List of countries by Sen social welfare function

Last updated

The social welfare function, proposed by Amartya Sen in 1973, is a measure of a society's overall welfare.

In welfare economics, a social welfare function is a function that ranks social states as less desirable, more desirable, or indifferent for every possible pair of social states. Inputs of the function include any variables considered to affect the economic welfare of a society. In using welfare measures of persons in the society as inputs, the social welfare function is individualistic in form. One use of a social welfare function is to represent prospective patterns of collective choice as to alternative social states. The social welfare function provides the government with a simple guideline for achieving the optimal distribution of income.

Amartya Sen Indian economist

Amartya Kumar Sen, is an Indian economist and philosopher, who since 1972 has taught and worked in India, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Sen has made contributions to welfare economics, social choice theory, economic and social justice, economic theories of famines, and indices of the measure of well-being of citizens of developing countries.

Contents

Methodology

It is calculated as the product of GDP per capita and the difference between 1 and the society's gini coefficient:

In economics, the Gini coefficient, sometimes called Gini index, or Gini ratio, is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income or wealth distribution of a nation's residents, and is the most commonly used measurement of inequality. It was developed by the Italian statistician and sociologist Corrado Gini and published in his 1912 paper Variability and Mutability.

The table below shows Sen's social welfare function using data from the CIA and another version using data from the IMF and UN. The GDP per capita numbers are adjusted for purchasing power parity.

Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a way of measuring economic variables in different countries so that irrelevant exchange rate variations do not distort comparisons. Purchasing power exchange rates are such that it would cost exactly the same number of, for example, US dollars to buy euros and then buy a basket of goods in the market as it would cost to purchase the same goods directly with dollars. The purchasing power exchange rate used in this conversion equals the ratio of the currencies' respective purchasing powers.

Countries 2015

GNI per capita PPP multiplied by (1 - Gini), using the latest data available for each country up to 2015 mostly from http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=countries+(gni+per+capita+ppp)*(1-gini)


