Arthur Michael Ramsey, Baron Ramsey of Canterbury, PC (14 November 1904 – 23 April 1988) was a British Church of England bishop and life peer. He served as the 100th Archbishop of Canterbury. He was appointed on 31 May 1961 and held the office until 1974, having previously been appointed Bishop of Durham in 1952 and the Archbishop of York in 1956.
Ramsey’s "life was rooted in prayer, worship and a sense of the reality of God, yet this was all tempered with a sense of humour which prevented it from ever degenerating into pomposity or unreal pietism. This spiritual depth was just as important for his leadership in an unsettled time as was his intellectual and theological power."[14]
In a lecture on Ramsey, John Macquarrie asked, "what kind of theologian was he?" and answered that "he was thoroughly Anglican". Macquarrie explained that Ramsey's theology is (1) "based on the scriptures", (2) the church's "tradition", and (3) "reason and conscience". Ramsey held to the Anglo-Catholic tradition, but he appreciated other points of view. This was especially true after he became a bishop who ministered to diverse Anglicans.[14]
As an Anglo-Catholic with a nonconformist background, Ramsey had a broad religious outlook. He had a particular regard for the Eastern Orthodox concept of "glory", and his favourite book he had written was his 1949 work The Transfiguration.[2]
Ramsey's first reaction to J. A. T. Robinson's Honest to God (1963) was hostile.[14] However, he soon published a short response entitled Image Old and New, in which he engaged seriously with Robinson's ideas.[2]
Conscious always of the atheism which his short-lived brother Frank had espoused, he maintained a lifelong respect for honest unbelief, and considered that such unbelief would not automatically be a barrier to salvation.[2] Acting on his respect for beliefs other than his, Ramsey made a barefoot visit to the grave of Mahatma Gandhi.[15]
Although he disagreed with a lot of Karl Barth's thinking, his relations with him were warm.[2]
Following observations of a religious mission at Cambridge, he had an early dislike of evangelists and mass rallies, which he feared relied too much on emotion. This led him to be critical of Billy Graham, although the two later became friends and Ramsey even took to the stage at a Graham rally in Rio de Janeiro.[2] One of his later books, The Charismatic Christ (1973), engaged with the charismatic movement.
Ramsey believed there was no decisive theological argument against women priests, although he was not entirely comfortable with this development. The first women priests in the Anglican Communion were ordained during his time as Archbishop of Canterbury.[2] In retirement he received communion from a woman priest in the United States.[15]
Ecumenical activities
Ramsey was active in the ecumenical movement, and while Archbishop of Canterbury in 1966 he met Pope Paul VI in Rome, where the Pope presented him with the episcopal (bishop's) ring he had worn as Archbishop of Milan.[16] The two prelates issued "The Common Declaration by Pope Paul VI and the Archbishop of Canterbury Dr Michael Ramsey". In it they said that their meeting "marks a new stage in the development of fraternal relations, based upon Christian charity, and of sincere efforts to remove the causes of conflict and to re-establish unity."[17]
Ramsey preached at the Roman Catholic St Patrick's Cathedral in New York City in 1972. It was the first time that a leader of the Anglican Communion had done so.[18] However, while fostering ties with the Roman Catholic Church, Ramsey criticised the Pope's 1968 encyclical Humanae Vitae against birth control.[18]
These warm relations with Rome caused Ramsey to be dogged by protests by fundamentalist Protestants, particularly Ian Paisley.[15]
As Archbishop of Canterbury, Ramsey served as president of the World Council of Churches (1961–68).[1] However, he opposed the granting of aid money by the World Council of Churches to guerrilla groups.[2]
Ramsey laying the foundation stone of the Church of All Saints in Dar es Salaam
Before entering the clergy, Michael Ramsey had participated in the Liberal Party. In 1925, Ramsey travelled with the debate club and spoke at multiple venues in the United States. Upon his return, he heard Lord Hugh Cecil remark that the Church was the place to go for those who wanted to help people, and Ramsey heard that as his vocation from God. He had sympathies with liberal politics for the rest of his life and admired H. H. Asquith.[19][20] He became close friends with party leader Jeremy Thorpe. Ramsey and his wife Joan were godparents of Thorpe's son Rupert, whom Ramsey baptized in 1969, and Ramsey officiated at Thorpe's second marriage to Marion Stein. Both Ramsey and Thorpe had lost family members to car collisions: Ramsey's mother in 1927 and Thorpe's first wife Caroline in 1970.
Ramsey disliked the power of the government over the church. "Establishment has never been one of my enthusiasms," he said, and "he was not at ease with the royal family."[2] He supported the decriminalisation of homosexuality in the 1960s, which brought him enemies in the House of Lords.[2][18]
In 1965, "he outraged right-wingers when he declared that under certain circumstances, there would be Christian justice in using British troops to overthrow the white-minority regime [of Ian Smith] in Rhodesia."[18] He also called the Vietnam War a "futility".[18] Regarding Africa, Ramsey opposed curbs on immigration to the UK of Kenyan Asians, which he saw as a betrayal by Britain of a promise. He was against apartheid, and he left an account of a very frosty encounter with John Vorster.[2] In 1970, Ramsey attacked apartheid, saying that it was "being increased by more ruthless actions” and describing it as an "abuse of power at the expense of others".[18] He was also a critic of the Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet.[2]
Later life
Michael Ramsey in 1974
After retiring as Archbishop of Canterbury on 15 November 1974[21] he was created a life peer, as Baron Ramsey of Canterbury, of Canterbury in Kent, enabling him to remain in the House of Lords where he had previously sat as one of the Lords Spiritual.
