2020 in paleontology

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils . ^[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks ( ichnites ), burrows , cast-off parts, fossilised feces ( coprolites ), palynomorphs and chemical residues . Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science . This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2020.

Plants

Main article: 2020 in paleobotany

Sponges

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Endostoma stellata [2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian)	Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Eoghanospongia [3]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Botting et al.	Silurian (Telychian)		United Kingdom	A hexactinellid sponge. Genus includes new species E. carlinslowpensis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Eudea maxima [2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian)	Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Iniquispongia [2]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian)	Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae. The type species is I. iranica.
Polyendostoma? irregularis [2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian)	Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Polyendostoma? regularis [2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian)	Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Preperonidella tabasensis [2]	Sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Jurassic (Callovian-Oxfordian)	Qale-Dokhtar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae.
Seriespongia [2]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Senowbari-Daryan, Fürsich & Rashidi	Middle Jurassic (Callovian)	Esfandiar Limestone Formation	Iran	A calcareous sponge belonging the family Endostomatidae. The type species is S. iranica.
Shouzhispongia [4]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	In press	Botting et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)		China	A rossellid sponge. Genus includes S. coronata and S. prodigia.
Spongia mantelli [5]	Nom. nov	Valid	Van Soest, Hooper & Butler	Cretaceous		United Kingdom	A replacement name for Spongia ramosa Mantell (1822).

Cnidarians

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Actinoseris riyadhensis [6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gameil, El-Sorogy & Al-Kahtany	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Aruma	Saudi Arabia	A solitary coral. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Alichurastrea [7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	A coral. Genus includes new species A. major. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Alveopora kumadai [8]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko & Suzuki	Miocene (Langhian)	Katsuta Group	Japan	A species of Alveopora .
Amplexus gennarenensis [9]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liao, Liang & Luo	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)		China	A rugose coral.
Anthracomedusa? hoferhauseri [10]	Sp. nov	Valid	Szente	Early Triassic	Werfen Formation	Austria	A box jellyfish.
Asteroseris arabica [6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gameil, El-Sorogy & Al-Kahtany	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Aruma	Saudi Arabia	A solitary coral. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Bowanophyllum ramosum [11]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang, Percival & Zhen	Ordovician (Katian)	Malachis Hill	Australia	A rugose coral.
Carinthiaphyllum ramovsi [12]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kossovaya, Novak & Weyer	Permian (Asselian)		Slovenia	A rugose coral belonging to the family Geyerophyllidae.
Colligophyllum [13]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Fedorowski	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)		Ukraine	A rugose coral. The type species is "Lytvophyllum" dobroljubovae Vassilyuk (1960). Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Cunnolites (Plesiocunnolites) riyadhensis [6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gameil, El-Sorogy & Al-Kahtany	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Aruma	Saudi Arabia	A solitary coral. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Eohydnophora baingoinensis [14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Early Cretaceous		China	A stony coral.
Eomicrophyllia [7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	A coral. Genus includes new species E. nalivkini. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Galliconularia [15]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Van Iten & Lefebvre	Ordovician (Tremadocian)	Saint-Chinian	France	A member of Conulariida. The type species is "Conularia" azaisi Thoral (1935).
Guembelastreomorpha [7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	A coral. Genus includes new species G. vinogradovi. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Gurumdynia [7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	A coral. Genus includes new species G. gracilis. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Hanagyroia [16]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Early Cambrian	Kuanchuanpu	China	A medusozoan of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly representing an intermediate morphological type between scyphozoans and cubozoans. Genus includes new species H. orientalis.
Hemiagetiolites longiseptatus [11]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang, Percival & Zhen	Ordovician (Katian)	Malachis Hill	Australia	A tabulate coral.
Heteroamphiastrea [17]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kołodziej	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)		Tanzania	A stony coral belonging to the superfamily Heterocoenioidea and the family Carolastraeidae. Genus includes new species H. loeseri.
Heterostrotion huaqiaoense [18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Denayer et al.	Early Carboniferous		China	A rugose coral
Krynkaphyllum [13]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Fedorowski	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)		Ukraine	A rugose coral. The type species is K. multiplexum; genus also includes K. validum. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Martsaphyton [19]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tinn, Vinn & Ainsaar	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Estonia	A member of Medusozoa of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is M. moxi.
Michelinia flugeli [20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko & Badpa	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)	Sardar Formation	Iran	A tabulate coral belonging to the order Favositida and the family Micheliniidae.
Nancygyra [21]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Bosellini & Stolarski in Bosellini et al.	Eocene (Ypresian)		Italy	A member of the family Euphylliidae. The type species is N. dissepimentata.
Neosyringaxon michelini [22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Weyer & Rohart	Devonian (Frasnian)		France	A rugose coral belonging to the family Petraiidae
Paramixogonaria wangyouensis [23]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liao & Liang	Devonian (Givetian)	Wenglai	China	A rugose coral.
Pinacomorpha [7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	A coral. Genus includes new species P. apimelos. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Placophyllia baingoinensis [14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Early Cretaceous		China	A stony coral. Originally described as a species of Placophyllia, but subsequently transferred to the genus Sonoraphyllia. [24]
Placophyllia amnica [7]	Sp. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	A placophylliid coral. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Protokionophyllum feninoense [13]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fedorowski	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)		Ukraine	A rugose coral. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Protostephanastrea [7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	An actinastraeid coral. Genus includes new species P. leveni. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Psenophyllia [7]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	A coral. The type species is "Cylindrosmilia" longa Melnikova (1989). Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Rotiphyllum xinjiangense [9]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liao, Liang & Luo	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)		China	A rugose coral.
Sanidophyllum dubium [25]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yu et al.	Devonian (Emsian)	Mia Le	Vietnam	A rugose coral belonging to the family Breviphyllidae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming was published in 2021.
Sedekastrea [7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	A coral. Genus includes new species S. djalilovi. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Siphonophyllia khenifrense [26]	Sp. nov		Rodríguez, Said & Somerville in Rodríguez et al.	Carboniferous (Viséan)	Azrou-Khenifra	Morocco	A rugose coral belonging to the family Cyathopsidae
Stylimorpha [7]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Melnikova & Roniewicz	Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian)		Tajikistan	A placophylliid coral. Genus includes new species S. kardjilgensis. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Stylina namcoensis [14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Early Cretaceous		China	A stony coral.
Stylostrotion houi [18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Denayer et al.	Carboniferous (Viséan)		China	A rugose coral
Syringopora iranica [20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Niko & Badpa	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)	Sardar Formation	Iran	A tabulate coral belonging to the order Auloporida and the family Syringoporidae.

