Between 899 and 970, according to contemporary sources, the researchers count 47 (38 to West and 9 to East)[1] raids in different parts of Europe. From these campaigns only 8 were unsuccessful and the others ended with success.[2]
Many tributes were paid to the Hungarians.
Many times the rulers of Europe hired the Hungarian warriors against each other.
The most significant result of the Battle of Pressburg is that the Hungarians secured their lands in 907, prevented a future German invasion, the Germans did not attack Hungarian land until 1030.
The Hungarians also used a preemptive war against the Germans and the German unification.
Berengar I of Italy accepts to pay tribute. He started to pay to the Hungarian tribute regularly, and until his death in 924, and in exchange the Hungarians helped him against every enemies that he had. The Hungarians became Berengar's friends.
The most significant result of the Battle of Pressburg is that the Hungarians secured the lands they gained during the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, and prevented a future German invasion, the Germans did not attack Hungary until 1030.
This battle is considered one of the most significant battles in the history of Hungary. The Hungarian victory forced the new Bavarian prince, Luitpold's son, Arnulf to conclude a peace treaty, the prince recognized the loss of Pannonia and Ostmark, pushing Hungary's borders deep in Bavarian territory, the river Enns became borderline, paid tribute, and agreed to let the Hungarian armies, which went to war against Germany or other countries in Western Europe, to pass through the duchies lands.
After this victory the Hungarian campaigns against the German duchies continued until 910, the battles of Augsburg and Rednitz, ended with disastrous German defeats, after which the German king Louis the Child concluded peace with the Principality of Hungary, accepting to pay tribute to the latter, and recognizing the Hungarian territorial gains during the war.[1]
Upon destruction of the Hungarian forces, the German army proclaimed Otto I father of the fatherland and emperor.[8] In 962, on the strength of this, Otto I went to Rome and had himself crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII.[9]
Prince Andrew and Levente returned to Hungary from their exile and quickly gained popular support for the throne, especially among the pagan populace, despite the fact that Andrew was Christian (Levente had remained pagan). On their return, a rebellion began, which Andrew and Levente initially supported. The princes accepted the claims of the rebels in exchange for fighting against King Peter.
King Peter decided to flee from Hungary and take refuge in Austria. Andrew's envoys tricked the king before he reached the frontier. King Peter fled to a fortified manor at Zámoly, but his opponents captured him. King Peter was blinded, which caused his death.
German Emperor Henry III undertook a fifth campaign against the Kingdom of Hungary, and besieged Pozsony without success, as the Hungarians sank his supply ships on the Danube river.
Pecheneg troops pillaged Syrmia in 1071. The king and the duke suspected that the soldiers of the Byzantine garrison at Belgrade incited the marauders against Hungary, they decided to attack the fortress.
The Hungarian army crossed the river Sava, although the Byzantines used Greek fire against their boats. The Hungarians defeated the Pechenegs who helped the Byzantines to relief the siege. Finally the Hungarians took Belgrade after a siege of three months.
King Solomon and Prince Géza marched along the valley of the river Great Morava as far as Niš. The Hungarians seized the Byzantine city without any resistance.[14]
The first five Hungarian saints, including the first king of Hungary, Stephen I, and Stephen's son, Emeric, were canonized during Ladislaus's reign. Ladislaus released Solomon at the time of the ceremony. After his release, Solomon made a final effort to regain his crown. He persuaded a Cuman chieftain, Kutesk, to invade Hungary. Solomon promised Kutesk, that he would give him the right of possession over the province of Transylvania and would take his daughter as wife. King Ladislaus defeated the invaders.
At the head of a large contingent Solomon joined a huge army of Cumans and Pechenegs who invaded the Byzantine Empire in 1087. The Byzantines routed the invaders, Solomon seems to have died fighting in the battlefield.
The widow of King Zvonimir, Helen tried to keep her power in Croatia during the succession crisis. Several Dalmatian cities and Croatian nobles around Helen asked King Ladislaus I to help Helen and offered him the Croatian throne, which was seen as rightfully his by inheritance rights.
In 1091 Ladislaus I crossed the Drava river and conquered the entire province of Slavonia without encountering opposition, Ladislaus I had success in his campaign, yet he wasn't able to establish his control over entire Croatia.
Ladislaus I appointed his nephew Prince Álmos to administer the controlled area of Croatia, established the Diocese of Zagreb as a symbol of his new authority and went back to Hungary.
