Timeline of ankylosaur research

Last updated

Skeletal mounts of the ankylosaur Scolosaurus Euoplocephalus tutus.jpg
Skeletal mounts of the ankylosaur Scolosaurus

This timeline of ankylosaur research is a chronological listing of events in the history of paleontology focused on the ankylosaurs, quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaurs who were protected by a covering bony plates and spikes and sometimes by a clubbed tail. Although formally trained scientists did not begin documenting ankylosaur fossils until the early 19th century, Native Americans had a long history of contact with these remains, which were generally interpreted through a mythological lens. The Delaware people have stories about smoking the bones of ancient monsters in a magic ritual to have wishes granted and ankylosaur fossils are among the local fossils that may have been used like this. [1] The Native Americans of the modern southwestern United States tell stories about an armored monster named Yeitso that may have been influenced by local ankylosaur fossils. [2] Likewise, ankylosaur remains are among the dinosaur bones found along the Red Deer River of Alberta, Canada where the Piegan people believe that the Grandfather of the Buffalo once lived. [3]

Contents

The first scientifically documented ankylosaur remains were recovered from Early Cretaceous rocks in England and named Hylaeosaurus armatus by Gideon Mantell in 1833. [4] However, the Ankylosauria itself would not be named until Henry Fairfield Osborn did so in 1923 nearly a hundred years later. [5] Prior to this, the ankylosaurs had been considered members of the Stegosauria, which included all armored dinosaurs when Othniel Charles Marsh named the group in 1877. It was not until 1927 that Alfred Sherwood Romer implemented the modern use of the name Stegosauria as specifically pertaining to the plate-backed and spike-tailed dinosaurs of the Jurassic that form the ankylosaurs' nearest relatives. [6] The next major revision to ankylosaur taxonomy would not come until Walter Coombs divided the group into the two main families paleontologists still recognize today; the nodosaurids and ankylosaurids. [5] Since then, many new ankylosaur genera and species have been discovered from all over the world and continue to come to light. Many fossil ankylosaur trackways have also been recognized. [7]

21st century in paleontology20th century in paleontology19th century in paleontology2040s in paleontology2030s in paleontology2020s in paleontology2010s in paleontology2000s in paleontology1990s in paleontology1980s in paleontology1970s in paleontology1960s in paleontology1950s in paleontology1940s in paleontology1930s in paleontology1920s in paleontology1910s in paleontology1900s in paleontology1890s in paleontology1880s in paleontology1870s in paleontology1860s in paleontology1850s in paleontology1840s in paleontology1830s in paleontologyStegourosSinankylosaurusAkainacephalusInvictarxAcantholipanJinyupeltaPlatypeltaBorealopeltaZuulKunbarrasaurusHorshamosaurusZiapeltaZaraapeltaCrichtonpeltaChuanqilongTaohelongOohkotokiaEuropeltaDongyangopeltaPropanoplosaurusAhshislepeltaTatankacephalusMinotaurasaurusPeloroplitesZhongyuansaurusZhejiangosaurusAntarctopeltaHungarosaurusBissektipeltaAmtosaurusCrichtonsaurusCedarpeltaLiaoningosaurusGobisaurusAletopeltaGlyptodontopeltaNodocephalosaurusAnimantarxShanziaTianzhenosaurusGastonia burgeiGargoyleosaurusPawpawsaurusTexasetesNiobrarasaurusMymoorapeltaTianchisaurusTsagantegiaDenversaurusMaleevusShamosaurusVectensiaMinmi paravertebraDracopeltaAmtosaurusSaichaniaTarchiaSauropeltaSilvisaurusStegosauridesSauroplitesPeishanosaurusTalarususSyrmosaurusBrachypodosaurusPinacosaurusRhodanosaurusPolacanthoidesAnodontosaurusScolosaurusEdmontoniaDyoplosaurusPanoplosaurusLeipsanosaurusHierosaurusAnkylosaurusStegopeltaOnychosaurusHoplitosaurusEuoplocephalusSarcolestesNodosaurusPriconodonRhadinosaurusPleuropeltisHoplosaurusCrataeomusSyngonosaurusEucercosaurusAnoplosaurusPriodontognathusDanubiosaurusStruthiosaurusCryptosaurusAcanthopholisPolacanthusPalaeoscincusHylaeosaurus21st century in paleontology20th century in paleontology19th century in paleontology2040s in paleontology2030s in paleontology2020s in paleontology2010s in paleontology2000s in paleontology1990s in paleontology1980s in paleontology1970s in paleontology1960s in paleontology1950s in paleontology1940s in paleontology1930s in paleontology1920s in paleontology1910s in paleontology1900s in paleontology1890s in paleontology1880s in paleontology1870s in paleontology1860s in paleontology1850s in paleontology1840s in paleontology1830s in paleontologyTimeline of ankylosaur research