Research

• Revision of tabulate-like fossils from before the latest Middle Ordovician is published by Elias, Lee & Pratt (2020), who reject the interpretation of these fossils as true tabulate corals. ^[27]
• Drake, Whitelegge & Jacobs (2020) report the first recovery, sequencing, and identification of fossil biomineral proteins from a Pleistocene fossil invertebrate (the stony coral Orbicella annularis ). ^[28]

Arthropods

Main articles: 2020 in arthropod paleontology and 2020 in paleoentomology

Bryozoans

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Anastomopora blankenheimensis [29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst	Devonian		Germany
Anastomopora minor [29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst	Devonian		Germany
Anomalotoechus parvus [30]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst, Bahrami & Parast	Devonian (Famennian)	Bahram	Iran	A member of Trepostomata belonging to the group Amplexoporina and to the family Atactotoechidae.
Asperopora sinensis [31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst et al.	Silurian (Telychian)	Hanchiatien	China	A trepostome bryozoan.
Biforicula collinsi [32]	Sp. nov	Valid	Taylor	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Gault	United Kingdom
Cheethamia volgaensis [33]	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova & Seltser	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		Russia ( Saratov Oblast)	A member of Cheilostomata
Cribrilaria profunda [34]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rosso, Di Martino & Ostrovsky	Pleistocene		Italy	A member of the family Cribrilinidae.
Dianulites altaicus [35]	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova & Sennikov	Ordovician (Sandbian)		Russia ( Altai Republic)	A member of Esthonioporata.
Dyscritella kalmardensis [36]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst & Gorgij	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Siliciclastic Imagh	Iran	A member of Trepostomata belonging to the group Amplexoporina and to the family Dyscritellidae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Dyscritella multiporata [36]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst & Gorgij	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Siliciclastic Imagh	Iran	A member of Trepostomata belonging to the group Amplexoporina and to the family Dyscritellidae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Figularia spectabilis [34]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rosso, Di Martino & Ostrovsky	Pleistocene		Italy	A member of the family Cribrilinidae.
Filites bakharevi [37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mesentseva in Mesentseva & Udodov	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia
Filites fragilis [37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Udodov in Mesentseva & Udodov	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia
Filites regularis [37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mesentseva in Mesentseva & Udodov	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia
Filites vulgaris [37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Udodov in Mesentseva & Udodov	Devonian (Emsian)		Russia
Glabrilaria transversocarinata [34]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rosso, Di Martino & Ostrovsky	Pleistocene		Italy	A member of the family Cribrilinidae.
Hemiphragma insolitum [38]	Sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova & Fedorov	Ordovician (Dapingian)		Russia	A trepostome bryozoan.
Microporella tanyae [39]	Sp. nov	Valid	Di Martino, Taylor & Gordon	Pliocene	Yorktown	United States ( Virginia)	A member of the family Microporellidae.
Moorephylloporina parvula [31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst et al.	Silurian (Telychian)	Hanchiatien	China	A fenestrate bryozoan.
Parastenodiscus sinaiensis [40]	Sp. nov	In press	Ernst et al.	Carboniferous (Mississippian)		Egypt	A member of Trepostomata
Planopora [38]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Koromyslova & Fedorov	Ordovician (Dapingian)		Russia	A bifoliate cystoporate. Genus includes new species P. volkhovensis.
Rhombopora aryani [36]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst & Gorgij	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Siliciclastic Imagh	Iran	A member of Cryptostomata belonging to the group Rhabdomesina and to the family Rhomboporidae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Taylorus patagonicus [41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pérez et al.	Early Miocene		Argentina	A member of the family Escharinidae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Trematopora jiebeiensis [31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst et al.	Silurian (Telychian)	Hanchiatien	China	A trepostome bryozoan.
Trematopora tenuis [31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ernst et al.	Silurian (Telychian)	Hanchiatien	China	A trepostome bryozoan.
Zefrehopora [30]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ernst, Bahrami & Parast	Devonian (Famennian)	Bahram	Iran	A member of Trepostomata belonging to the group Amplexoporina and to the family Eridotrypellidae. The type species is Z. asynithis.

