List of hystricids

Last updated

Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica) Hystrix indica 365302751.jpg
Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica)

Hystricidae is a family of mammals in the order Rodentia and part of the Phiomorpha parvorder. Members of this family are called hystricids or Old World porcupines. They are found in Southern Europe, the Levant, Africa, India, and Southeast Asia, and can be found in shrublands, grasslands, forests and savannas, though some species have particular habitat and dietary requirements. They range in size from the long-tailed porcupine, at 48 cm (19 in) plus a 23 cm (9 in) tail, to the crested porcupine, at 93 cm (37 in) plus a 17 cm (7 in) tail. Hystricids are primarily herbivores and eat grasses, bulbs, tubers, fruit, bark, and roots, though insects and carrion are occasionally eaten. No hystricids have population estimates, and none are categorized as an endangered species or critically endangered.

Contents

The eleven extant species of Hystricidae are divided into three genera: Atherurus consists of two species, the African and Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine, Hystrix contains eight species of porcupines in three subgenera, and Trichys consists of a single species, the long-tailed porcupine. At least eight extinct prehistoric hystricid species have been discovered, with the most recent new description of an extinct species occurring in 2023. [1]

Conventions

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
 EX  Extinct (0 species)
 EW  Extinct in the wild (0 species)
 CR  Critically endangered (0 species)
 EN  Endangered (0 species)
 VU  Vulnerable (1 species)
 NT  Near threatened (0 species)
 LC  Least concern (10 species)
Other categories
 DD  Data deficient (0 species)
 NE  Not evaluated (0 species)

The author citation for the species or genus is given after the scientific name; parentheses around the author citation indicate that this was not the original taxonomic placement. Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List data for that species.

Classification

Hystricidae is a family consisting of eleven species in three genera.

Hystricids

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by the reference work Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists. [2]

Genus Atherurus F. Cuvier, 1829 – two species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
African brush-tailed porcupine

Atherurus africanus 61628262.jpg

A. africanus
(J. E. Gray, 1842)
Central Africa
Atherurus africanus distribution map.png
Size: 36–60 cm (14–24 in) long, plus 10–26 cm (4–10 in) tail [3]

Habitat: Forest [4]

Diet: Vegetation, bark, roots, tubers, and fruit, as well as cultivated crops, insects, and carrion [5]
 LC 


Unknown Blue question mark (italic).svg [4]

Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine

Brush-tailed Porcupine, Atherurus macrourus in Kaeng Krachan national park (15925250476).jpg

A. macrourus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Southeast Asia, southern China
Atherurus macrourus distribution map.png
Size: 38–57 cm (15–22 in) long, plus 16–20 cm (6–8 in) tail [6]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland [7]

Diet: Vegetation, bark, roots, tubers, and fruit, as well as cultivated crops, insects, and carrion [5]
 LC 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [7]

Genus Hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 – eight species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Cape porcupine

Puercoespin (Hystrix africanus).jpg

H. africaeaustralis
Peters, 1852

Two subspecies
  • H. a. africaeaustralis
  • H. a. zuluensis
Southern Africa
Hystrix africaeaustralis distribution map.png
Size: 63–81 cm (25–32 in) long, plus 10–13 cm (4–5 in) tail [8]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland [9]

Diet: Bark, roots, tubers, rhizomes, bulbs, fruit, and cultivated crops, occasionally insects, small vertebrates, and carrion [10]
 LC 


Unknown Steady2.svg [9]

Crested porcupine

Westafrikanisches Stachelschwein.jpg

H. cristata
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Africa, Italy
Hystrix cristata distribution map.png
Size: 45–93 cm (18–37 in) long, plus 6–17 cm (2–7 in) tail [11]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas [12]

Diet: Bark, roots, tubers, rhizomes, bulbs, fruit, and cultivated crops, as well as carrion [10]
 LC 


Unknown Blue question mark (italic).svg [12]

Indian crested porcupine

Weissschwanzstachelschwein Hystrix indica Tierpark Hellabrunn-12 (cropped).jpg

H. indica
Kerr, 1792
The Levant and south Asia
Hystrix indica distribution map.png
Size: 45–93 cm (18–37 in) long, plus 6–17 cm (2–7 in) tail [13]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland [14]

Diet: Bark, roots, tubers, rhizomes, bulbs, fruit, and cultivated crops, as well as carrion [10]
 LC 


Unknown Steady2.svg [14]

Malayan porcupine

Hystrix brachyura, Malayan porcupine.jpg

H. brachyura
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Five subspecies
  • H. b. brachyura
  • H. b. bengalensis
  • H. b. hodgsoni
  • H. b. subcristata
  • H. b. yunnanensis
China, Nepal, Malaysia, Indonesia
Hystrix brachyura distribution map.png
Size: 45–93 cm (18–37 in) long, plus 6–17 cm (2–7 in) tail [15]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland [16]

Diet: Bark, roots, tubers, rhizomes, bulbs, fruit, and cultivated crops, as well as carrion [10]
 LC 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [16]