Prescientific

Osteoderms of Ankylosaurus Osteoderms of Ankylosaurus.jpg
Osteoderms of Ankylosaurus

19th century

Early artistic restoration of Hylaeosaurus armatus Hylaeosaurus.jpg
Early artistic restoration of Hylaeosaurus armatus

1830s

1832

1833

1840s

1842

Early April

1843

1844

1850s

1856

1858

1860s

Early skeletal reconstruction of Polacanthus foxii skeletal restoration by Franz Nopcsa von Felso-Szilvas Polacanthus skeleton.jpg
Early skeletal reconstruction of Polacanthus foxii skeletal restoration by Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás

1865

1867

1869

1870s

1871

1875

1879

1880s

Early restoration of a Nodosaurus textilis skeleton Nodosaurus textilis.jpg
Early restoration of a Nodosaurus textilis skeleton

1881

1882

1888

Illustration of the Palaeoscincus costatus holotype tooth Palaeoscincus costatus.jpg
Illustration of the Palaeoscincus costatus holotype tooth

1889

1890s

1890

1892

1893

20th century

1900s

Artistic skeletal reconstruction of Ankylosaurus (AMNH 5895) by Barnum Brown, 1908, before the tail club was known Ankylosaurus.jpg
Artistic skeletal reconstruction of Ankylosaurus (AMNH 5895) by Barnum Brown, 1908, before the tail club was known
Artistic restoration of Ankylosaurus magniventris Ankylosaurus magniventris reconstruction.png
Artistic restoration of Ankylosaurus magniventris

1901

1902

1905

1908

1909

1910s

Early illustration of Struthiosaurus by Nopsca from 1915 Struthiosaurus Nopsca 1915.png
Early illustration of Struthiosaurus by Nopsca from 1915

1914

1915

1918

1919

1920s

Life restoration of two Edmontonia from 1922, based on the 1915 AMNH specimen Edmontonia restoration.jpg
Life restoration of two Edmontonia from 1922, based on the 1915 AMNH specimen

1923

1924

1927

Type specimen of Scolosaurus Scolosaurus cutleri.JPG
Type specimen of Scolosaurus

1928

1929

1930s

Skeletal reconstruction of Pinacosaurus Pinacosaurus.jpg
Skeletal reconstruction of Pinacosaurus

1930

1932

1933

1934

1935

1936

1940s

1940

1950s

Skeletal reconstruction of Talarurus plicatospineus Talarurus plicatospineus.JPG
Skeletal reconstruction of Talarurus plicatospineus

1952

1953

1955

1956

1960s

1960

1963

1964

1969

1970s

Skeletal mount of Scolosaurus thronus Euoplocephalus Royal Tyrell.jpg
Skeletal mount of Scolosaurus thronus

1970

1971

1972

1977

1978

1979

1980s

Model of Minmi paravertebra at the National Dinosaur Museum, Canberra Minmi model Canberra email.jpg
Model of Minmi paravertebra at the National Dinosaur Museum, Canberra
Life restoration of Sauropelta edwardsorum. Sauropelta jconway.png
Life restoration of Sauropelta edwardsorum .

1980

1982

1983

1984

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990s

Skeletal reconstruction of Mymoorapelta at the Wyoming Dinosaur Center Mymoorapelta maysi.jpg
Skeletal reconstruction of Mymoorapelta at the Wyoming Dinosaur Center

1990

1991

1993

1994

1995

1996

Skeletal reconstructions of Gastonia at the North American Museum of Ancient Life Gastoniasaur.jpg
Skeletal reconstructions of Gastonia at the North American Museum of Ancient Life

1997

1998

Skeletal reconstruction of Tianzhenosaurus Tianzhenosaurus.jpg
Skeletal reconstruction of Tianzhenosaurus

