved September 8, 2025.
70. "UI Collection Guides -Barbara M. Calderon papers, 1945-1968". University of Iowa Libraries. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
71. "Dr. Alexa Irene Canady". Changing the Face of Medicine. Archived from the original on November 17, 2004.
72. "Black History Month - Notable Nurses Throughout History". Trusted Health. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
73. "Joye Maureen Carter MD Forensic Pathology". EMedEvents. Retrieved September 11, 2025.
74. "May Edward Chinn". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
75. Webster 1999, p. 241.
76. "June Jackson Christmas, M.D." American Psychiatric Association Foundation. Retrieved September 8, 2025.
77. Aptheker 1982, p. 101.
78. Medea, Andra (1997). "Clark, Mamie Phipps". In Hine, Darlene Clark (ed.). Black Women in America: Science Health and Medicine. New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 51–54. ISBN   0816034249.
79. Webster 1999, p. 187.
80. Mason, Amanda (February 9, 2021). "Black History Month: Honoring Dr. Viola Coleman". Your Basin. Retrieved September 8, 2025.
81. Smith 2003, p. 617.
82. Sabbath, Tawana Ford (2001). "African Americans and Social Work in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1900-1913" . In Carlton-LaNey, Iris B. (ed.). African American Leadership: An Empowerment Tradition in Social Welfare History. Washington, D.C.: NASW Press. p. 25. ISBN   9780871013170 – via Internet Archive.
83. Medea, Andra (1997). "Cowings, Patricia". In Hine, Darlene Clark (ed.). Black Women in America: Science Health and Medicine. New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 55–57. ISBN   0816034249.
84. "Sadye Beatryce Curry". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
85. Mullenbach, Cheryl (2013). Double Victory: How African American Women Broke Race and Gender Barriers to Help Win World War II. Chicago Review Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN   978-1-56976-808-2 . Retrieved July 4, 2025.
86. Sobocinski, Andre. "Five Facts about African-Americans in Navy Medicine". Navy Medicine Live. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
87. Webster 1999, p. 53.
88. Massey, Daniel. "Delany, Annie Elizabeth ("Bessie")". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
89. Bellafaire, Judith (2009). Women doctors in war. College Station : Texas A&M University Press. p. 134. ISBN   978-1-60344-146-9 . Retrieved August 25, 2025.
90. Sterner, Doris M. (1997). In and Out of Harm's Way: A History of the Navy Nurse Corps. Seattle, Washington: Peanut Butter Publishing. ISBN   0-89716-706-6.
91. "Janice Green Douglas". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
92. "Georgia Rooks Dwelle". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
93. Easterling, Ruth. "Rise, Serve, Lead!". Changing the Face of Medicine. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved July 4, 2025.
94. Webster 1999, p. 223-224.
95. Badger, Sylvia H. (December 17, 1995). "Medical Society Honors Outstanding Doctors". The Baltimore Sun. p. 122. Retrieved December 5, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
96. Webster 1999, p. 237.
97. Spellen, Suzanne (December 20, 2011). "Building of the Day: 40 Greene Avenue". Brownstoner. Retrieved August 24, 2025.
98. Webster 1999, p. 234.
99. Shifrin, Susan (1997). "Epps, Roselyn Payne". In Hine, Darlene Clark (ed.). Black Women in America: Science Health and Medicine. New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 67–68. ISBN   0816034249.
100. Smith 2003, p. 606.
101. Mack, Dwayne (June 27, 2007). "Dorothy Celeste Boulding Ferebee (1898–1980)". Black Past. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
102. Epps, Johnson & Vaughan 1993, p. 783.
103. Webster 1999, p. 75.
104. "Ella Mae Ferneil, First African-American Registered Nurse in CA Hired by Children's Hospital Oakland". UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland. May 19, 2020. Archived from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
105. Webster 1999, p. 285.
106. "Justina Laurena Ford". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
107. "100 Years of Women at Yale School of Medicine · Women Medical Graduates in the 1940s and 1950s ·". Yale University Library Online Exhibitions. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
108. Webster 1999, p. 69.
109. Johnson, Stephon (January 11, 2018). "A granddaughter of a slave is on the front lines of the opioid epidemic". New York Amsterdam News. Retrieved September 9, 2025.