Philippine porcupine

Dikobraz palawansky zoo praha 1.jpg

H. pumila
(Günther, 1879)
Palawan
Hystrix pumila distribution map.png
Size: 45–67 cm (18–26 in) long, plus 6–19 cm (2–7 in) tail [15]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland [17]

Diet: Bark, roots, tubers, rhizomes, bulbs, fruit, and cultivated crops, as well as carrion [10]
 VU 


Unknown Decrease2.svg [17]

Sumatran porcupine

Hystrix sumatrae, the Sumatran Porcupine (12616233295).jpg

H. sumatrae
(Lyon, 1907)
Sumatra
Hystrix sumatrae distribution map.png
Size: 45–56 cm (18–22 in) long, plus 9–11 cm (4–4 in) tail [6]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland [18]

Diet: Bark, roots, tubers, rhizomes, bulbs, fruit, and cultivated crops, as well as carrion [10]
 LC 


Unknown Steady2.svg [18]

Sunda porcupine

Landak Jawa Hystrix javanica.JPG

H. javanica
(F. Cuvier, 1823)
Java
Hystrix javanica distribution map.png
Size: 45–66 cm (18–26 in) long, plus 6–17 cm (2–7 in) tail [11]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland [19]

Diet: Bark, roots, tubers, rhizomes, bulbs, fruit, and cultivated crops, as well as carrion [10]
 LC 


Unknown Steady2.svg [19]

Thick-spined porcupine

HystrixCrassispinisBerjeau.jpg

H. crassispinis
(Günther, 1877)
Borneo
Hystrix crassispinis distribution map.png
Size: 45–67 cm (18–26 in) long, plus 6–19 cm (2–7 in) tail [15]

Habitat: Forest [20]

Diet: Bark, roots, tubers, rhizomes, bulbs, fruit, and cultivated crops, as well as carrion [10]
 LC 


Unknown Steady2.svg [20]

Genus Trichys Günther, 1877 – one species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Long-tailed porcupine

Long-tailed Porcupine, Keningau, MY-SA, MY imported from iNaturalist photo 529916299.jpg

T. fasciculata
(Shaw, 1801)
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia
Trichys fasciculata distribution map.png
Size: 35–48 cm (14–19 in) long, plus 17–24 cm (7–9 in) tail [3]

Habitat: Forest [21]

Diet: Seeds, vegetation from trees, shrubs, and bamboo [3]
 LC 


Unknown Steady2.svg [21]

References

  1. "Fossilworks: Hystricidae". Paleobiology Database . University of Wisconsin–Madison. Archived from the original on January 22, 2025. Retrieved July 19, 2025.
  2. Wilson, Reeder, pp. 1543-1544
  3. 1 2 3 Barthelmess, p. 323
  4. 1 2 Hoffmann, M.; Cox, N. (2016). "Atherurus africanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T2353A22231384. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T2353A22231384.en . Retrieved July 20, 2025.
  5. 1 2 Nowak, p. 1645
  6. 1 2 Barthelmess, p. 324
  7. 1 2 Molur, S. (2020). "Atherurus macrourus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T2354A166518819. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T2354A166518819.en . Retrieved July 20, 2025.
  8. Barthelmess, p. 327
  9. 1 2 Cassola, F. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Hystrix africaeaustralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T10748A115099085. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T10748A22232321.en . Retrieved July 20, 2025.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Nowak, p. 1647
  11. 1 2 Barthelmess, p. 326
  12. 1 2 Amori, G.; De Smet, K. (2016). "Hystrix cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T10746A22232484. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10746A22232484.en . Retrieved July 20, 2025.
  13. Barthelmess, p. 328
  14. 1 2 Amori, G.; Hutterer, R.; Kryštufek, B.; Yigit, N.; Mitsainas, G.; Palomo, L. J. (2021) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Hystrix indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T10751A197516522. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T10751A197516522.en . Retrieved July 20, 2025.
  15. 1 2 3 Barthelmess, p. 325
  16. 1 2 Lunde, D.; Aplin, K.; Molur, S. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Hystrix brachyura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T10749A115099298. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T10749A22232129.en . Retrieved July 20, 2025.
  17. 1 2 Clayton, E. (2018). "Hystrix pumila". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2018: e.T10753A22231557. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T10753A22231557.en . Retrieved July 20, 2025.
  18. 1 2 Amori, G.; Aplin, K. (2016). "Hystrix sumatrae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T10754A22231673. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10754A22231673.en . Retrieved July 20, 2025.
  19. 1 2 Aplin, K. (2016). "Hystrix javanica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T10752A22231749. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10752A22231749.en . Retrieved July 20, 2025.
  20. 1 2 Cassola, F. (2016). "Hystrix crassispinis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T10750A22232051. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10750A22232051.en . Retrieved July 20, 2025.
  21. 1 2 Aplin, K. (2017). "Trichys fasciculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T22132A22232753. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22132A22232753.en . Retrieved July 20, 2025.

Sources