Sodium trimetaphosphate

Last updated
Sodium trimetaphosphate [1]
Sodium trimetaphosphate.png
Names
Other names
Sodium trimetaphosphate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.029.171 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
EC Number
  • 232-088-3
KEGG
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/3Na.H3O9P3/c;;;1-10(2)7-11(3,4)9-12(5,6)8-10/h;;;(H,1,2)(H,3,4)(H,5,6)/q3*+1;/p-3
    Key: UGTZMIPZNRIWHX-UHFFFAOYSA-K
  • hexahydrate:InChI=1S/3Na.H3O9P3.6H2O/c;;;1-10(2)7-11(3,4)9-12(5,6)8-10;;;;;;/h;;;(H,1,2)(H,3,4)(H,5,6);6*1H2/q3*+1;;;;;;;/p-3
    Key: LHBMIJXEORAANY-UHFFFAOYSA-K
  • O=P(OP(O1)([O-])=O)([O-])OP1([O-])=O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+]
  • hexahydrate:O.O.O.O.O.O.[O-]P1(=O)OP(=O)(OP(=O)(O1)[O-])[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+]
Properties
Na3P3O9
Molar mass 305.885 g/mol
Appearancecolorless or white crystals
Density 2.49 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
1.786 g/cm3 (hexahydrate)
Melting point 53 °C (127 °F; 326 K) (hexahydrate, decomposes to anyhdrous)
22 g/100 mL
Solubility insoluble in alcohol
1.433 (hexahydrate)
Structure
triclinic (hexahydrate)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Sodium trimetaphosphate (also STMP), with formula Na3P3O9, is one of the metaphosphates of sodium. It has the formula Na3P3O9 but the hexahydrate Na3P3O9·(H2O)6 is also well known. It is the sodium salt of trimetaphosphoric acid. It is a colourless solid that finds specialised applications in food and construction industries: it is used as a phosphorylating agent for ascorbic acid to stabilize vitamin C mixtures against thermal decomposition; in the construction industry, sodium trimetaphosphate is used to prevent the shrinkage of gypsum plaster boards (US Pat. 03/0154888) and as a setting retarder for gypsum plaster. [2]

Although drawn with a particular resonance structure, the trianion has high symmetry. [3]

Portion of the solid state structure of Na3P3O9*(H2O)6, as determined by X-ray crystallography. Highlighted is the P3O9 ring and some hydrogen bonding. Atoms are color coded as: purple = P, red = O, cyan = Na, white = H. Na3P3O9(H2O)3(CollCode345).png
Portion of the solid state structure of Na3P3O9·(H2O)6, as determined by X-ray crystallography. Highlighted is the P3O9 ring and some hydrogen bonding. Atoms are color coded as: purple = P, red = O, cyan = Na, white = H.

Synthesis and reactions

Trisodium trimetaphosphate is produced industrially by heating sodium dihydrogen phosphate to 550 °C, a method first developed in 1955: [5]

3 NaH2PO4 → Na3P3O9 + 3 H2O

The trimetaphosphate dissolves in water and is precipitated by the addition of sodium chloride (common ion effect), affording the hexahydrate. [6] STMP can also prepared by heating samples of sodium polyphosphate, [2] or by a thermal reaction of orthophosphoric acid and sodium chloride at 600°C. [7] [8]

3 H3PO4 + 3 NaCl → Na3P3O9 + 3 H2O + 3 HCl

Hydrolysis of the ring leads to the acyclic sodium triphosphate:

Na3P3O9 + H2O → H2Na3P3O10

The analogous reaction of the metatriphosphate anion involves ring-opening by amine nucleophiles. [9]

References

  1. ↑ Lide, David R. (1998). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 4–86. ISBN   0-8493-0594-2.
  2. 1 2 Klaus Schrödter; Gerhard Bettermann; Thomas Staffel; Friedrich Wahl; Thomas Klein; Thomas Hofmann (2008). "Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_465.pub3. ISBN   978-3527306732. S2CID   94458523.
  3. ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 530. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN   978-0-08-037941-8.
  4. ↑ Tordjman, I.; Durif, A.; Guitel, J. C. (1976). "Structure Cristalline du Trimétaphosphate de Sodium Hexahydraté: Na3P3O9*6H2O". Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry. 32 (6): 1871–1874. Bibcode:1976AcCrB..32.1871T. doi:10.1107/S0567740876006560.
  5. ↑ Thilo, Erich; Grunze, Herbert (December 1955). "Zur Chemie der kondensierten Phosphate und Arsenate. XIII. Der Entwässerungsverlauf der Dihydrogenmonophosphate des Li, Na, K, und NH4". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 281 (5–6): 262–283. doi:10.1002/zaac.19552810504.
  6. ↑ Bell, R. N. (1950). "Sodium Metaphosphates". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 3. pp. 103–106. doi:10.1002/9780470132340.ch26.
  7. ↑ Minh, Doan Pham; Ramaroson, Jocelyn; Nzihou, Ange; Sharrock, Patrick; Depelsenaire, Guy (1 January 2012). "A New Route for the Synthesis of Alkali Polyphosphate from Economical Starting Materials: Preparation and Characterization of Sodium Cyclotriphosphate" (PDF). Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements. 187 (1): 112–120. doi:10.1080/10426507.2011.590950. S2CID   98164275.
  8. ↑ Pham Minh, Doan; Ramaroson, Jocelyn; Nzihou, Ange; Sharrock, Patrick (14 March 2012). "One-Step Synthesis of Sodium Trimetaphosphate (Na 3 P 3 O 9 ) from Sodium Chloride and Orthophosphoric Acid" (PDF). Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 51 (10): 3851–3854. doi:10.1021/ie201085b. S2CID   98235073.
  9. ↑ Bezold, Dominik; Dürr, Tobias; Singh, Jyoti; Jessen, Henning J. (2020). "Cyclotriphosphate: A Brief History, Recent Developments, and Perspectives in Synthesis". Chemistry – A European Journal. 26 (11): 2298–2308. Bibcode:2020ChEuJ..26.2298B. doi:10.1002/chem.201904433. PMC   7065162 . PMID   31637774.


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