Timeline of Philippine political history

Last updated

This article presents a timeline of Philippine political history focused on governmental transitions of the Philippine archipelago, major polities, invasion attempts, and insurgency movements from the pre-Hispanic period to the present. [nb 1] The information presented here is highly summarized, and more complete information can be found in more detailed articles linked below.

Contents

Major Polities and governmental transitions
Date range [lower-alpha 1] Before 900 –
April 27, 1565 		April 27, 1565 –
December 10, 1898 		August 24, 1896 –
May 10, 1897 		March 22, 1897 –
November 1, 1897 		November 1, 1897 –
December 14, 1897 		May 24, 1898 –
June 23, 1898 		June 23, 1898 –
January 23, 1899 		January 23, 1899 –
March 23, 1901 		August 14, 1898 –
July 1, 1902 		May 6, 1902 –
July 14, 1906 		July 4, 1901 –
November 15, 1935 		November 15, 1935 –
October 22, 1946 		October 14, 1943 –
August 17, 1945 		July 4, 1946 –
December 30, 1965 		December 30, 1965 –
February 25, 1986 		February 2, 1987 –
Sovereign
entity		NoneSpainIn transition [lower-alpha 2] United States Disputed Republic of the Philippines
Governing bodyNoneFlag of Cross of Burgundy.svgFlag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Spanish East Indies Disputed [lower-alpha 3] Flag of the United States.svg Philippine Commission Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svgFlag of the Philippines (1946-1998).svg  Commonwealth of the Philippines Flag of the Philippines (1943-1945).svg  Second Philippine Republic Republic of the Philippines
Polities Pre-Colonial Philippines Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svgFlag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Spanish East Indies Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svgFlag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Spanish East Indies
Battle Flag of Tagalog Republic.svg Republika ng Katagalugan
aka
Haring-Bayang Katagalugan 		Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svgFlag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Spanish East Indies
Flag of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation.svg Republica Filipina

aka
Republica de Filipina aka
Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan

Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svgFlag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Spanish East Indies
Flag of the Biak-na-Bato.svg Republica de Filipinas 		Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svgFlag of Spain (1785-1873, 1875-1931).svg Spanish East Indies [lower-alpha 4]
Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg U.S. Colonial Government [lower-alpha 5]
Flag of the Philippines (1898-1901).svg Gobierno Dictatorial de Filipinas 		Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg U.S. Colonial Government [lower-alpha 5] Flag of the Philippines (1898-1901).svg Gobierno Revolucionario de Filipinas Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg U.S. Colonial Government [lower-alpha 5]
Flag of the Philippines (1898-1901).svg  Republica Filipina 		Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg U.S. Colonial Government [lower-alpha 5] Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg Taft Commission