Petar Snačić rose up against the Hungarian rule between 1093 and 1097.
The Cumans invaded and plundered Hungary leading by chieftain Kapolcs, they broke first in Transylvania, then the territory between the Danube and Tisza rivers. The Cumans tried to leave Hungary with their huge booty and prisoners, but King Ladislaus I reached and defeated them near the Temes river.[16]
The rumor of the losing battle reached the Cuman camp, the Cumans threatened King Ladislaus I with revenge and demanded to free the Cuman prisoners.[16]
King Ladislaus I marched to the Hungarian border to prevent the next invasion. The two army clashed near Severin / Szörényvár, the Hungarian army was victorious, King Ladislaus killed Ákos, the Cuman chieftain.[16]
King Ladislaus I blamed the Ruthenians for the invasion of the Cumans, he stated the Cumans were incited by them. In retaliation, Ladislaus I invaded the neighboring Rus' principalities, forcing the Ruthenians to ask "for mercy" and to promise "that they would be faithful to him in all things".[17]
Władysław I Herman, Duke of Poland was a cousin of King Ladislaus I of Hungary.[18] King Ladislaus I's intervented in a conflict between Władysław I Herman, Duke of Poland, and the duke's illegitimate son, Zbigniew.
King Ladislaus I marched to Poland and captured Herman's younger son, Boleslaus.
The Hungarian troops captured Kraków during Ladislaus' campaign.[18]
At Ladislaus' demand, Władysław I Herman declared Zbigniew his legitimate son.
When King Coloman of Hungary seized Croatia, Vitale I Michiel, Doge of Venice asked an ally against the Normans who threatened the Dalmatian cities. A huge Hungarian army was transported to Apulia by the Venetian navy, they defeated the Normans, the Hungarians captured Brindisi and Monopoli, thus the Normans was retreated from Dalmatia. The Hungarian army plundered the land and retreated after three months leaving the cities in the hand of the Venetians.[19]
The first group of crusaders was led by Walter Sans Avoir with 150,000 troops. King Coloman received them in a friendly way and allowed them into the kingdom. They proceeded through Hungary without any major conflicts, the only incident occurred near the Hungarian–Byzantine border at Zimony.[20]
The next group was headed by Peter the Hermit with 40,000 troops. King Coloman permitted them to enter Hungary only after Peter pledged that he would prevent them from pillaging the countryside, but Peter could not keep his promise, the crusaders plundered and raped locals. They reached Zimony, where they learned of the story of the previous conflict. The crusaders besieged and took the town, where they massacred many thousand Hungarians. They only withdrew when Coloman's troops approached them.[20]
The third band of crusaders was led by Folkmar with 12,000 men reached Nyitra and when they saw the richness of the countryside they began plundering the region. These were soon routed by the local Hungarians.[20]
A fourth army that came to Moson was led by Gottschalk with 15,000 men. They camped near Pannonhalma, to seize food and wine, the crusaders made frequent pillaging raids against the nearby settlements. King Coloman attacked and massacred the majority of them. The crusader mob of Gottschalk fled with 3,000 men from Hungary.[20]
Following these incidents, King Coloman forbade the crusaders who arrived under the leadership of Count Emicho with 200,000 men to enter Hungary. The crusaders besieged Moson, their catapults destroyed the walls in two places, enabling them to storm into the fortress. King Coloman defended the fortress. After six weeks the morale of the crusader mob began to fail, which inspired the Hungarians, a panic broke out among the attackers that enabled the garrison to carry out a sortie and rout them, and most of the mob was slaughtered or drowned in the river.[20]
The first crusader army organized by the Holy See was led by Godfrey of Bouillon with 80,000 troops. King Coloman agreed to meet with Godfrey in Sopron. The king allowed the crusaders to march through his kingdom but stipulated that Godfrey's younger brother Baldwin and his family should stay with him as hostages. The crusaders passed through Hungary peacefully along the right bank of the Danube, King Coloman and his army followed them on the left bank. He only released his hostages after all the crusaders had crossed the river Sava. The uneventful march of the main crusader army across Hungary established Coloman's good reputation throughout Europe.[20]
Petar Snačić was elected king by Croatian feudal lords in 1093. Petar's seat of power was based in Knin. Petar Snačić's rose up against the Hungarian rule between 1093 and 1097.