Brachiopods

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Altiplanotoechia [42]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Colmenar in Colmenar & Hodgin	Ordovician	Umachiri	Peru	A polytoechioid brachiopod. Genus includes new species A. hodgini.
Ametoria nassichuki [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Assistance Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Echinoconchidae.
Anemonaria robusta [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Assistance Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Paucispiniferidae.
Balkhasheconcha thorsteinssoni [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Assistance Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Scacchinelloidea and the family Rhamnariidae.
Beaussetithyris [44]	Gen. et sp. nov		Gaspard & Charbonnier	Late Cretaceous (Santonian)		France	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Cyclothyrididae. The type species is B. asymmetrica.
Betaneospirifer politus [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Trold Fiord Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Neospiriferidae.
Biconvexiella saopauloensis [45]	Sp. nov	In press	Simões et al.	Late Paleozoic	Taciba	Brazil
Bockeliena [46]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Baarli	Silurian (Rhuddanian)		United Kingdom	A member of the family Atrypinidae; a new genus for "Atrypa" flexuosa Marr & Nicholson (1888).
Brevilamnulella minuta [47]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jin & Blodgett	Late Ordovician		United States ( Alaska)
Callaiapsida ustritskii [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Assistance Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the superfamily Stenoscismatoidea and the family Psilocamaridae.
Catatonaria transversaria [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Assistance Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the superfamily Elitoidea and the family Phricodothyridae.
Chilcatreta lariojana [48]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lavié & Benedetto	Ordovician	Suri	Argentina	A siphonotretid brachiopod. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Chinellirostra [49]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Qiao & Blodgett	Devonian (Givetian)		China	A member of the family Stringocephalidae. Genus includes new species C. rara. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming was published in 2021.
Cimmeriella coyneae [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Takhandit Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Anidanthidae.
Contortithyris [44]	Gen. et sp. nov		Gaspard & Charbonnier	Late Cretaceous (Santonian)	Micraster	France	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Cyclothyrididae. The type species is C. thermae.
Costasulculus [43]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian (Wuchiapingian)	Episkopi Formation	Greece	A member of Spiriferinida belonging to the superfamily Pennospiriferinoidea and the family Paraspiriferinidae. The type species is C. claphami.
Cyclothyris cardiatelia [50]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero, Barroso-Barcenilla & Joral	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain	A member of Rhynchonellida
Cyclothyris grimargina [44]	Sp. nov		Gaspard & Charbonnier	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Micraster	France	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Cyclothyrididae
Cyclothyris nekvasilovae [51]	Sp. nov	Valid	Berrocal-Casero, Joral & Barroso-Barcenilla	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Czech Republic	A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family Cyclothyrididae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Cyclothyris segurai [50]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero, Barroso-Barcenilla & Joral	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain	A member of Rhynchonellida
Derbyia semicircularis [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Assistance Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of the superfamily Orthotetoidea belonging to the family Derbyiidae.
Dihelictera engerensis [46]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baarli	Ordovician/Silurian boundary	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypidae.
Dogdoa talyndzhensis [52]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov	Early Devonian		Russia	A member of Rhynchonellida.
Dyoros gentilis [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Assistance Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of the family Rugosochonetidae.
Dyoros modestus [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian		Canada	A member of the family Rugosochonetidae.
Balkhasheconcha thorsteinssoni [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Assistance Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Scacchinelloidea and the family Rhamnariidae.
Echinalosia pondosus [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Trold Fiord Formation	Canada	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Strophalosioidea and the family Dasyalosiidae.
Elliptoglossa kononovae [53]	Sp. nov	Valid	Smirnova & Zhegallo	Devonian (Famennian)		Russia	A member of Lingulida.
Enriquetoechia [42]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Colmenar & Hodgin	Ordovician	Umachiri	Peru	A polytoechioid brachiopod. Genus includes new species E. umachiriensis.
Eoobolus incipiens [54]	Sp. nov	In press	Zhang, Popov, Holmer & Zhang in Zhang et al.	Cambrian	Ajax Limestone Dengying Formation Mernmerna Formation Wilkawillina Limestone	Australia China	A member of Linguloidea.
Euroatrypa? sigridi [46]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baarli	Ordovician/Silurian boundary	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypinidae.
Famatinobolus [48]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lavié & Benedetto	Ordovician	Suri	Argentina	An obolid brachiopod. Genus includes new species F. cancellatum. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Fissulina [43]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Sabine Bay Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Strophomenata belonging to the superfamily Orthotetoidea and the family Schuchertellidae. The type species is F. delicatula.
Germanoplatidia [55]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Dulai & Von der Hocht	Oligocene (Chattian)		Germany	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Platidiidae; a new genus for "Terebratula" pusilla Philippi (1843).