[lower-alpha 5] Flag of the Katagalugan Republic.svg Republika ng Katagalugan

aka

Republika ng Kapuluang Katagalugan

Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svgFlag of the Philippines (1919-1936).svg US Insular Government Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svgFlag of the Philippines (1946-1998).svg  Commonwealth of the Philippines Flag of the Philippines (1943-1945).svg  Second Philippine Republic [lower-alpha 6] and Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svgFlag of the Philippines (1946-1998).svg Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines Flag of the Philippines (navy blue).svg Third Republic of the Philippines Flag of the Philippines (light blue).svg Fourth Republic of the Philippines Flag of the Philippines.svg Fifth Republic of the Philippines
Entries below this point reflect the viewpoint of the post-independence government of the Philippines regarding pre-independence history
Constitutional Document Colonial authority of The Crown Katipunan constitution, laws and official decreesOfficial decrees of Aguinaldo Provisional Constitution Official decrees of Aguinaldo Malolos Constitution Katipunan constitution, laws and official decrees United States Constitution 1935 Constitution 1943 Constitution 1935 Constitution 1973 Constitution 1987 Constitution
Capital Manila Morong San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite San Miguel, Bulacan Bacoor, Cavite Malolos, Bulacan Malolos, Bulacan Morong Manila Manila
Form of Government Barangay state Spanish Colony Unrecognized provisional revolutionary republic Unrecognized provisional revolutionary republicUnrecognized provisional revolutionary constitutional republic Unrecognized provisional dictatorship Unrecognized provisional revolutionary republicUnrecognized Unitary semi-presidential constitutional revolutionary republicUnrecognized provisional revolutionary republic Military occupational transitional government Unincorporated territories of the United States Presidential commonwealth Single-party authoritarian Republic (recognized only by Axis) Unitary presidential Constitutional republic Unitary dominant-party pseudo-parliamentary republic under totalitarian civic-military rule Unitary presidential constitutional republic
Head of State Datu, Rajah, Sultan Supreme President/President of the Sovereign Nation President of the Philippines President of the Philippines Dictator President of the Philippines President of the Philippines Supreme President US President US President President of the Philippines President of the Philippines President of the Philippines President of the Philippines President of the Philippines
Head of Government Spanish Governor-General Prime Minister of the Philippines US Military Governor- General US Insular Governor- General Japanese Military Governor Prime Minister of the Philippines
LegislativeCouncil of EldersKataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council)Consejo Supremo Revolutionary Congress Malolos Congress Philippine Legislature National Assembly Congress of the Philippines Batasang Pambansa Congress of the Philippines
JudiciaryDatu as Presiding Officer
  • Council of Elders as Jurors
 Real Audiencia Camara Reina (Secret Judicial Chamber)Supreme Council of Grace and Justice Court Martial Supreme Court US Supreme Court Supreme Court of the Philippines
MilitaryDatu as Military Commander
  • Qualified members of the Barangay as soldiers
 Spanish Imperial Army;
Guarda Civil 		Katipunan Philippine Revolutionary Army Philippine Republican Army Katipunan United States Army United States Army;
USA Philippine Division;
Philippine Constabulary;
Philippine Scouts 		Armed Forces of the Philippines;
USA Philippine Division;
Philippine Constabulary 		Armed Forces of the Philippines
Currency Piloncitos Peso Japanese government-issued Philippine peso Peso
Official Language(s) Spanish Tagalog Tagalog, Spanish Tagalog English, Tagalog English English, Spanish Japanese, Filipino, Spanish English, Filipino
State ReligionNone; Islam in sultanates Roman Catholicism Separation of church and state
Invasions and Insurgencies

In 1529, Spain claimed dominion over the Philippine archipelago on the basis of Magellan's discovery, a valid mode of acquisition at the time. [3] Various local revolts erupted throughout Spanish rule. [lower-alpha 7]

Battles of La Naval de Manila, a series of five naval battles between Spanish and Dutch forces in 1646.

The Ilustrados "enlightened ones" constituted the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. Mostly based outside the Philippines, they helped mold the flame of a united Filipino nationalism and identity in the islands. Almost all previous insurgencies were tribal, provincial and regional in nature.

  • The Katipunan secret revolutionary society, formed in 1892, became an insurgent government in August when armed conflict against Spain breaks out upon its discovery. [4] This begins what is generally called the Philippine Revolution.
  • January 1895 – Andrés Bonifacio assumes Supreme Presidency of the Katipunan.
  • August 1896 – Upon the Katipunan's discovery, the Katipunan Supreme Council was reorganised into a "cabinet" of an insurgent revolutionary government. Andrés Bonifacio is re-elected Kataastaasang Pangulo or Presidente Supremo, Supreme President of the Katipunan. The Katipunan and its successor insurgent movements regarded themselves as legitimate governments from this point onwards. [5] [6] Bonifacio referred to the Katipunan-based insurgent government as the "Republic of the Tagalog Nation/People" (Tagalog: Republika ng Katagalugan) and to the insurgent "Philippine nation" as the "Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People" (Haring-Bayang Katagalugan), with "republic" and "sovereign nation" effectively being synonyms, and "Tagalog" used in place of "Filipino" but referred to the whole Philippines and its people. [7] [8] [9]
March 22, 1897 – Emilio Aguinaldo is elected president of a government meant to replace the prior Katipunan insurgent government by attendees of the Tejeros Convention. He was sworn in the day after and fully assumed the office by April despite Bonifacio having annulled the convention proceedings. [10] Established as an insurgent constitutional republic on November 2, 1897, with Aguinaldo as President. This insurgent government had a constitution, President, Vice President, etc.