110. Flynn, Colm (December 15, 2024). "Remembering Dr. Melissa Freeman, Granddaughter to a Slave: A Life of Service". EWTN Great Britain. Retrieved September 9, 2025.
111. Webster 1999, p. 37.
112. "Changing the Face of Medicine | Dr. Vanessa Northington Gamble". www.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on March 11, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
113. "Syphilis Study Legacy Committee | Tuskegee University". www.tuskegee.edu. Archived from the original on May 31, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
114. "Final Report of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Legacy Committee -- May 1996". Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
115. "Evanston Women's History Timeline" (PDF). Evanston Women's History Project. Retrieved September 9, 2025.
116. Webster 1999, p. 54.
117. Webster 1999, p. 62.
118. Webster 1999, p. 79.
119. Webster 1999, p. 66.
120. "Timeline of Texas Women's History". Women in Texas History. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
121. "Child Clinic Names Two New Members". The Richmond News Leader. January 25, 1934. Retrieved September 10, 2025.
122. "Eleventh All Class Reunion for Black Graduates Honors Faculty and Alumni Award Recipients". The Michigan Alumnus. 1988. Retrieved September 10, 2025.
123. "In Memoriam: Alyce Chenault Gullattee, 1928-2020". Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. May 22, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2025.
124. Shpakovych, Anastasiia (November 9, 2024). "Lucille Constance Gunning, a well-known pediatrician from the Bronx". I-bronx.com. Retrieved August 24, 2025.
125. "LUCILLE BLACKWOOD Obituary". Legacy.com. Retrieved August 24, 2025.
126. Bell, Pegge (1997). "Hale, Mamie Odessa". In Hine, Darlene Clark (ed.). Black Women in America: Science Health and Medicine. New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 81–82. ISBN   0816034249.
127. Howard, Beth. "Women physicians over the centuries". Yale School of Medicine. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
128. Webster 1999, p. 212.
129. Webster 1999, p. 282.
130. Webster 1999, p. 34.
131. Webster 1999, p. 43.
132. Epps, Johnson & Vaughan 1993, p. 785.
133. McClelland s, 3rd (2007). "M. Deborrah Hyde, MD, MS: The second African-American female neurosurgeon". Journal of the National Medical Association. 99 (10): 1193–1195. PMC   2574399 . PMID   17987924.
134. Anand, S.; Reddy, R. V.; Omoba, O. E.; Detchou, D.; Barrie, U.; Aoun, S. G. (March 2024). "Maxine Deborrah Hyde: First Female Graduate of Case Western Reserve University's Neurologic Surgery Residency Program and Second Black Female Neurosurgeon in the United States" . World Neurosurgery. 183: 63–69. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2023.12.021. PMID   38081583 . Retrieved September 1, 2025.
135. Epps, Johnson & Vaughan 1993, p. 783-784.
136. Webster 1999, p. 57.
137. "Women of Color Suffrage". Connecticut Historical Society. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
138. "Grace Marilynn James". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
139. Webster 1999, p. 205.
140. "Renee Rosalind Jenkins". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
141. Webster 1999, p. 76.
142. Smith 2003, p. 612.
143. Hart, Celeste (February 22, 2017). "Mattiedna Johnson-Cleveland's 'Hidden Figure' in penicillin research". Call and Post . Retrieved January 6, 2022.
144. "Edith Irby Jones". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
145. Webster 1999, p. 60.
146. Jenkins, Earnestine (1997). "Kneeland, Francis M.". In Hine, Darlene Clark (ed.). Black Women in America: Science Health and Medicine. New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 94–95. ISBN   0816034249.
147. "Black Leaders Who Changed the Face of Equitable Cancer Care". Cancer History Project. April 4, 2024. Retrieved August 24, 2025.