Gjelispinifera punctuata [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian		Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Spiriferinida belonging to the superfamily Pennospiriferinoidea and the family Reticulariinidae.
Gotatrypa vettrensis [46]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baarli	Ordovician/Silurian boundary	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypidae.
Gruntoconchinia [43]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Foldvik Creek Group	Canada Greenland	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Echinoconchoidea and the family Waagenoconchidae. The type species is G. payerinia.
Hassanispirifer [56]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Garcia-Alcalde & El Hassani	Devonian (Givetian)	Taboumakhlouf	Morocco	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Xenomartiniidae. The type species is H. africanus.
Himathyris arctica [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Trold Fiord Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Athyridida belonging to the family Athyrididae.
Holynetes? mzerrebiensis [56]	Sp. nov	Valid	Garcia-Alcalde & El Hassani	Devonian (Givetian)	Ahrerouch	Morocco	A member of Chonetidina belonging to the family Anopliidae.
Imbriea [57]	Nom. nov	Valid	Reily	Devonian		United States	A member of Orthotetida belonging to the family Areostrophiidae; a replacement name for Orthopleura Imbrie (1959).
Kafirnigania jorali [58]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain	A member of Terebratulida.
Kafirnigania massiliensis [58]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		France Spain	A member of Terebratulida.
Kirkidium canberrense [59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Strusz	Silurian (Wenlock)	Canberra	Australia	A member of Pentamerida belonging to the family Pentameridae.
Kutorginella minuta [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Assistance Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Productoidea and the family Retariidae.
Kuvelousia perpusillus [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian		Canada ( Nunavut Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Anidanthidae.
Lambdarina winklerprinsi [60]	Sp. nov	Valid	Voldman et al.	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	San Emiliano	Spain
Levitusia elongata [61]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tazawa	Carboniferous (Viséan)		Japan	A member of Productidina belonging to the family Leioproductidae.
Lingulellotreta yuanshanensis [62]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Cambrian		China
Linnaeocaninella [63]	Nom. nov	Valid	Hernández	Middle Permian	Lengwu	China	A replacement name for Caninella Liang (1990)
Linnarssonia sapushanensis [64]	Sp. nov	Valid	Duan et al.	Cambrian Stage 4	Wulongqing	China	An acrotretoid brachiopod.
Liosella [43]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian		Canada Greenland Norway United States	A member of Productida belonging to the family Paucispiniferidae. The type species is "Liosotella" grandicosta Dunbar (1955); genus also includes "Productus" spitzbergianus Toula (1874), "Liosotella" vadosisinuata Dunbar (1955) and "Liosotella" delicatula Dunbar (1955).
Liraria borealis [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Trold Fiord Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Anidanthidae.
Lithobolus limbatum [48]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lavié & Benedetto	Ordovician	Suri	Argentina	An obolid brachiopod. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Magadania attenuata [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Trold Fiord Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Proboscidelloidea and the family Auriculispinidae.
Magniplicatina shii [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Jungle Creek Formation	Canada	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Proboscidelloidea and the family Paucispinauriidae.
Martinia stehlii [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Sabine Bay Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Martiniidae.
Megousia tortus [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian		Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Anidanthidae.
Mishninia [52]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov	Early Devonian		Russia	The type species is M. nodosa
Nahoniella prolata [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Degerböls Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Spiriferinida belonging to the group Syringothyridina and the family Licharewiidae.
Neobolus wulongqingensis [65]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang, Strotz, Topper & Brock in Zhang et al.	Cambrian Stage 4	Wulongqing	China	A member of Lingulida belonging to the family Neobolidae. Many specimens had tubeworm-like kleptoparasites attached to their shells.
Neochonetes culcita [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian		Canada	A member of the family Rugosochonetidae.
Neochonetes (Sommeriella) longa [66]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Luokeng	China
Neochonetes (Sommeriella) transversa [66]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu et al.	Permian (Changhsingian)	Luokeng	China
Nucleatina anotia [58]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain France?	A member of Terebratulida.
Nucleatina arcana [58]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain	A member of Terebratulida.
Nucleatina barrosoi [58]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal-Casero	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain	A member of Terebratulida.
Orbiculoidea katzeri [67]	Sp. nov	In press	Corrêa & Ramos	Devonian (Lochkovian)	Manacapuru	Brazil
Orbiculoidea ornata [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Assistance Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of the family Discinidae.
Orbiculoidea xinguensis [67]	Sp. nov	In press	Corrêa & Ramos	Devonian (Lochkovian)	Manacapuru	Brazil
Palaeotreta [68]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Zhang et al.	Cambrian Series 2	Shuijingtuo	China	A member of the family Acrotretidae. The type species is P. shannanensis; genus also includes "Eohadrotreta" zhujiahensis Li & Holmer (2004).
Paragilledia [69]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Shi, Waterhouse & Lee	Early Permian	Pebbley Beach	Australia	A member of Terebratulida belonging to the family Gillediidae. Genus includes new species P. kioloaensis.