King Ladislaus I of Hungary died in 1095, leaving his nephew King Coloman of Hungary to continue the Croatian campaign. Coloman, as was the case with Ladislaus I before him, wasn't seen as a conqueror but rather as a pretender to the Croatian throne.
Coloman assembled a large army to press his claim on the throne and in 1097 defeated King Petar's troops in the Battle of Gvozd Mountain, who was killed in battle.
King Coloman was crowned in Biograd na Moru in 1102 and the title now claimed by Coloman was "King of Hungary, Dalmatia, and Croatia".
Mongol victory at the Battle of Mohi. Mongols retreated within a year from Hungary due to the local Hungarian withstand. Both sides suffered a heavy casualties.[28]
Decisive event for the history of Central Europe for the following centuries. The battle marked the beginning of the ascendancy of the House of Habsburg in Austria and Central Europe.
Árpáds were winning militarily, but Andrew III's death in 1301 extinguished the Árpád dynasty and triggered the Árpád war of succession in Hungary (1301–1308)
1 2 3 4 5 6 Szabados, György (August 2005). "Vereség háttér nélkül? Augsburg, 955"[Defeat without background? Augsburg, 955]. Hitel – irodalmi, művészeti és társadalmi folyóirat [literary, artistic and social journal] (in Hungarian) (8).
↑ Nagy 2007, p.168. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNagy2007 (help)
↑ Kristó Gyula: Levedi törzsszövetségétől Szent István államáig; Magvető Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 1980 p. 248 From Miracula Sancti Georgii. Hungarian translation: "A nyugati népek, azaz a bolgárok, magyarok, szküthák, médek és türkök leghevesebb felkelése történt" English translation from the Hungarian: It was the most violent upraising of the Western nations: the Bulgarians, Hungarians, Scythians, Medians and Turks
1 2 Bánlaky, József. "A 984. évi mölki összecsapás"[The Clash at Melk in 984]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme[The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
↑ Kosztolnyik, Z. J. (1981). Five Eleventh Century Hungarian Kings: Their Policies and their Relations with Rome. Boulder. p.82. ISBN0-914710-73-7.
↑ Érszegi, Géza; Solymosi, László (1981). "Az Árpádok királysága, 1000–1301" [The Monarchy of the Árpáds, 1000–1301]. In Solymosi, László (ed.). Magyarország történeti kronológiája, I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig[Historical Chronology of Hungary, Volume I: From the Beginning to 1526] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p.89. ISBN963-05-2661-1.
↑ Bánlaky, József. "A belgrádi hadjárat 1071-ben és a nisi hadművelet 1072-ben"[The Campaign of Belgrade in 1071 and the Campaign of Nis in 1072]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme[The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
↑ Bánlaky, József. "IV. Henrik hadjárata László ellen 1079-ben"[Campaign of Henry IV Against Ladislaus in 1079]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme[The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
1 2 3 4 Bánlaky, József. "László második hadjárata a kúnok ellen 1091-ben"[The Second Campaign of Ladislaus Against the Cumans in 1091]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme[The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
↑ Bánlaky, József. "Az 1092. évi orosz hadjárat"[The Russian Campaign of 1092]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme[The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
1 2 Bánlaky, József. "Az 1094. évi lengyel hadjárat"[The Polish Campaign of 1094]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme[The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
↑ Bánlaky, József. "Az 1095. évi horvátországi és apuliai hadjárat"[The Croatian and Apulian Campaign of 1095]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme[The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
↑ Bánlaky, József. "A dalmát kérdés. Bjelograd (Ó-Zára) meghódítása 1096-ban"[The Dalmatian Question. Conquest of Biograd (Old Zadar) in 1096]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme[The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
1 2 3 Bánlaky, József. "Az 1099. évi orosz hadjárat"[The Russian Campaign of 1099]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme[The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
↑ Bánlaky, József. "Az 1107. évi apuliai hadjárat"[The Apulian Campaign of 1107]. A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme[The Military History of the Hungarian Nation] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
↑ Srejović, Dragoslav. Mirković, Miroslava. et al.(1981). Istorija srpskog naroda – Prva knjiga: Od najstarijih vremena do Maričke bitke (1371). Istorija srpskog naroda u šest knjiga. Srpska književna zadruga Beograd. p.252
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