Although retired, Ramsey remained active, "a fact reflected in his writing of four books and numerous additional undertakings".[22]
He went to live first at Cuddesdon, where he did not settle particularly well, and then for a number of years back in Durham, where he was regularly seen slowly making his way through the cathedral, and talking to students. A benevolent and popular figure, he occasionally participated in services there, notably giving an address at the 1984 dedication of the Marks & Spencer financed Daily Bread window, on the topic of St Michael.[23] However, Durham's hills were rather steep for him and he and Lady Ramsey accepted the offer of a flat at Bishopthorpe in York by then archbishop John Habgood. They stayed there just over a year, moving finally to St John's Home, attached to the All Saints' Sisters in Cowley, Oxford, where he died in April 1988.[2]
During his retirement, he also spent several terms at Nashotah House, an Anglo-Catholic seminary of the Episcopal Church in Wisconsin where he was much beloved by students. A first-floor flat was designated "Lambeth West" for his personal use. A stained-glass window in the Chapel, bears his image and the same inscription as is on the memorial near his grave.[2] The window (placed in the chapel by the class of 1976 who were among his first students at Nashotah) also includes a miniature image of the Bishop and his wife Joan. Ramsey Hall at Nashotah House was named in his honor, and is a residence for students and families. The Board of Directors of Nashotah House also presents, from time to time, the Michael Ramsey award for distinguished mission or ecumenical service in the Anglican Communion.
Ramsey's funeral was held in Canterbury Cathedral on 3 May. He was cremated and his ashes buried in the cloister garden at the cathedral, not far from the grave of William Temple. His wife's ashes were also buried there. On the memorial stone are inscribed words from St Irenaeus: "The Glory of God is the living man; And the life of man is the vision of God." A side chapel at Canterbury Cathedral was subsequently dedicated to Ramsey's memory, situated next to a similar memorial chapel to Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher.[2] Ramsey had no children. Lady Ramsey died on 17 February 1995 and was buried alongside her husband.
Honours
Ramsey received numerous honours, he was an honorary fellow of Magdalene College and Selwyn College, Cambridge, and of Merton College, Keble College, and St Cross College, Oxford. He was made an honorary master of the bench, Inner Temple in 1962; was a trustee of the British Museum from 1963 to 1969; and made an honorary Fellow of the British Academy in 1983. He held honorary degrees from Durham, Leeds, Edinburgh, Cambridge, Hull, Manchester, London, Oxford, Kent, and Keele and from a number of overseas universities.”[22]
Legacy
Dr Sam Brewitt-Taylor, a historian at Lincoln College, University of Oxford,[24] holds that “there is much more historical and theoretical work to be done before Ramsey’s legacy can be properly ascertained.”[25]
An annual Michael Ramsey Lecture on an appropriate theological topic is delivered at Little St Mary's, Cambridge in early November.
Michael Ramsey Prize for theological writing launched in 2005 and awarded every three years.[27]
Items found in River Wear
In October 2009 it was reported by Maev Kennedy that two divers had found a number of gold and silver items in the River Wear in Durham which were subsequently discovered to have come from Ramsey's personal collection, including items presented to him from dignitaries around the world while he was Archbishop of Canterbury. It is unclear how they came to be in the river. The divers were licensed by the dean and chapter of the cathedral as the owners of the land around the stretch of the river where the items were found. The current legal ownership of the items is yet to be determined. The cathedral was planning an exhibition relating to Ramsey's life in 2010 and a new stained-glass window dedicated to him by artist Tom Denny.[28]
The two amateur divers, brothers Gary and Trevor Bankhead, found a total of 32 religious artefacts in the River Wear in Durham during a full underwater survey of the area around Prebends Bridge. The underwater survey commenced in April 2007 and took two and half years to complete. The finds were individually handed over to the resident archaeologist from Durham Cathedral to formally record where and when they were found.[29]
Works
Books
The Gospel and the Catholic Church (1936)
The Resurrection of Christ (1945)
The Glory of God and the Transfiguration of Christ (1949)
F. D. Maurice and the Conflicts of Modern Theology (1951)
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References
1 2 "Michael Ramsey, Baron Ramsey of Canterbury". Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica Academic (Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2016. Web).
↑ "History". www.lincoln.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
↑ Dr Sam Brewitt-Taylor, review of Archbishop Ramsey: The Shape of the Church, (review no. 1884) DOI: 10.14296/RiH/2014/1884 Date accessed: 17 March 2016.
Dales, Douglas J., 'Glory – the Spiritual Theology of Michael Ramsey (Canterbury Press, Norwich, 2003)
Dales, Douglas J.,(ed. with Geoffrey Rowell, John Habgood, & Rowan Williams) 'Glory Descending – Michael Ramsey and His Writings (Canterbury Press, Norwich/Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 2005)
Jared C. Cramer. Safeguarded by Glory: Michael Ramsey's Ecclesiology and the Struggles of Contemporary Anglicanism. Lexington Books, 2010. ISBN0-7391-4271-2
Michael De-la-Noy, Michael Ramsey: A Portrait. HarperCollins 1990. ISBN0-00-627567-2
J.B. Simpson. The Hundredth Archbishop of Canterbury. New York, 1962.
Christopher Martin (ed.), Great Christian Centuries to Come. Essays in honour of A. M. Ramsey London, 1974
Robin Gill and Lorna Kendall (eds), Michael Ramsey as Theologian London, 1995
Peter Webster, Archbishop Ramsey. The shape of the church. Farnham: Ashgate (now Routledge), 2015.
Michael Ramsey, The Anglican Spirit, edited, annotated, and introduced by Dale Coleman, Cowley Publications,1991. Reissued by Church Publications, 2004, as a Seabury Classic, with a Foreword by Archbishop Rowan Williams.
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