Paramickwitzia [70]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Pan et al.	Cambrian Series 2	Xinji	China	A stem-brachiopod belonging to the group Mickwitziidae. Genus includes new species P. boreussinaensis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Paraspiriferina mcdougallensis [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian		Canada ( Nunavut Yukon)	A member of Spiriferinida belonging to the superfamily Pennospiriferinoidea and the family Paraspiriferinidae.
Paraspiriferina stoschensis [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian		Greenland	A member of Spiriferinida belonging to the superfamily Pennospiriferinoidea and the family Paraspiriferinidae.
Plectatrypa rindi [46]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baarli	Ordovician/Silurian boundary	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypinidae.
Pleurohorridonia platys [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Trold Fiord Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Horridoniidae.
Plicarmus [71]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Claybourn et al.	Cambrian Stage 4	Byrd Group	Antarctica	A member of Lingulata. Genus includes new species P. wildi.
Pomatotrema laubacheri [42]	Sp. nov	Valid	Colmenar & Hodgin	Ordovician	Umachiri	Peru
Rhinatrypa [46]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Baarli	Ordovician/Silurian boundary	Solvik	Norway	A member of the family Atrypidae. The type species is "Plectatrypa" henningsmoeni Boucot & Johnson (1967).
Rhipidium oepiki [59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Strusz	Silurian (Wenlock)	Canberra	Australia	A member of Pentamerida belonging to the family Pentameridae.
Rhipidomella transfigona [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian		Canada	A member of Orthida belonging to the family Rhipidomellidae.
Rigrantia laudata [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Takhandit Formation	Canada ( Yukon)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Productoidea and the family Retariidae.
Schrenkiella truncata [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian		Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Productida belonging to the family Schrenkiellidae.
Simplicitasia [43]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Assistance Formation	Canada ( Nunavut Yukon) Norway	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Neospiriferidae. The type species is "Spirifer" osborni Harker (1960).
Sowerbina longi [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Kapp Starostin Formation	Norway	A member of Productida belonging to the family Horridoniidae.
Spinocarinifera qilinzhaiensis [72]	Sp. nov	Valid	Nie et al.	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)	Tangbagou Formation	China
Spiriferella angulata [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Great Bear Cape Formation	Canada Greenland Norway	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Spiriferellidae.
Spiriferella oregonia [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Coyote Butte Limestone	United States ( Oregon)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Spiriferellidae.
Spiriferella separata [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Assistance Formation	Canada ( Nunavut Yukon)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Spiriferellidae.
Spiriferella sulcoconstricta [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Assistance Formation	Canada ( Nunavut Yukon)	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Spiriferellidae.
Spirigerella inflata [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Assistance Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Athyridida belonging to the family Athyrididae.
Spirigerella plana [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Assistance Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Athyridida belonging to the family Athyrididae.
Stringocephalus sinensis [49]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Qiao & Blodgett	Devonian (Givetian)		China	A member of the family Stringocephalidae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming was published in 2021.
Sulcicosta transmarinus [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Assistance Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Spiriferinida belonging to the family Syringothyrididae.
Tabellina laseroni [69]	Sp. nov	Valid	Shi, Waterhouse & Lee	Early Permian	Pebbley Beach	Australia	An ingelarelloidean brachiopod belonging to the family Notospiriferidae.
Tapuritreta gribovensis [73]	Sp. nov	Valid	Holmer et al.	Cambrian (Guzhangian)	Karpinsk Formation	Russia ( Arkhangelsk Oblast)	A member of the family Acrotretidae.
Tcherskidium tenuicostatus [47]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jin & Blodgett	Late Ordovician		United States ( Alaska)
Thamnosia sangminlee [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian	Great Bear Cape Formation	Canada ( Nunavut)	A member of Productida belonging to the superfamily Productoidea and the family Retariidae.
Thomasaria bultyncki [56]	Sp. nov	Valid	Garcia-Alcalde & El Hassani	Devonian (Givetian)	Ahrerouch	Morocco	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Thomasariidae.
Tintoriella laticostata [43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Permian		Greenland	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Spiriferellidae.
Undulatina [43]	Gen. et comb. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Waterhouse	Carboniferous and Permian	Miseryfjellet Formation	Canada Norway Russia	A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Spiriferellidae. The type species is "Spirifer" keilhavii von Buch (1847); genus also includes new species U. verchoyanica and U. kletsi.
Vagrania naanchanensis [52]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov	Early Devonian		Russia	A member of Atrypida.
Verchojania abramovi [74]	Sp. nov	Valid	Makoshin	Late Carboniferous		Russia	A member of Productida
Wahwahlingula? pankovensis [73]	Sp. nov	Valid	Holmer et al.	Cambrian (Guzhangian)	Karpinsk Formation	Russia ( Arkhangelsk Oblast)	A member of Linguloidea belonging to the family Zhanatellidae.
Woodwardirhynchia pontemdiaboli [50]	Sp. nov	In press	Berrocal Casero, Barroso Barcenilla & Joral	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Spain	A member of Rhynchonellida
Yangirostra [49]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Qiao & Blodgett	Devonian (Givetian)		China	A member of the family Stringocephalidae. Genus includes new species Y. asiatica. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming was published in 2021.