1 | Qatar | $82884 per year per person

x | Macau | $78578 per year per person

2 | Luxembourg | $49242 per year per person

3 | Norway | $47861 per year per person

4 | Singapore | $43518 per year per person

5 | Switzerland | $42335 per year per person

6 | Netherlands | $34853 per year per person

7 | Sweden | $34443 per year per person

8 | Denmark | $33907 per year per person

9 | Germany | $33719 per year per person

10 | Iceland | $33695 per year per person

11 | United States | $33260 per year per person

12 | Austria | $33029 per year per person

13 | Belgium | $31933 per year per person

14 | Ireland | $31317 per year per person

xx | Taiwan | $31063 per year per person

15 | Finland | $29764 per year per person

16 | Canada | $29161 per year per person

xx | Saudi Arabia| $28906 per year per person

17 | Australia | $28997 per year per person

18 | United Kingdom | $27343 per year per person

19 | France | $27074 per year per person

20 | Hong Kong | $26692 per year per person

21 | Japan | $26389 per year per person

22 | South Korea | $23738 per year per person

23 | Italy | $23245 per year per person

24 | Slovenia | $22941 per year per person

25 | New Zealand | $22775 per year per person

26 | Czech Republic | $22471 per year per person

27 | Spain | $22112 per year per person

28 | Slovakia | $20834 per year per person

29 | Cyprus | $20259 per year per person

30 | Israel | $19993 per year per person

31 | Estonia | $18390 per year per person

32 | Portugal | $18286 per year per person

33 | Kazakhstan | $17867 per year per person

34 | Trinidad and Tobago | $17698 per year per person

35 | Lithuania | $17289 per year per person

36 | Poland | $17173 per year per person

37 | Hungary | $17106 per year per person

38 | Greece | $16963 per year per person

39 | Latvia | $15627 per year per person

40 | Romania | $15188 per year per person

41 | Croatia | $14781 per year per person

42 | Seychelles | $14742 per year per person

43 | Azerbaijan | $14288 per year per person

44 | Malaysia | $14048 per year per person

45 | Russia | $13896 per year per person

46 | Belarus | $12460 per year per person

47 | Mauritius | $12376 per year per person

48 | Uruguay | $11835 per year per person

49 | Turkey | $11583 per year per person

50 | Iran | $10901 per year per person

51 | Gabon | $10876 per year per person

52 | Chile | $10772 per year per person

53 | Bulgaria | $10744 per year per person

54 | Montenegro | $10616 per year per person

55 | Iraq | $10463 per year per person

56 | Panama | $10009 per year per person

57 | Venezuela | $9408 per year per person

58 | Turkmenistan | $9335 per year per person

59 | Thailand | $9239 per year per person

60 | Algeria | $9235 per year per person

61 | Serbia | $9005 per year per person

62 | Mexico | $8906 per year per person

63 | Albania | $7914 per year per person

64 | Macedonia | $7592 per year per person

65 | Costa Rica | $7562 per year per person

66 | China | $7519 per year per person

67 | Egypt | $7403 per year per person

68 | Mongolia | $7334 per year per person

69 | Kosovo | $7212 per year per person

70 | Dominican Republic | $7183 per year per person

71 | Suriname | $7151 per year per person

72 | Maldives | $7150 per year per person

73 | Jordan | $7125 per year per person

74 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | $7104 per year per person

75 | Tunisia | $7099 per year per person

76 | Brazil | $7079 per year per person

77 | Sri Lanka | $7051 per year per person

78 | Indonesia | $6881 per year per person

79 | Argentina | $6771 per year per person

80 | Peru | $6610 per year per person

81 | Colombia | $6288 per year per person

82 | Saint Lucia | $6213 per year per person

83 | Botswana | $6168 per year per person

84 | Armenia | $5970 per year per person

85 | Ecuador | $5898 per year per person

86 | Ukraine | $5893 per year per person

87 | Georgia | $5643 per year per person

88 | Philippines | $5069 per year per person

89 | Fiji | $4978 per year per person

90 | Jamaica | $4832 per year per person

91 | South Africa | $4698 per year per person

92 | Bhutan | $4669 per year per person

93 | El Salvador | $4643 per year per person

94 | Morocco | $4553 per year per person

95 | Paraguay | $4482 per year per person

96 | Guyana | $4170 per year per person

97 | Namibia | $4051 per year per person

98 | India | $3979 per year per person

99 | Uzbekistan | $3955 per year per person

100 | Swaziland | $3903 per year per person

101 | Moldova | $3824 per year per person

102 | Republic of the Congo | $3770 per year per person

103 | Pakistan | $3767 per year per person

104 | Angola | $3695 per year per person

105 | Belize | $3683 per year per person

106 | Guatemala | $3579 per year per person

107 | Bolivia | $3553 per year per person

108 | Vietnam | $3488 per year per person

109 | Laos | $3342 per year per person

110 | West Bank | $3323 per year per person

111 | Nigeria | $3308 per year per person

112 | Samoa | $3278 per year per person

113 | Tonga | $3275 per year per person

114 | Syria | $2897 per year per person

115 | Nicaragua | $2741 per year per person

116 | Sudan | $2636 per year per person

117 | East Timor | $2614 per year per person

118 | Kiribati | $2589 per year per person

119 | Cape Verde | $2439 per year per person

120 | Bangladesh | $2415 per year per person

121 | Kyrgyzstan | $2397 per year per person

122 | Yemen | $2346 per year per person

123 | Ghana | $2329 per year per person

124 | Mauritania | $2319 per year per person

125 | Tajikistan | $2298 per year per person

126 | Cambodia | $2278 per year per person

127 | Honduras | $2196 per year per person

128 | São Tomé and Príncipe | $2186 per year per person

129 | Vanuatu | $1910 per year per person

130 | Ivory Coast | $1841 per year per person

131 | Cameroon | $1761 per year per person

132 | Nepal | $1681 per year per person

133 | Tanzania | $1630 per year per person

134 | Zambia | $1624 per year per person

135 | Mali | $1580 per year per person

136 | Kenya | $1576 per year per person

137 | Papua New Guinea | $1571 per year per person

138 | Lesotho | $1448 per year per person

139 | Afghanistan | $1436 per year per person

140 | Senegal | $1427 per year per person

141 | Micronesia | $1398 per year per person

142 | Djibouti | $1218 per year per person

143 | Chad | $1196 per year per person

144 | Benin | $1188 per year per person

145 | Solomon Islands | $1175 per year per person

146 | Ethiopia | $1083 per year per person

147 | Sierra Leone | $1030 per year per person

148 | Uganda | $1026 per year per person

149 | Burkina Faso | $988 per year per person

150 | South Sudan | $888 per year per person

151 | Zimbabwe | $848 per year per person

152 | Rwanda | $837 per year per person

153 | Gambia | $832 per year per person

154 | Madagascar | $831 per year per person

155 | Guinea | $742 per year per person

156 | Guinea-Bissau | $715 per year per person

157 | Togo | $713 per year per person

158 | Haiti | $690 per year per person

159 | Niger | $651 per year per person

160 | Mozambique | $637 per year per person

161 | Comoros | $630 per year per person

162 | Malawi | $614 per year per person

163 | Burundi | $486 per year per person

164 | Liberia | $457 per year per person

xxx | North Korea | $450 per year per person (Gini estimated at 0.75 from https://piie.com/blogs/north-korea-witness-transformation/distribution-income-north-korea)