December 14, 1897 – Signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, suspending the insurgency. Aguinaldo and other insurgent leaders went into voluntary overseas exile. Armed activities temporarily officially halted by the Filipino revolutionary forces.

Central Executive Committee

April 1898 – General Francisco Makabulos forms the insurgent General Executive Committee of Northern Luzon, intended to be a provisional government "until a general government of the Republic in these islands shall again be established." This insurgent government had a constitution, President, Vice President, etc. [11] [12]

May 1, 1898 – Hostilities between the U.S. and Spain commenced in the Philippines. [13]
  • 19 May – Aguinaldo returns to the Philippines. [14]
  • 24 May – Aguinaldo announces in Cavite, "... I return to assume command of all the forces for the attainment of our lofty aspirations, establishing a dictatorial government which will set forth decrees under my sole responsibility, ..." [15]
  • June 12, 1898 – Independence is proclaimed in Kawit by the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines. [16]
  • June 18 – Aguinaldo proclaims dictatorial government. [17] [18]
June 23, 1899 – Aguinaldo issues proclamation replacing his dictatorial government with a revolutionary one. [19] [20] January 22, 1899 – Promulgation of the Malolos Constitution. Replaces Aguinaldo's insurgent revolutionary government with the Malolos Republic, also known as the First Philippine Republic, with Aguinaldo as president. [21] Although the republic never received foreign recognition, Filipinos consider Aguinaldo to be the first president based on this. [22]

Gen. Miguel Malvar, successor of Aguinaldo continued the fight until he surrendered in 1902. Clashes with Moro rebels continued in the south.

  • In 1902, General Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member, revived Bonifacio's Republika ng Katagalugan (simplified to "Tagalog Republic" by Americans), and held the presidency with Francisco Carreón as vice president. In April 1904, Sakay issued a manifesto declaring Filipino right to self-determination at a time when support for independence was considered a crime by the American occupation forces in the Philippines. [23]
  • The republic ended in 1906 when Sakay and his leading followers surrendered upon being promised amnesty. Instead they were arrested, and in the following year were executed as bandits. [24]
Until 1913 scattered resistance to U.S. rule continued based on the First Republic's or the Katipunan's platforms.

From then until 1935 there was no organized mass resistance, but small pockets of defiance still persisted coming mostly from various religious sects, sakdalistas and die-hard republikanos.

Small segments of opposition continued from a new front, mainly from the legal nationalist and labor groups.

Following the end of World War II, there was resistance from the Hukbalahap and the short lived/progressive political party, Democratic Alliance (DA).

 Hukbalahap
  • On March 29, 1942, peasant leaders determined to oppose the Japanese invasion met in a forest clearing at the junction of the provinces of Tarlac, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija to organize a resistance movement against the Japanese invaders. The movement was designated Hukbó ng Bayan Laban sa Hapón (People's Army Against Japan) or Hukbalahap. [25]
Resistance from Hukbalahap continued. [26] Hukbalahap later changed its name to "Hukbong Magpapalaya ng Bayan" (People's Liberation Army) or simply "Huks".
  • On May 17, 1954, Luis Taruc, leader of the Hukbalahap/Huk movement, surrendered unconditionally and announced that he "unreservedly recognized the authority of president Magsaysay and the sovereignty of the republic of the Philippines." [27]
None, or See Notes
Sovereignty notesPhilippines as one whole national entity was non-existent. Islands comparable to Greece composed of numerous sovereign and independent chiefdoms, several minor kingdoms and thalassocracies such as the Kedatuan of Madja-as, the rajahnates of Cebu and Butuan, Sultanates of Maguindanao, Lanao and Sulu who were all already engaged in trading with the Chinese, Japanese, Malaysians, Indonesians, the Arabs and the Indians.