Research

• A study on the mode of life of Paleozoic strophomenatans is published by Stanley (2020), who argues that nearly all strophomenatans lived infaunally. ^[75]
• A study on the paleobiogeography of Early−Middle Devonian (Pragian−Eifelian) brachiopods from West Gondwana, aiming to determine any potential controls that may have driven bioregionalization, is published by Penn-Clarke & Harper (2020). ^[76]
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships and ecomorphologic diversification of Mesozoic spiriferinids is published by Guo, Chen & Harper (2020). ^[77]

Molluscs

Main article: 2020 in paleomalacology

Echinoderms

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Abertella carlsoni [78]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Miocene		United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin.
Abludoglyptocrinus steinheimerae [79]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte Bobcaygeon & Verulam	Canada ( Ontario)	A monobathrid crinoid.
Aenigmaticumcrinus [80]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Scheffler	Devonian	Belén	Bolivia	A crinoid belonging to the group Dimerocrinitacea. Genus includes new species A. rochacamposi.
Aerliceaster [81]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Blake, Gahn & Guensburg	Ordovician (Floian)	Garden City	United States ( Idaho)	A starfish. Genus includes new species A. nexosus.
Alkaidia megaungula [82]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ewin & Gale	Early Cretaceous (Barremian)	Taba	Morocco	A starfish belonging to the family Terminasteridae.
Arceoaster [83]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Blake & Sprinkle	Silurian	Hunton Group	United States ( Oklahoma)	A starfish belonging to the family Hudsonasteridae. Genus includes new species A. hintei.
Aszulcicrinus [84]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hagdorn	Middle Triassic (Anisian)	Gogolin	Poland	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Dadocrinidae. The type species is A. pentebrachiatus.
Brissopsis hoffmani [78]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Miocene		United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin.
Bronthaster [85]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Jell & Cook	Carboniferous (Namurian)	Yagon Siltstone	Australia	A brittle star belonging to the family Protasteridae. Genus includes new species B. retus.
Calclyra bifida [86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pabst & Herbig	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)	Genicera	Spain	A brittle star belonging to the group Oegophiurida and the family Calclyridae.
Clypeaster petersonorum [78]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Miocene		United States ( Florida)	A species of Clypeaster .
Comptonia bretoni [87]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Atherfield	United Kingdom	A starfish
Coulonia caseyi [87]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Atherfield	United Kingdom	An astropectinid starfish
Cyclogrupera [88]	Gen. et sp. nov		Torres-Martínez, Villanueva-Olea & Sour-Tovar	Permian (Asselian‒Sakmarian)	Grupera	Mexico	A crinoid belonging to the family Cyclomischidae. The type species is C. minor.
Discocrinus africanus [89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Aït Lamine	Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae.
Discometra luberonensis [90]	Sp. nov	Valid	Eléaume, Roux & Philippe	Miocene (Burdigalian)		France	A feather star belonging to the family Himerometridae.
Drepanocrinus wardorum [89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Morocco Tunisia	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Durhamicystis [91]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Zamora, Sprinkle & Sumrall	Ordovician (Sandbian)	Chambersburg	United States ( Maryland)	A member of Eocrinoidea belonging to the family Rhipidocystidae. The type species is D. americana.
Encrinaster alsbachensis [92]	Sp. nov	Valid	Müller & Hahn	Early Devonian		Germany	A brittle star.
Enodicalix [93]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Paul & Gutiérrez-Marco	Ordovician		Spain	A member of Diploporita belonging to the family Aristocystitidae. The type species is "Calix" inornatus Meléndez (1958).
Eoastropecten [94]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Triassic (Carnian)		China	A starfish belonging to the family Astropectinidae. Genus includes new species E. sechuanensis.
Euglyphocrinus cristagalli [89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		Morocco United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Euglyphocrinus jacobsae [89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Morocco Tunisia	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Euglyphocrinus truncatus [89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Morocco Tunisia	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Euglyphocrinus worthensis [89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		Morocco United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Euptychocrinus longipinnulus [95]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fearnhead et al.	Silurian (Telychian)	Pysgotwr Grits	United Kingdom	A camerate crinoid
Eutaxocrinus ariunai [96]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waters et al.	Devonian (Famennian)	Samnuuruul Formation	Mongolia	A crinoid. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming was published in 2021.
Eutaxocrinus sersmaai [96]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waters et al.	Devonian (Famennian)	Samnuuruul Formation	Mongolia	A crinoid. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming was published in 2021.
Fenestracrinus [89]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Aït Lamine	Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is F. oculifer.
Fernandezaster whisleri [78]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Pliocene		United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin.
Floricyclocion [88]	Gen. et sp. nov		Torres-Martínez, Villanueva-Olea & Sour-Tovar	Permian (Asselian‒Sakmarian)	Grupera	Mexico	A crinoid belonging to the family Floricyclidae. The type species is F. heteromorpha.
Gagaria hunterae [78]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Miocene		United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin.
Genocidaris oyeni [78]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Pliocene		United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin.
Heterobrissus lubellii [97]	Sp. nov	Valid	Borghi & Stara	Late Oligocene-early Miocene		Italy	A heart urchin.
Holocrinus qingyanensis [98]	Sp. nov	Valid	Stiller	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		China	A crinoid belonging to the family Holocrinidae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Isocrinus (Chladocrinus) covuncoensis [99]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lazo et al.	Early Cretaceous (Valanginian)	Agrio	Argentina	A crinoid.
Isocrinus (Chladocrinus) pehuenchensis [99]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lazo et al.	Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian)	Agrio	Argentina	A crinoid.