165 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | $417 per year per person

166 | Central African Republic | $263 per year per person

Countries 2006

Country IMFgdpPC CIAgdpPC UN_gini CIA_gini SenIMF_UN Sen_CIA
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe 1882000.5010.56893.8186.4
Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi 3723000.4240.424214.27172.8
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone 6936000.6290.629257.1222.6
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic 7267000.6130.613280.96270.9
Flag of Niger.svg  Niger 6677000.5050.505330.17346.5
Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique 8438000.4730.473444.26421.6
Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 8998000.4680.468478.27425.6
Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 9799000.4750.475513.98472.5
Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi 7938000.3900.390483.73488
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia 8077000.3000.300564.9490
Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho 128614000.6320.632473.25515.2
Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal 107810000.4720.472569.18528
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 129213000.5920.592527.14530.4
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda 105910000.4570.457575.04543
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali 103811000.4010.401621.76658.9
Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea 97411000.3860.381598.04680.9
Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia 132314000.5080.508650.92688.8
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso 120612000.3950.395729.63726
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana 142614000.4080.408844.19828.8
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania 125613000.3460.346821.42850.2
Flag of Benin.svg  Benin 154814000.3650.365982.98889
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 131114000.3340.334873.13932.4
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Cote d'Ivoire 173717000.4460.446962.3941.8
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 167317000.4250.445961.98943.5
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal 169217000.4130.413993.2997.9
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Papua New Guinea 197421000.5090.509969.231031.1
Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan 184316000.3260.3261242.181078.4
Flag of Mauritania.svg  Mauritania 201118000.3900.3901226.711098
Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia 181819000.4170.4171059.891107.7
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 202821000.4370.4371141.761182.3
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon 209422000.4460.4461160.081218.8
Flag of Laos.svg  Laos 205420000.3460.3461343.321308
Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg  Kyrgyzstan 200020000.3030.30313941394
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 239024000.3680.3681510.481516.8
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia 525052000.7430.7071349.251523.6
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 289723000.3320.3321935.21536.4
Flag of East Timor.svg  Timor-Leste 250625000.3801550
Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua 262928000.4310.4311495.91593.2
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 258926000.3440.3701698.381638
Flag of India.svg  India 256326000.3680.3681619.821643.2
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 451040000.5840.5841876.161664
Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen 234325000.3340.3341560.441665
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 259424000.3060.3061800.241665.6
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 338332000.4450.4451877.571776
Flag of Bolivia.svg  Bolivia 408444000.6010.5921629.521795.2
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 322229000.3280.3282165.181948.8
Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras 408543000.5380.5381887.271986.6
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka 426540000.4020.5002550.472000
Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana 384137000.4322101.6
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 409437000.3950.4002476.872220
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 470251000.5510.5512111.22289.9
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 372836000.3430.3632449.32293.2
Flag of Swaziland.svg  Swaziland 540147000.5040.5042678.92331.2
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 469444000.4040.4042797.622622.4
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 584760000.5240.5242783.172856
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 490647000.3880.3883002.472876.4
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan 517253000.4080.4083061.823137.6
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 811666000.5160.5163928.143194.4
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 549550000.3440.3443604.723280
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 796874000.5860.5383298.753418.8
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 494658000.3380.4103274.253422
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 780976000.5200.5203748.323648
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 724272000.5360.4603360.293888
Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica 768874000.4550.4554189.964033
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 976797000.5780.5784121.674093.4
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 970395000.5700.5674172.294113.5
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania 629858000.3110.2674339.324251.4
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 653967000.3530.3534230.734334.9
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia 753574000.3980.4004536.074440
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina 707461000.2620.2625220.614501.8
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 790780000.4200.4204586.064640
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 10351107000.5610.5614544.094697.3
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 696870000.2810.3105009.994830
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 761880000.3650.3654837.435080
Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana 16516143000.6050.6306523.825291
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 10358111000.4980.4985199.725572.2
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 11674108000.4490.4526432.375918.4
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 13921143000.5490.5496278.376449.3
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 12176128000.4820.4826307.176630.4
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 10570117000.4300.4306024.96669
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 13318131000.5130.4906485.876681
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 14120124000.4610.4617610.686683.6
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 12858120000.4360.4367251.916768
Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius 11126113000.3707119
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 10837110000.3390.3397163.267271
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia 10071104000.3007280
Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 10949106000.2970.2977697.157451.8
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 11401111000.3100.3107866.697659
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 13385145000.4920.4616799.587815.5
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 11311118000.2920.3168008.198071.2
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 14705148000.3990.4108837.718732
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 16316162000.3450.36010686.9810368
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 17733168000.3600.36011349.1210752
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 15532155000.2900.29011027.7211005
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 17488177000.3770.37710895.0211027.1
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 21779218000.3850.38013394.0913516
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 19020193000.2690.28013903.6213896
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 20584218000.3580.34013214.9314388
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 20268202000.2580.26015038.8614948
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 27147266000.3920.38616505.3816332.4
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 23026234000.28016848
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 26611272000.3620.36216977.8217353.6
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 24229245000.2540.26018074.8318130
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 27171271000.29019241
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong 42124420000.4340.52323842.1820034
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 29146306000.3430.33019148.9220502
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 30365309000.3600.33019433.620703
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 33596335000.2490.38125230.620736.5
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 27227280000.2840.24019494.5321280
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 30118336000.3470.32019667.0522848
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 35634350000.3600.34022805.7623100
Flag of France.svg  France 33509326000.3270.28022551.5623472
Flag of Australia.svg  Australia 36226373000.3520.35223474.4524170.4
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 34212341000.2830.2802453024552
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 45725458000.4080.45027069.225190
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 35388362000.3300.28023709.9626064
Flag of Canada.svg  Canada 38614386000.3260.32126025.8426209.4
Flag of Switzerland.svg   Switzerland 41265401000.3370.33727358.726586.3
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 35349360000.2690.26025840.1226640
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 38995390000.3090.30926945.5526949
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 37265372000.2470.24028060.5528272
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 49754499000.4250.42528608.5528692.5
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 36578375000.2500.23027433.528875
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 38181393000.2910.26027070.3329082
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 39168404000.25030300
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 43414466000.3430.3202852331688
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 53152533000.2580.28039438.7838376
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 79660794000.26058756
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau 4846000.470256.52
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago 18385254000.38911233.24