Considered by Western nations as territorium nullius (an expression deriving from Roman Law meaning "empty land," or "land belonging to no one"). [28]

  • August 14, 1898 – The day after the surrender of Manila to their forces, General Wesley Merritt established a military government over portions of the country under American control. [33]
  • December 10, 1898 – Spain cedes the Philippines to the United States. [34]
  • January 1/2, 1899 – Acting Spanish Governor-General Diego de los Ríos returns to Manila from Zamboanga. [35]
  • January 4 – U.S. General Elwell Otis issues proclamation announcing the United States as having obtained possession and control of all of the Philippines from the Spanish. [36]
  • February 6, 1899 – Treaty of Paris is ratified by the U.S. Senate. [37]
  • March 19 – Treaty of Paris is ratified by the Queen-Regent of Spain. [37]
  • April 11 – Following exchange of treaty ratifications between the U.S. and Spain, the Philippines became an Unincorporated Territory of the United States. [37]
  • On June 2, 1899, undeclared general hostilities between U.S. and Philippine forces having been ongoing since February 4, the Malolos Republic promulgated a Declaration of War against the United States, [38] thereby officially beginning the Philippine–American War.
  • Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Malolos Republic, was captured by U.S. Forces on March 23, 1901.
  • Aguinaldo signed a formal surrender document on April 19, 1901, acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout the entire archipelago. The war was officially declared over by the United States government in July 1902. [39]
  • However, military resistance continued for several years and was labelled as mere banditry and brigandage (Spanish: bandolerismo) by the American authorities. One example was the resistance of Macario Sakay, who revived Bonifacio's Katipunan government as opposed to Aguinaldo's.
  • Following the American forces taking control of Jolo on May 18, 1899, and at Zamboanga in December 1899, Moros resisted the Americans as they had the Spanish in what is termed the Moro Rebellion.
The Commonwealth of the Philippines, still under U.S. sovereignty, was inaugurated on November 15, 1935. The enabling legislation, the Tydings–McDuffie Act, provided for a ten-year period of transition to full independence.
  • On July 4, 1946, the United States recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation. [41]
  • On October 16, 1947, the United Kingdom transferred the administration of the Mangsee Islands and the seven Philippine Turtle Islands to the Philippines. Before that the islands were under Philippine sovereignty but United Kingdom administration. [42]
Notes
  1. ↑ Date ranges are approximate, and are generally drawn from the Establishment and Disestablishment dates of individual polities in the Polities ros.
  2. ↑ On January 23, 1899, Philippine revolutionary forces promulgated the First Philippine Republic and, unrecognized by the international community, proclaimed its sovereignty over the Philippines. This occurred while the Spanish–American War was ongoing, with an active theater of combat in the Philippines. Negotiations to end that war began on September 26, 1898 and, ended on December 10 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris, Article III of that treaty transferred sovereignty over the Philippines from Spain to the United States.
  3. ↑ During the period from May to December 1898 Spanish sovereignty over the Philippines was not in dispute but, after the Philippines became a theater of combat in the Spanish–American War in May 1898, the Philippine Revolution was renewed with American support. Philippine revolutionary forces declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, in the midst of continuing engagement. Negotiations in Paris to end the war concluded on December 10, 1898 with the Treaty of Paris, in which Spain agreed to cede the Philippines and other territories to the U.S.
  4. ↑ Ended with the signing of the 1898 Treaty of Paris.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 U.S. Military Government was established on August 14, 1898. [1] The Taft Commission was established on March 16, 1900 with legislative authority, [2] and established civil government over areas as U.S. control solidified. The office of the Military Governor was abolished with the passage of the Philippine Organic Act on July 1, 1902.
  6. ↑ The Second Philippine Republic was established on January 3, 1942 and dissolved on October 14, 1943. It followed the provisional Philippine Executive Commission, established on January 3, 1942 after the December 8, 1941 Japanese invasion of the Philippines.
  7. ↑ These revolts included:
    • Dagami Revolt (1567), Manila Revolt (1574), Pampangos Revolt (1585), Conspiracy of the Maharlikas (Luzon), Tondo Conspiracy (1587–1588), Revolts Against the Tribute (1589), Magalat Revolt (1596)
    • Igorot Revolt (1601), Chinese revolt of 1602, Irraya Revolt (1621), Tamblot Revolt (1621–1622), Bankaw Revolt (1621–1622), Isneg Revolt (1625–1627), Cagayan Revolt (1639), Ladia Revolt (1643), Zambales Revolt (1645), Pampanga Revolt (1645), Sumuroy Revolt (1649–50), Pintados Revolt (1649–1650), Zambal Revolt (1660), Maniago Revolt (1660), Malong Revolt (1660–1661), Ilocano Revolt (1661), Chinese revolt of 1662, Panay Revolt (1663), Sambal Revolt (1681–1683), Tingco plot (1686), Rivera Revolt (1718), Magtanĝaga Revolt (1718), Caragay Revolt (1719), Dagohoy Rebellion (1744–1829), Agrarian Revolt (1745–1746)
    • Silang Revolt (1762–63), Palaris Revolt (1762–1765), Camarines Revolt (1762–1764), Cebu Revolt (1762–1764), Dabo and Marayac Revolt (1763), Isabela Revolt (1763)
    • Lagutao Revolt (1785), Ilocos Norte Revolt (1788), Magtanong and Malibiran Revolt (1787), Nueva Vizcaya Revolt (1805), Ambaristo Revolt (1807), Ilocos Norte Revolt (1811), Sarat Revolt (1815), Bayot Revolt (1822), Novales Mutiny (1823), Parang and Upay Revolt (1822–1835), Pule Revolt (1840–1841), Camerino Revolt (1865–1869), Labios Revolt (1870–1871), Cavite Mutiny (1872).