148. Lunardini, Christine A. (1997). "Lattimer, Agnes D.". In Hine, Darlene Clark (ed.). Black Women in America: Science Health and Medicine. New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 97–98. ISBN   0816034249.
149. O’Donnell, Maureen (March 4, 2018). "Dr. Agnes Lattimer, dead at 89, lauded as 1st black woman to head major hospital". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved August 30, 2025.
150. Carey, Charles W. (2008). African Americans in Science: An encyclopedia of people and progress. ABC-CLIO, Inc. pp. 142–144. ISBN   978-1-85109-999-3.
151. Prather, Patricia; Bridges, Jennifer (October 22, 2013). "Lawson, Jemima Belle". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
152. Hine 1997, p. 13.
153. Webster 1999, p. 217.
154. Epps, Johnson & Vaughan 1993, p. 787.
155. Webster 1999, p. 195.
156. "A Woman Physician". NAACP the Crisis. 9 (1): 7. November 1914. Retrieved September 11, 2025.
157. Sparkman, Sinclaire (February 11, 2015). "Black History Month: Hulda Margaret Lyttle-Frazier improved schools, hospitals". The Tennessean. Retrieved August 28, 2025.
158. "Audrey Forbes Manley". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
159. Webster 1999, p. 72.
160. Webster 1999, p. 218.
161. Shifrin, Susan (1997). "McCarroll, Ernest Mae". In Hine, Darlene Clark (ed.). Black Women in America: Science Health and Medicine. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 102. ISBN   0816034249.
162. "Mary E. Merritt". Kentucky Commission on Human Rights. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
163. Webster 1999, p. 206.
164. "In Memoriam: Brigadier General Edith P. Mitchell, MD, Worked to End Healthcare Disparities". ASCP Stronger Together. February 6, 2024. Retrieved September 13, 2025.
165. "Jane and Littleton Mitchell Center for African American Heritage". Delaware Historical Society. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
166. Webster 1999, p. 221.
167. Hunt, Marion (1997). "Nash, Helen E.". In Hine, Darlene Clark (ed.). Black Women in America: Science Health and Medicine. New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 103–105. ISBN   0816034249.
168. Webster 1999, p. 55.
169. Webster 1999, p. 263.
170. Staten, Candace (April 16, 2014). "Thelma Patten Law (1900-1968)". Black Past. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
171. Webster 1999, p. 45.
172. Webster 1999, p. 222.
173. Webster 1999, p. 33.
174. "National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)". National Institutes of Health. January 21, 2025. Retrieved August 24, 2025.
175. "Muriel Petioni". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
176. "Petra Pinn Explained". Everything Explained. Retrieved August 28, 2025.
177. Clark, Alexis (May 15, 2018). "The Army's First Black Nurses Were Relegated to Caring for Nazi Prisoners of War". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
178. Benjamin, Ludy T. (November 2008). "America's first black female psychologist". APA. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
179. "Deborah Prothrow-Stith". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
180. "Negro Nurses". National Negro Health News. 12 (2): 7. April 1944 – via Google Books.
181. Webster 1999, p. 39.
182. Webster 1999, p. 228.
183. "Dr. Clarice D. Reid". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
184. Webster 1999, p. 46.
185. Walters, Katherine Kuehler (December 8, 2019). "Roett-Reid, Catherine Juanita Elizabeth". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
186. Webster 1999, p. 40.
187. Aptheker 1982, p. 104.
188. emery, crystal (2015). against all odds. URU, The Right to Be, Inc.
189. "Rosalyn P. Scott". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
190. Webster 1999, p. 211.
191. "Omega C. Logan Silva". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
192. Sabo, Nick (June 29, 2020). "Commemorating Dr. Ellamae Simmons". Mount Vernon News. Retrieved September 14, 2025.
193. Webster 1999, p. 70.
194. "Celebrating Black History Month: Pioneers in Healthcare". Community Medical Centers. February 19, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
195. "Jeanne Spurlock". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
196. Staten, Candace (March 31, 2011). "Mabel Keaton Staupers (1890-1989)". BlackPast.org. Retrieved September 8, 2025.
197. "Profiles in Diversity - Timeline of Prominent Achievements in Medicine by African American Men and Women in Pittsburgh". Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine | University of Pittsburgh. September 21, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
198. "150 Years of Women at UCSF". University of California San Francisco. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
199. "Natalia M. Tanner". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
200. Shifrin, Susan (1997). "Temple, Ruth Janetta". In Hine, Darlene Clark (ed.). Black Women in America: Science Health and Medicine. New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 122–123. ISBN   0816034249.