Kolataster [81]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Blake, Gahn & Guensburg	Ordovician (Sandian)	Mifflin	United States ( Illinois)	A starfish. Genus includes new species K. perplexus.
Lebenharticrinus quinvigintensis [89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Aït Lamine	Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Lebenharticrinus zitti [89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Aït Lamine	Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Linguaserra heidii [86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pabst & Herbig	Carboniferous (Tournaisian to Serpukhovian)	Genicera Heiligenhaus	Germany Spain	A member of Ophiocistioidea belonging to the family Linguaserridae.
Lovenia kerneri [78]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Pliocene		United States ( Florida)	A species of Lovenia .
Maestratina [100]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Forner i Valls & Saura Vilar	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Forcall Formation	Spain	A sea urchin belonging to the group Arbacioida and the family Arbaciidae. The type species is "Cotteaudia" royoi Lambert (1928).
Magnasterella [101]	Gen. et comb. nov	In press	Fraga & Vega	Devonian (Frasnian)	Ponta Grossa	Brazil	A starfish belonging to the group Euaxosida; a new genus for "Echinasterella" darwini Clarke (1913).
Marginix notatus [101]	Sp. nov	In press	Fraga & Vega	Devonian (Frasnian)	Ponta Grossa	Brazil	A brittle star
Meperocrinus [80]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Scheffler	Devonian	Icla	Bolivia	A crinoid belonging to the family Emperocrinidae. Genus includes new species M. angelina.
Mongoliacrinus [96]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Waters et al.	Devonian (Famennian)	Samnuuruul Formation	Mongolia	A crinoid belonging to the family Acrocrinidae. Genus includes new species M. minjini. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming was published in 2021.
Odontaster tabaensis [82]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ewin & Gale	Early Cretaceous (Barremian)	Taba	Morocco	A starfish, a species of Odontaster .
Ophiacantha oceani [102]	Sp. nov	Valid	Numberger-Thuy & Thuy	Pliocene to Pleistocene (Piacenzian to Gelasian)		Italy	A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae.
Ophiomitrella floorae [103]	Sp. nov	Valid	Thuy, Numberger-Thuy & Gale	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Maastricht	Netherlands	An ophiacanthid brittle star.
Paragonaster felli [104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Stevens	Early Cretaceous		New Zealand	A starfish.
Paranaster [101]	Gen. et comb. nov	In press	Fraga & Vega	Devonian (Emsian)	Ponta Grossa	Brazil	A starfish belonging to the group Euaxosida. Genus includes new species P. crucis.
Pararchaeocrinus kiddi [79]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte Bobcaygeon & Verulam	Canada ( Ontario)	A diplobathrid crinoid.
Peckicrinus [105]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Duck Creek	United States ( Oklahoma Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is "Poecilocrinus" porcatus Peck (1943). Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Pegoasterella [106]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Blake & Koniecki	Late Ordovician	Bromide Guttenberg	United States ( Illinois Oklahoma)	A starfish belonging to the family Urasterellidae. Genus includes new species P. pompom.
Periglyptocrinus astricus [79]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte Bobcaygeon & Verulam	Canada ( Ontario)	A monobathrid crinoid.
Periglyptocrinus kevinbretti [79]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte Bobcaygeon & Verulam	Canada ( Ontario)	A monobathrid crinoid.
Periglyptocrinus mcdonaldi [79]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte Bobcaygeon & Verulam	Canada ( Ontario)	A monobathrid crinoid.
Periglyptocrinus silvosus [79]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte Bobcaygeon & Verulam	Canada ( Ontario)	A monobathrid crinoid.
Plotocrinus molineuxae [105]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Goodland	United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Plotocrinus rashallae [105]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Goodland	France United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Plotocrinus reidi [105]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Kiamichi	United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Psammaster [107]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Fau et al.	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Grès des Oies	France	A starfish belonging to the group Forcipulatida. The type species is "Ophidiaster" davidsoni de Loriol & Pellat (1874).
Rhyncholampas meansi [78]	Sp. nov	Valid	Osborn, Portell & Mooi	Pleistocene		United States ( Florida)	A sea urchin.
Roveacrinus gladius [89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Morocco Tunisia	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Roveacrinus morganae [105]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Pawpaw	United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Roveacrinus proteus [105]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Pawpaw	United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Roveacrinus solisoccasum [89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Early Cretaceous (Albian)		Morocco United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Schoenaster carterensis [108]	Sp. nov	Valid	Harris, Ettensohn & Carnahan-Jarvis	Carboniferous (Chesterian)	Slade	United States ( Kentucky)	A brittle star
Seifenia [109]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Müller & Hahn	Early Devonian	Seifen	Germany	A member of Edrioasteroidea. The type species is S. ostara.
Spiracarneyella [110]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sumrall & Phelps	Ordovician (Katian)	Point Pleasant	United States ( Kentucky Ohio)	A carneyellid edrioasteroid. Genus includes new species S. florencei.
Streptoiocrinus [111]	Gen. nov	Valid	Rozhnov	Ordovician		Estonia Russia ( Leningrad Oblast)	A crinoid belonging to the group Disparida.
Styracocrinus rimafera [89]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Morocco Tunisia	A crinoid belonging to the group Articulata and the family Roveacrinidae
Styracocrinus thomasae [105]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Goodland	United States ( Texas)	A crinoid belonging to the family Roveacrinidae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Tallinnicrinus [112]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Cole, Ausich & Wilson	Ordovician (Hirnantian)		Estonia	An anthracocrinid diplobathrid crinoid. Genus includes new species T. toomae.
Tollmannicrinus leidapoensis [98]	Sp. nov	Valid	Stiller	Middle Triassic (Anisian)		China	A crinoid. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Tuberocrinus [80]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Scheffler	Devonian	Belén	Bolivia	A crinoid belonging to the group Dimerocrinitacea. Genus includes new species T. lapazensis.
Vaquerosella perrillatae [113]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martínez Melo & Alvarado Ortega	Miocene	San Ignacio	Mexico	A sand dollar belonging to the family Echinarachniidae