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ This article may be incomplete; lacking, in particular, information regarding the MNLF, MILF and Abu Sayyaf groups which should possibly be included. See e.g., the Civil conflict in the Philippines article.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emilio Aguinaldo</span> President of the Philippines from 1899 to 1901

Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy was a Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and military leader who is the youngest president of the Philippines (1899–1901) and became the first president of the Philippines and of an Asian constitutional republic. He led the Philippine forces first against Spain in the Philippine Revolution (1896–1898), then in the Spanish–American War (1898), and finally against the United States during the Philippine–American War (1899–1901).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Katipunan</span> 1892–1897 Philippine revolutionary society against Spanish rule

The Katipunan, officially the Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan and abbreviated as the KKK,(Not to be confused with the Ku Klux Klan) was a revolutionary organization founded in 1892 by a group of Filipino nationalists Deodato Arellano, Andrés Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Diwa, José Dizon, and Teodoro Plata. Its primary objective was achieving independence from the Spanish Empire through an armed revolution. It was formed as a secret society before its eventual discovery by Spanish authorities in August 1896. This discovery led to the start of the Philippine Revolution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrés Bonifacio</span> Filipino revolutionaries of the unity of the Philippines (1863–1897)

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro was a Filipino revolutionary leader. He is often called "The Father of the Philippine Revolution", and considered one of the national heroes of the Philippines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lapulapu</span> Datu of Mactan (fl. 1521)