201. "Debi Thomas". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
202. "Yvonnecris Smith Veal". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
203. Smith 2003, p. 614.
204. Webster 1999, p. 73.
205. Webster 1999, p. 175.
206. Bryan, Erika (March 19, 2016). "Frances Cress Welsing (1935–2016)". Black Past. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
207. Marcus, Adam (2019). "Doris Louise Wethers". The Lancet. 393 (10175): 980. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30442-8 . Retrieved September 2, 2025.
208. Turner, Cory (March 26, 2014). "Emma Rochelle Wheeler (1882-1957)". Black Past. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
209. Lewis, Carole (January 26, 2009). "Ionia Rollin Whipper (1872-1953)". Black Past. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
210. Robison, Daniel. "Uniting Nurses of Color". Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
211. Webster 1999, p. 52.
212. Webster 1999, p. 188.
213. "Dr. Terri Young". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
214. "Uncovering the Truth of a Trailblazer". Tufts University School of Medicine. March 19, 2024. Retrieved August 31, 2025.
215. "Dora Akunyili daughter make history as first black chief medical officer". BBC News Pidgin. January 13, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
216. "Michelle A Albert, MD, MPH Professor in Residence". UCSF Department of Medicine. Retrieved August 29, 2025.
217. "Uché Blackstock, MD". EMRA. Retrieved September 7, 2025.
218. "PROVIDING LEADERSHIP AND ADVOCACY FOR MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING" (PDF). AIMBE: 27–28. February 11, 2009.
219. "Dr. U. Diane Buckingham". U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on November 17, 2004. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
220. Crudup, Devin (April 6, 2020). "Meet the Black Woman Appointed as California's First-Ever Surgeon General". AfroTech . Retrieved May 15, 2020.
221. Cadore, Judith (October 2003). "Changing the Face of Medicine". National Library of Medicine. Retrieved July 4, 2025.
222. "NMA Installs Virginia Caine, MD, as its 125th President". National Medical Association. August 6, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2025.
223. "Rotonya M. Carr MD, FACP". UW Medicine Division of Gastroenteology. Retrieved August 24, 2025.
224. "SUNY Downstate appoints Dr. Camille A. Clare as its new OBGYN Chair". NYCaribNews.com. October 28, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2025.
225. "Janine Austin Clayton, M.D." National Institutes of Health. Retrieved September 8, 2025.
226. Gerstein, Michael (December 17, 2021). "Lujan Grisham appoints UNM dean as health secretary". Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved September 8, 2025.
227. "Leading coronavirus scientist, Kizzmekia S. Corbett, to join Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health to continue vaccine development research". Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health. May 11, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2025.
228. "Giselle Corbie". UNC School of Medicine Social Medicine. Retrieved August 27, 2025.
229. "Deidra Crews, MD Nephrology". Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved September 8, 2025.
230. Mills, Kim. "APA Elects Harvard Medical School Associate Professor Jessica Henderson Daniel 2018 President". American Psychological Association. Retrieved August 4, 2025.
231. "Meet Dean Deborah Deas". UC Riverside School of Medicine. Retrieved September 8, 2025.
232. "Dr. Letitia Dzirasa". Maryland Daily Record. March 31, 2022. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
233. "In memoriam: Shekinah Elmore, MD, MPH". UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. August 20, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2025.
234. Shindel, Jake (July 30, 2024). "Baltimore City Health Commissioner Dr. Ihuoma Emenuga no longer employed by city, Mayor Scott says". WBAL TV 11. Retrieved September 8, 2025.