Related Research Articles

Gross domestic product market value of goods and services produced within a country

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a period of time, often annually. GDP (nominal) per capita does not, however, reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) is arguably more useful when comparing differences in living standards between nations.

Per capita income mean income of the people in an economic unit such as a country or city

Per capita income (PCI) or average income measures the average income earned per person in a given area in a specified year. It is calculated by dividing the area's total income by its total population.

The gross national income (GNI), previously known as gross national product (GNP), is the total domestic and foreign output claimed by residents of a country, consisting of gross domestic product (GDP), plus factor incomes earned by foreign residents, minus income earned in the domestic economy by nonresidents. Comparing GNI to GDP shows the degree to which a nation's GDP represents domestic or international activity. GNI has gradually replaced GNP in international statistics. While being conceptually identical, it is calculated differently. GNI is the basis of calculation of the largest part of contributions to the budget of the European Union. In February 2017, Ireland's GDP became so distorted from the base erosion and profit shifting ("BEPS") tax planning tools of U.S. multinationals, that the Central Bank of Ireland replaced Irish GDP with a new metric, Irish Modified GNI*. In 2017, Irish GDP was 162% of Irish Modified GNI*.

An emerging market is a country that has some characteristics of a developed market, but does not satisfy standards to be termed a developed market. This includes countries that may become developed markets in the future or were in the past. The term "frontier market" is used for developing countries with smaller, riskier, or more illiquid capital markets than "emerging". The economies of China and India are considered to be the largest emerging markets. According to The Economist, many people find the term outdated, but no new term has gained traction. Emerging market hedge fund capital reached a record new level in the first quarter of 2011 of $121 billion. The four largest emerging and developing economies by either nominal or PPP-adjusted GDP are the BRIC countries.

References

    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.