Lapulapu or Lapu-Lapu, whose name was first recorded as Çilapulapu, was a datu (chief) of Mactan, an island now part of the Philippines. Lapulapu is known for the 1521 Battle of Mactan, where he and his men defeated Spanish forces led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and his native allies Rajah Humabon and Datu Zula. Magellan's death in battle ended his voyage of circumnavigation and delayed the Spanish occupation of the islands by over forty years until the expedition of Miguel López de Legazpi in 1564.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philippine Revolution</span> 1896–1898 Philippine war of independence against the Spanish Empire

The Philippine Revolution was a war of independence waged by the revolutionary organization Katipunan against Spain from 1896 to 1898. It was the culmination of the 333-year colonial rule of Spain to the archipelago. The Philippines were among the last colonies of the Spanish Empire, which saw a massive decline particularly in the 1890s. Cuba rebelled in 1895, and the empire soon fought against the United States in a war that they lost. In June 1898, Philippine revolutionaries declared independence. However, this was not recognized by Spain, which sold the islands to the United States in the Treaty of Paris.

Tagalog Republic is a term used to refer to two revolutionary governments involved in the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire and the Philippine–American War. Both were connected to the Katipunan revolutionary movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Miguel Malvar</span> Filipino general

Miguel Malvar y Carpio was a Filipino general who served during the Philippine Revolution and, subsequently, during the Philippine–American War. He assumed command of the Philippine revolutionary forces during the latter, following the capture of resistance leader Emilio Aguinaldo by the Americans in 1901. According to some, he could have been listed as one of the presidents of the Philippines; however, as of 2023, is not recognized as such by the Philippine government.

The Philippine–American War, also known as the Philippine War of Independence or the Philippine Insurrection (1899–1902), was an armed conflict between Filipino revolutionaries and the government of the United States which arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following the Philippines being acquired by the United States from Spain. This article lists significant events from before, during, and after that war, with links to other articles containing more detail.

A national hero of the Philippines is a Filipino who has been recognized as a national hero for their role in the history of the Philippines. Loosely, the term may refer to all historical figures recognized as heroes, but the term more strictly refers to those officially designated as such. In 1995 the Philippine National Heroes Committee officially recommended several people for the designation, but this was not acted upon. As of 2023, no one had ever been officially recognized as a Philippine national hero.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Philippine Republic</span> Self-proclaimed independent republic, 1899–1902

The Philippine Republic, now officially remembered as the First Philippine Republic and also referred to by historians as the Malolos Republic, was established in Malolos, Bulacan during the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire (1896–1898) and the Spanish–American War between Spain and the United States (1898) through the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution on January 22, 1899, succeeding the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines. It was formally established with Emilio Aguinaldo as president. It maintained governance until April 1, 1901.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Philippines (1898–1946)</span>

The history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 is known as the American colonial period, and began with the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, when the Philippines was still a colony of the Spanish East Indies, and concluded when the United States formally recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4, 1946.

On November 1, 1897, the Republic of Biak-na-Bato was established in the cave of Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan. A special election was called for the new Supreme Council to oversee the newly established government on November 2, 1897 in the Philippines.

The Division of City Schools – Manila, or simply the DCS-Manila, is a division under the supervision of the Department of Education. It also refers to the three-tier public education system in Manila, Philippines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</span> Government during the Philippine Revolution

The Republic of Biak-na-Bato was the second revolutionary republican government led by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution that referred to itself as the Republic of the Philippines and was seated in what is now Biak-na-Bato National Park. The current designation was adopted by historians to avoid confusion with the name of the current Philippine government, which also refers to itself as the Republic of the Philippines, and with other past Philippine governments using the same designation.

Daniel Tirona y Tria was a Filipino politician. He became infamous for causing divisions within the Philippine revolutionary movement and for insulting and maligning Andres Bonifacio during the Tejeros Convention in 1897.