1999

21st century

2000s

Skull of Tarchia kielanae Tarchia kielanae 2.JPG
Skull of Tarchia kielanae

2000

2001

Artistic restoration of Aletopelta coombsi Aletopelta coombsi.jpg
Artistic restoration of Aletopelta coombsi

2002

2003

2004

Artistic restoration of Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani Minotaurasaurus BW.jpg
Artistic restoration of Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani

2005

2006

2007

2008

Skeletal reconstruction of Europelta carbonensis Skeletal reconstruction of Europelta.png
Skeletal reconstruction of Europelta carbonensis

2009

2010s

2011

Artistic restoration of Ziapelta sanjuanensis Ziapelta.png
Artistic restoration of Ziapelta sanjuanensis

2013

2014

2015

2017

Life restoration of Jinyunpelta sinensis Jinyunpelta NT.jpg
Life restoration of Jinyunpelta sinensis

2018

2019

2020s

2020

See also

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 Mayor (2005); "Smoking the Monster's Bone: An Ancient Delaware Fossil Legend," pages 68–69.
  2. 1 2 Mayor (2005); "The Monsters," page 122.
  3. 1 2 Mayor (2005); "Blackfeet and Ojibwe Fossil Discoveries," page 292.
  4. Sarjeant (1999); "Further Finds in England," pages 9–10.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Introduction", page 363.
  6. 1 2 Galton and Upchurch (2004); "Introduction", page 343.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Paleoecology and Behavior", page 392.
  8. Mayor (2005); "Fossils in Navajo Land," page 119.
  9. Mayor (2005); "The Monsters," page 119.
  10. Mayor (2005); "Fossils in Navajo Land," page 117.
  11. 1 2 Moore (2014); "1832" (1), page 31.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Table 17.1: Ankylosauria", page 366.
  13. For Hylaeosaurus as the first ankylosaur, see Sarjeant (1999); "Further Finds in England," pages 9–10. For the date of the description of Ankylosauria, see Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Introduction", page 363.
  14. Torrens (1999); "Politics and Paleontology", page 182.
  15. Torrens (1999); "Politics and Paleontology", page 184.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Table 17.1: Ankylosauria", page 368.
  17. Moore (2014); "1858" (3), page 53.
  18. Moore (2014); "1865" (3), page 61.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Table 17.1: Ankylosauria", page 367.
  20. Moore (2014); "1882" (1), page 91.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Table 17.1: Ankylosauria", page 365.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Table 17.1: Ankylosauria", page 364.
  23. Tanke (2010); "Background and Collection History," page 542.
  24. 1 2 McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Gething Formation, British Columbia (Aptian-Albian)", page 422.
  25. 1 2 3 4 McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Shirabad Suite, Tadjikistan (Albian)", page 433.
  26. 1 2 McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Wealden Beds, Germany (Berriasian)", pages 421-422.
  27. Vickaryous, Russell, and Currie (2001); "Testing the Hypothesis", page 327.
  28. Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Paleoecology and Behavior", pages 391–392.
  29. 1 2 3 McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Torotoro Formation, Bolivia (Campanian)", page 442.
  30. McCrea (2000); "Tetrapodosaurus borealis Sternberg, 1932", page 41.
  31. McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Purbeck Beds, England (Berriasian)", page 421.
  32. McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Dunvegan Formation, Alberta and Northeast British Columbia (Cenomanian)", page 437.
  33. 1 2 McCrea (2000); "1.2 Previous work on the Gates Formation", page 2.
  34. Molnar (2001); "Introduction", page 342.
  35. Molnar (2001); "Introduction", page 341.
  36. Molnar and Clifford (2001); "Introduction", pages 399-400.
  37. Lockley and Meyer (2000); "The First Ankylosaur Tracks," pages 182-183.
  38. McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah (Albian-Cenomanian)", page 433.
  39. 1 2 3 Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Taphonomy", page 391.
  40. McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Gates Formation, Grande Cache, Alberta (Lower Albian)", page 429.
  41. McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Gates Formation, Grande Cache, Alberta (Lower Albian)", page 423.
  42. McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Saltwick Formation, England (Aalenian-Bajocian)", page 421.
  43. Vickaryous, Maryanska, and Weishampel (2004); "Definition and Diagnosis", page 363.