235. "Michele K. Evans, M.D. Senior Investigator". NIH Intramural Research Program. Retrieved September 8, 2025.
236. "About IDPH". Illinois Department of Public Health. Retrieved September 9, 2025.
237. Schencker, Lisa (April 14, 2022). "Ngozi Ezike hired to lead Sinai Chicago hospitals". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 9, 2025.
238. "Dr. Icilma V. Fergus Of Harlem Healthy Hearts New Role". Harlem World Magazine. April 5, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2025.
239. "Courtney Fitzhugh, M.D. Lasker Clinical Research Scholar". Intramural Research Program (IRP). Retrieved September 9, 2025.
240. Bedi, Shireen (March 19, 2024). "Passion-driven leadership: Col. Gwendolyn Foster talks meaningful mentorship, balance, and". Air Force Medical Service. Retrieved July 1, 2024.^{[ dead link ]} This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
241. "Mindy Thompson Fullilove". New Village Press. Retrieved September 9, 2025.
242. "Meet Our President". Boston University. Retrieved September 10, 2025.
243. "Sherita Hill Golden, MD, MHA Professor". Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Retrieved September 10, 2025.
244. Cook, Sarah (April 22, 2022). "Anjelica Gonzalez and Paul North named Davenport and JE heads of college". Yale News. Retrieved August 25, 2025.
245. "First African American CRNA Inducted into AAN". News Wise. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
246. "Five Women Scholars Who Have Been Named to University Dean Positions". Women in Academia Report. September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2025.
247. "Dr. Vanessa Grubbs". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved August 24, 2025.
248. Korney, Stephanie (March 8, 2018). "Jamaican Neurosurgeon is now the first black woman to become an Ivy League Professor of Neurosurgery in the United States". Jamaicans.com. Retrieved August 24, 2025.
249. Santos, Melissa (March 9, 2018). "Odette Harris named America's second female African-American neurosurgery professor at Stanford". The Stanford Daily. Retrieved August 24, 2025.
250. "Rebecca Hasson, Ph.D. Physical activity promotion and obesity prevention". University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy & Innovation. Retrieved September 10, 2025.
251. Tillett, Lena (August 22, 2018). "'God put me here to do this': Pioneering pediatric surgeon hopes to train others at UNC on life-saving procedure". WRAL News. Retrieved September 1, 2025.
252. "Hayes Named Howard Chair of Surgery". UNC School of Medicine Surgery. November 7, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2025.
253. "Dr. Ebony Jade Hilton: Blazing Trails While Standing on the Shoulders of Ancestors". BlackDoctor.org. Retrieved August 24, 2025.
254. "Thea James Wins the Compassionate Caregiver Award From the Schwartz Center". Jounal of Blacks in Higher Education. January 2, 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2025.
255. "Thea L. James, MD Professor". Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine. Retrieved September 1, 2025.
256. "100 Years of Women at Yale School of Medicine · Growing Numbers, Changing Times? ·". Yale University Library Online Exhibitions. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
257. "Risa Lavizzo-Mourey, M.D." huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
258. "Risa Lavizzo-Mourey Stepping Down as President and CEO of Robert Wood Johnson Foundation". Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. September 13, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
259. Grillo, Hailey. "CHI St. Vincent Named Training Site for More in Common Alliance". Morehouse School of Medicine. Retrieved September 11, 2025.
260. "Cityblock Health Appoints Dr. Kameron Matthews to Chief Health Officer Role". National Medical Fellowships. February 1, 2022. Retrieved September 11, 2025.
261. "Celia Maxwell Co-Director of Clinical Trials and Clinical Trials Unit". Howard University. Retrieved September 11, 2025.
262. "Worta McCaskill-Stevens, M.D.: An Appreciation for a Driving Force in Cancer Prevention and Addressing Cancer Disparities". National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Prevention. November 17, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2025.
263. "Monica McLemore, RN, PhD Associate Professor". Phillip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies. Retrieved September 12, 2025.
264. "Professor Jennifer Mieres, MD". Zucker School of Medicine. Retrieved September 12, 2025.