The sovereignty of the Philippines refers to the status of the Philippines as an independent nation. This article covers sovereignty transitions relating to the Philippines, with particular emphasis on the passing of sovereignty from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris (1898), signed on December 10, 1898, to end the Spanish–American War. US President William McKinley asserted the United States' sovereignty over the Philippines on December 21, 1898, through his Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands</span> 1898–1902 U.S. administration of the Philippines

The United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands was a military government in the Philippines established by the United States on August 14, 1898, a day after the capture of Manila, with General Wesley Merritt acting as military governor. During military rule (1898–1902), the U.S. military commander governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president as Commander-in-Chief of the United States Armed Forces. After the appointment of a civil Governor-General, the procedure developed that as parts of the country were pacified and placed firmly under American control, responsibility for the area would be passed to the civilian.

References

  1. ↑ Philippines; United States Philippine Commission (1904). "Military Proclamation, August 14, 1898". Public Laws Enacted by the Philippine Legislature: During the Period from Sept. 1, 1900 to Nov. 14, 1935; Comprising Acts Nos. 1 to 4275. Bureau of Printing. p. 567.
  2. ↑ Kalaw 1927, pp.  452–459
  3. ↑ Bautista 2009, p. 12.
  4. ↑ Agoncillo 1990, p. 172.
  5. ↑ Zaide 1968, pp.  238, 285.
  6. ↑ Ricarte 1926, p. 27.
  7. ↑ Guerrero, Milagros; Schumacher, S.J., John (1998). Reform and Revolution. Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People. Vol. 5. Asia Publishing Company Limited. ISBN   962-258-228-1.
  8. ↑ Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnación, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramón (1996). "Andrés Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution". Sulyap Kultura. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. 1 (2): 3–12. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2009.
  9. ↑ Richardson, Jim (2013). The Light of Liberty: Documents and Studies on the Katipunan, 1892-1897. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN   9789715506755.
  10. ↑ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 177–178.
  11. ↑ Constantino 1975, pp. 202–203.
  12. ↑ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 185–186.
  13. ↑ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 189–190.
  14. ↑ Agoncillo 1990, p. 192.
  15. ↑ Titherington 1900, pp. 357–358.
  16. ↑ Kalaw 1927, pp.  413–417.
  17. ↑ Guevara 1972, pp.  7–12.
  18. ↑ Elliott 1917 , pp.  491–493 (Appendix E: Aguinaldo's Proclamation of June 18, 1898, Establishing the Dictatorial Government)
  19. ↑ Guevara 1972, pp.  28–40.
  20. ↑ Elliott 1917 , pp.  493–497 (Appendix F: Aguinaldo's Proclamation of June 23, Establishing the Revolutionary Government)
  21. ↑ Guevara 1972, pp.  88–119.
  22. ↑ Tucker 2009 , p.  8.
  23. ↑ Constantino 1975, pp. 261–266.
  24. ↑ Constantino 1975, pp. 266–267.
  25. ↑ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 447–449.
  26. ↑ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 451–460.
  27. ↑ Agoncillo 1990, p. 458.
  28. ↑ Bautista 2009, p. 13.
  29. ↑ Noland 1990, p.  79.
  30. ↑ Scott 1992, pp. 50–53, notes 24 and 25 on pp. 62–63.
  31. ↑ Zaide 1994, pp. 89–91.
  32. ↑ Villarroel 2009, pp.  93–133.
  33. ↑ Zaide 1994, p. 279.
  34. ↑ Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898, Yale, 2009, retrieved October 1, 2010.
  35. ↑ Peterson 2007, pp. 10–11.
  36. ↑ Worcester 1914, p.  167.
  37. 1 2 3 Randolph 2009, p.  197.
  38. ↑ Kalaw 1927, pp.  199–200.
  39. ↑ Worcester 1914, pp.  175–176.
  40. ↑ Rodell 2002, p.  18.
  41. ↑ TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. SIGNED AT MANILA, ON 4 JULY 1946 (PDF), United Nations, archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2011, retrieved December 10, 2007.
  42. ↑ Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines regarding the transfer of the administration of the Turtle and Mangsee Islands to the Philippine Republic; Cmd 8320

Further reading

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.