  44. McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Dunvegan Formation, Alberta and Northeast British Columbia (Cenomanian)", page 440.
  45. McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah (Albian-Cenomanian)", pages 433-434.
  46. McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia (Campanian)", page 441.
  47. Molnar and Clifford (2001); "Abstract", page 399.
  48. For date and location of discovery, see Molnar (2001); "Introduction", page 342. For catalogue number and stomach contents, see Molnar and Clifford (2001); "Introduction", page 399.
  49. Molnar and Clifford (2001); "Description", page 401.
  50. Molnar and Clifford (2001); "Introduction", page 400.
  51. McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Dakota Group (Albian-Cenomanian)", page 435.
  52. McCrea, Lockley, and Meyer (2001); "Blackhawk Formation, Utah (Campanian)", page 440.
  53. Parish and Barrett (2004); "Abstract", page 299.
  54. Ősi (2005); "Abstract", page 370.
  55. Salgado and Gasparini (2006); "Abstract", page 199.
  56. Lü et al. (2007); "Abstract", page 344.
  57. Xu et al. (2007); "Abstract", page 433.
  58. Carpenter et al. (2008); "Abstract", page 1089.
  59. Burns, Michael E. (2008-12-12). "Taxonomic utility of ankylosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) osteoderms: Glyptodontopelta mimus Ford, 2000: a test case". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (4): 1102–1109. Bibcode:2008JVPal..28.1102B. doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1102. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   140672072.
  60. Miles and Miles (2009); "Abstract", page 65.
  61. Parsons and Parsons (2009); "Abstract", page 721.
  62. Arbour, Victoria M.; Burns, Michael E.; Sissons, Robin L. (2009-12-12). "A redescription of the ankylosaurid dinosaur Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus Parks, 1924 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1117–1135. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29.1117A. doi:10.1671/039.029.0405. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   85665879.
  63. Burns and Sullivan (2011); "Abstract", page 169.
  64. Burns, Michael E.; Currie, Philip J.; Sissons, Robin L.; Arbour, Victoria M. (2011). "Juvenile specimens of Pinacosaurus grangeri Gilmore, 1933 (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of China, with comments on the specific taxonomy of Pinacosaurus". Cretaceous Research. 32 (2): 174–186. Bibcode:2011CrRes..32..174B. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.11.007.
  65. Stanford, Weishampel, and DeLeon (2011); "Abstract", page 916.
  66. Chen et al. (2013); "Abstract", page 658.
  67. Kirkland et al. (2013); "Abstract", page 1.
  68. Penkalski (2013); "Abstract", page 617.
  69. Yang et al. (2013); "Abstract", page 265.
  70. Han et al. (2014); "Abstract", page 1.
  71. Arbour and Currie (2015); "Abstract".
  72. Arbour, Currie, and Badamgarav (2014); "Abstract", page 631.
  73. Arbour et al. (2014); "Abstract", page 1.
  74. Blows (2015); in passim.
  75. Leahey et al. (2015); in passim.
  76. Burns, Michael E.; Tumanova, Tatiana A.; Currie, Philip J. (January 2015). "Postcrania of juvenile Pinacosaurus grangeri (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Alagteeg Formation, Alag Teeg, Mongolia: implications for ontogenetic allometry in ankylosaurs". Journal of Paleontology. 89 (1): 168–182. Bibcode:2015JPal...89..168B. doi:10.1017/jpa.2014.14. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   130610291.
  77. Arbour, Victoria M.; Evans, David C. (10 May 2017). "A new ankylosaurine dinosaur from the Judith River Formation of Montana, USA, based on an exceptional skeleton with soft tissue preservation". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (5): 161086. Bibcode:2017RSOS....461086A. doi:10.1098/rsos.161086. PMC   5451805 . PMID   28573004.
  78. "Zuul, Destroyer of Shins". ROM: Royal Ontario Museum. Royal Ontario Museum. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
  79. Brown, Caleb M.; Henderson, Donald M.; Vinther, Jakob; Fletcher, Ian; Sistiaga, Ainara; Herrera, Jorsua; Summons, Roger E. (August 2017). "An Exceptionally Preserved Three-Dimensional Armored Dinosaur Reveals Insights into Coloration and Cretaceous Predator-Prey Dynamics" (PDF). Current Biology. 27 (16): 2514–2521.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.071 . PMID   28781051. S2CID   5182644 . Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  80. Wenjie Zheng; Xingsheng Jin; Yoichi Azuma; Qiongying Wang; Kazunori Miyata; Xing Xu (2018). "The most basal ankylosaurine dinosaur from the Albian–Cenomanian of China, with implications for the evolution of the tail club". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): Article number 3711. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.3711Z. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21924-7. PMC   5829254 . PMID   29487376.