265. "Michelle E Morse, M.D." Harvard Medical School. Retrieved September 13, 2025.
266. "Former Director of DC Health, LaQuandra S. Nesbitt MD, MPH, Joins GW School of Medicine and Health Sciences to Lead New SMHS Center for Population Health Sciences and Health Equity". George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences. November 6, 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2025.
267. "Evelyn Carmon Nicol 1930 - 2020". Legacy.com. Retrieved August 24, 2025.
268. "Evelyn Nicol, A Legendary Woman in STEAM". Lifeology. Retrieved August 24, 2025.
269. "Elizabeth Odilile Ofili". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
270. "Monica E. Peek Ellen H. Block Professor of Health Justice, Biological Sciences Division". University of Chicago. Retrieved September 13, 2025.
271. "Dr. Lori Pierce, ASCO's First African American Woman President". Cancer History Project. April 1, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2025.
272. "Tina Young Poussaint, MD". Radiology Society of North America. Retrieved August 24, 2025.
273. "Joan Y. Reede". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
274. Rice, Valerie Montgomery. "Valerie Montgomery Rice, MD, FACOG President and CEO, Morehouse School of Medicine". Morehouse School of Medicine. Retrieved July 14, 2025.
275. "Lynne D Richardson, MD Emergency Medicine". Mount Sinai Doctors. Retrieved September 13, 2025.
276. "Adrienne Williams Scott, M.D., Associate Professor of Ophthalmology". Johns Hopkins Medicine . Retrieved October 4, 2022.
277. "Jeannette E. South-Paul". Changing the Face of Medicine. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
278. "Accomplished pediatric surgeon Ala Stanford Frey to head Temple's Center for Minority Health and Health Disparities". Temple Now. August 6, 2007. Retrieved September 14, 2025.
279. "Altha Stewart, MD". Meadows Mental Health Policy Institute. Retrieved September 14, 2025.
280. "Susan C. Taylor Biography". Penn Medicine Dermatology. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
281. "Patricia L. Turner, MD, MBA, FACS President". Council of Medical Specialty Societies. Retrieved September 3, 2025.
282. "Akilah Weber, M.D." Rady Children's Health. Retrieved September 15, 2025.
283. "Wilkins named director of Meharry-Vanderbilt Alliance". St. Louis Business Journal. March 16, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2025.
284. "Vanderbilt University Medical Center's Dr. Consuelo Wilkins Lands Major National Award for Women Physicians". The Tennessee Tribune. July 25, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2025.
285. "Karen Winkfield, PhD'04, MD'05, HS'05-'06 | Duke School of Medicine". medschool.duke.edu. Retrieved September 26, 2021.
286. "Yasmin Hurd, PhD". Mount Sinai. Retrieved August 22, 2025.
287. Dahmer, David (May 11, 2021). "Dr. Jasmine Zapata named chief medical officer and state epidemiologist for community health at Wisconsin DHS". Madison 365. Retrieved August 31, 2025.

Sources

• Aptheker, Bettina (1982). Woman's Legacy: Essays on Race, Sex, and Class in American History . Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN   978-0870233654 – via Internet Archive.
• Epps, Charles H.; Johnson, Davis G.; Vaughan, Audrey L. (October 1993). "Black Medical Pioneers: African-American 'Firsts' In Academic and Organized Medicine". Journal of the National Medical Association. 85 (10): 777–796. PMC   2568213 . PMID   8254696.
• Hine, Darlene Clark (1997). Black Women in America: Science Health and Medicine. New York: Facts on File, Inc. ISBN   0816034249.
• Smith, Jessie Carney (2003). Black Firsts : 4,000 Ground-Breaking and Pioneering Historical Events (2nd, revised and expanded ed.). Canton, Michigan: Visible Ink Press. ISBN   1-57859-142-2. OCLC   51060259 – via Internet Archive.
• Webster, Raymond B. (1999). African American Firsts in Science & Technology . Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. ISBN   978-0-7876-3876-4. OCLC   41238505 – via Internet Archive.