  81. Héctor E. Rivera-Sylva; Eberhard Frey; Wolfgang Stinnesbeck; Gerardo Carbot-Chanona; Iván E. Sanchez-Uribe; José Rubén Guzmán-Gutiérrez (2018). "Paleodiversity of Late Cretaceous Ankylosauria from Mexico and their phylogenetic significance". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology . 137 (1): 83–93. Bibcode:2018SwJP..137...83R. doi: 10.1007/s13358-018-0153-1 . S2CID   134924657.
  82. Jelle P. Wiersma; Randall B. Irmis (2018). "A new southern Laramidian ankylosaurid, Akainacephalus johnsoni gen. et sp. nov., from the upper Campanian Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah, USA". PeerJ. 6: e5016. doi: 10.7717/peerj.5016 . PMC   6063217 . PMID   30065856.
  83. Andrew T. McDonald; Douglas G. Wolfe (2018). "A new nodosaurid ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Thyreophora) from the Upper Cretaceous Menefee Formation of New Mexico". PeerJ. 6: e5435. doi: 10.7717/peerj.5435 . PMC   6110256 . PMID   30155354.
  84. Peter M. Galton (2019). "Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 291 (2): 205–219. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2019/0800. S2CID   134302379.
  85. Attila Ősi; Gábor Botfalvai; Gáspár Albert; Zsófia Hajdu (2019). "The dirty dozen: taxonomical and taphonomical overview of a unique ankylosaurian (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) assemblage from the Santonian Iharkút locality, Hungary" (PDF). Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 99 (2): 195–240. Bibcode:2019PdPe...99..195O. doi:10.1007/s12549-018-0362-z. S2CID   135050124.
  86. Victoria M. Arbour; Lindsay E. Zanno (2019). "Tail weaponry in ankylosaurs and glyptodonts: an example of a rare but strongly convergent phenotype". The Anatomical Record. 303 (4): 988–998. doi: 10.1002/ar.24093 . PMID   30835954.
  87. Leire Perales-Gogenola; Javier Elorza; José Ignacio Canudo; Xabier Pereda-Suberbiola (2019). "Taphonomy and palaeohistology of ornithischian dinosaur remains from the Lower Cretaceous bonebed of La Cantalera (Teruel, Spain)". Cretaceous Research. 99: 316–334. Bibcode:2019CrRes..98..316P. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.01.024. S2CID   135430365.
  88. Felix J. Augustin; Andreas T. Matzke; Michael W. Maisch; Hans-Ulrich Pfretzschner (2020). "First evidence of an ankylosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Jurassic Qigu Formation (Junggar Basin, NW China) and the early fossil record of Ankylosauria". Geobios. 61: 1–10. Bibcode:2020Geobi..61....1A. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2020.06.005. S2CID   225545154.
  89. Gábor Botfalvai; Edina Prondvai; Attila Ősi (2020). "Living alone or moving in herds? A holistic approach highlights complexity in the social lifestyle of Cretaceous ankylosaurs" (PDF). Cretaceous Research. 118: Article 104633. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104633. S2CID   225164568.
  90. Thomas J. Raven; Paul M. Barrett; Stuart B. Pond; Susannah C. R. Maidment (2020). "Osteology and Taxonomy of British Wealden Supergroup (Berriasian–Aptian) Ankylosaurs (Ornithischia, Ankylosauria)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (4): e1826956. Bibcode:2020JVPal..40E6956R. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1826956. S2CID   227249280.
  91. Caleb M. Brown; David R. Greenwood; Jessica E. Kalyniuk; Dennis R. Braman; Donald M. Henderson; Cathy L. Greenwood; James F. Basinger (2020). "Dietary palaeoecology of an Early Cretaceous armoured dinosaur (Ornithischia; Nodosauridae) based on floral analysis of stomach contents". Royal Society Open Science. 7 (6): Article ID: 200305. Bibcode:2020RSOS....700305B. doi:10.1098/rsos.200305. PMC   7353971 . PMID   32742695.
  92. Ivan Kuzmin; Ivan Petrov; Alexander Averianov; Elizaveta Boitsova; Pavel Skutschas; Hans-Dieter Sues (2020). "The braincase of Bissektipelta archibaldi — new insights into endocranial osteology, vasculature, and paleoneurobiology of ankylosaurian dinosaurs". Biological Communications. 65 (2): 85–156. doi: 10.21638/spbu03.2020.201 . hdl: 11701/19215 . S2CID   219909120.
  93. Wang, K. B.; Zhang, Y. X.; Chen, J.; Chen, S. Q.; Wang, P. Y. (2020). "A new ankylosaurian from the Late Cretaceous strata of Zhucheng, Shandong Province". Geological Bulletin of China (in Chinese). 39 (7): 958–962.

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Shamosaurus is an extinct genus of herbivorous basal ankylosaurid ankylosaur from Early Cretaceous deposits of Höövör, Mongolia.

<i>Texasetes</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Texasetes is a genus of ankylosaurian dinosaurs from the late Lower Cretaceous of North America. This poorly known genus has been recovered from the Paw Paw Formation near Haslet, Tarrant County, Texas, which has also produced the nodosaurid ankylosaur Pawpawsaurus.

<i>Cedarpelta</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Cedarpelta is an extinct genus of basal ankylosaurid dinosaur from Utah that lived during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now the Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation. The type and only species, Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum, is known from multiple specimens including partial skulls and postcranial material. It was named in 2001 by Kenneth Carpenter, James Kirkland, Don Burge, and John Bird. Cedarpelta has an estimated length of 7 metres and weight of 5 tonnes (11,023 lbs). The skull of Cedarpelta lacks extensive cranial ornamentation and is one of the only known ankylosaurs with individual skull bones that are not completely fused together.

<i>Hoplitosaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Hoplitosaurus was a genus of armored dinosaur related to Polacanthus. It was named from a partial skeleton found in the ?Barremian-age Lower Cretaceous Lakota Formation of Custer County, South Dakota. It is an obscure genus which has been subject to some misinterpretation of its damaged remains. Although there was a push to synonymize it with Polacanthus in the late 1980s-early 1990s, Hoplitosaurus has been accepted as a valid albeit poorly known genus in more recent reviews.

<i>Tianzhenosaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Tianzhenosaurus is a monospecific genus of ankylosaurid dinosaur from the Shanxi Province that lived during the Late Cretaceous in what is now the Huiquanpu Formation. Tianzhenosaurus may represent a junior synonym of Saichania, an ankylosaurine known from the Barun Goyot and Nemegt Formation.

<i>Gobisaurus</i> Extinct genus of reptiles

Gobisaurus is an extinct genus of herbivorous basal ankylosaurid ankylosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of China. The genus is monotypic, containing only the species Gobisaurus domoculus.

<i>Pawpawsaurus</i> Extinct species of reptile

Pawpawsaurus, meaning "Pawpaw Lizard", is a nodosaurid ankylosaur from the Cretaceous of Tarrant County, Texas, discovered in May 1992. The only species yet assigned to this taxon, Pawpawsaurus campbelli, is based on a complete skull from the marine Paw Paw Formation.

<i>Tarchia</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Tarchia is a genus of herbivorous ankylosaurid dinosaur from the late Cretaceous of Mongolia.

<i>Palaeoscincus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Palaeoscincus is a dubious genus of ankylosaurian dinosaur based on teeth from the mid-late Campanian-age Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation of Montana. Like several other dinosaur genera named by Joseph Leidy, it is an historically important genus with a convoluted taxonomy that has been all but abandoned by modern dinosaur paleontologists. Because of its wide use in the early 20th century, it was somewhat well known to the general public, often through illustrations of an animal with the armor of Edmontonia and the tail club of an ankylosaurid.

<i>Priconodon</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Priconodon is an extinct genus of ankylosaurian dinosaur, mainly known from its large teeth. Its remains have been found in the Aptian-Albian age Lower Cretaceous Arundel Formation of Muirkirk, Prince George's County, Maryland, USA and the Potomac Group, also located in Maryland. As an ankylosaur, Priconodon would have been a large armored quadrupedal herbivore, though no size estimation has been done due to the scarcity of described remains.

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