Research

• A study on morphological diversification of echinoderms and evolutionary mechanisms underlying the establishment of echinoderm body plans during the early Paleozoic is published by Deline et al. (2020). ^[114]
• A study on the locomotion of cornute stylophorans, based on data from a specimen of Phyllocystis crassimarginata from the Ordovician (Tremadocian) Saint-Chinian Formation (France), is published by Clark et al. (2020). ^[115]
• A study on the speciation and dispersal of the diploporan blastozoans through the Ordovician period is published by Lam, Sheffield & Matzke (2020). ^[116]
• A study on the evolutionary history of eublastoid blastozoans is published by Bauer (2020). ^[117]
• A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Eumorphocystis is published by Guensburg et al. (2020), who consider this taxon to be a blastozoan far removed from crinoids, contrary to the results of the study of Sheffield & Sumrall (2019). ^{[118] [119]}
• A study on the phylogeny of the crown group of Echinoidea, based on both phylogenomic and paleontological data, is published by Koch & Thompson (2020). ^[120]
• A study on the structure of the arms and on probable locomotion strategies of Devonian brittle stars from the Hunsrück Slate (Germany) is published by Clark, Hutchinson & Briggs (2020). ^[121]

Conodonts

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Ancyrognathus minjini [122]	Sp. nov	Valid	Suttner et al.	Late Devonian	Baruunhuurai	Mongolia	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Baltoniodus norrlandicus denticulatus [123]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Dzik	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Poland	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Belodina watsoni [124]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Australia
Bipennatus hemilevigatus [125]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lu & Königshof	Devonian (Eifelian)	Beiliu	China	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Bipennatus planus [125]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lu & Königshof	Devonian (Eifelian)	Beiliu	China	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Diplognathodus benderi [126]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hu et al.	Carboniferous (Bashkirian–Moscovian boundary)		China
Erraticodon neopatu [127]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen in Zhen et al.	Ordovician	Willara	Australia	Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Gladigondolella laii [128]	Sp. nov	In press	Chen in Chen et al.	Early Triassic		Oman
Idiognathodus fengtingensis [129]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qi et al.	Carboniferous (Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary)		China
Idiognathodus luodianensis [129]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qi et al.	Carboniferous (Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary)		China
Idiognathodus naqingensis [129]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qi et al.	Carboniferous (Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary)		China
Idiognathodus naraoensis [129]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qi et al.	Carboniferous (Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary)		China
Latericriodus guangnanensis [130]	Sp. nov	In press	Lu & Valenzuela-Ríos in Lu et al.	Devonian (Emsian)	Daliantang	China	A member of Prioniodontida belonging to the family Icriodontidae.
Misikella kolarae [131]	Sp. nov	Valid	Karádi et al.	Late Triassic		Hungary	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Pachycladina rendona [132]	Sp. nov	In press	Wu & Ji in Wu et al.	Early Triassic		China	An ellisonid conodont.
Palmatolepis subperlobata tatarica [133]	Nom. nov	Valid	Ovnatanova & Gatovsky	Devonian (Famennian)	Prikazanskaya Formation	Russia ( Tatarstan)	A replacement name for Palmatolepis subperlobata helmsi Ovnatanova (1976). The subspecies was subsequently raised to the rank of a separate species by Ovnatanova & Kononova (2023). [134]
Paullella omanensis [128]	Sp. nov	In press	Chen in Chen et al.	Early Triassic		Croatia Oman
Polygnathus nalaiensis [125]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lu & Königshof	Devonian (Eifelian)	Beiliu	China	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Rossodus? boothiaensis [135]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhang		Turner Cliffs	Canada ( Nunavut)
Scalpellodus percivali [124]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zhen	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Australia
Scythogondolella dolosa [136]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bondarenko & Popov	Early Triassic		Russia ( Primorsky Krai)
Siphonodella leiosa [137]	Sp. nov	In press	Souquet, Corradini & Girard	Carboniferous (Tournaisian)		France
Streptognathodus nemyrovskae [129]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qi et al.	Carboniferous (Gzhelian)		China
Streptognathodus zhihaoi [129]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qi et al.	Carboniferous (Gzhelian)		China
Tortodus dodoensis [138]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gouwy, Uyeno & McCracken	Devonian (Givetian)		Canada	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Trapezognathus pectinatus [123]	Sp. nov	Valid	Dzik	Ordovician (Darriwilian)		Poland	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Zieglerodina petrea [139]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hušková & Slavík	Silurian/Devonian boundary	Prague Synform	Czech Republic	Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.

Research

• Evidence of variations in crystallography and microstructure due to both ontogeny and element type within the conodont feeding apparatus of Dapsilodus obliquicostatus is presented by Shohel et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the integrity of conodont apatite as a recorder of seawater chemistry. ^[140]
• A study aiming to determine whether the repeated emergence of similar morphologies in the dental elements of Permian conodonts belonging to the genus Sweetognathus is an example of parallel evolution is published by Petryshen et al. (2020). ^[141]

Fishes

Main article: 2020 in paleoichthyology

Amphibians

Main article: 2020 in amphibian paleontology

Reptiles

Main articles: 2020 in reptile paleontology and 2020 in archosaur paleontology

Synapsids

Non-mammalian synapsids

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Agudotherium [142]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Stefanello et al.	Late Triassic	Candelária	Brazil	A non-mammaliaform prozostrodontian cynodont. Genus includes new species A. gassenae.
Bohemiclavulus [143]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Spindler, Voigt & Fischer	Carboniferous (Gzhelian)	Slaný	Czech Republic	A member of the family Edaphosauridae; a new genus for "Naosaurus" mirabilis Fritsch (1895). Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Caodeyao [144]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu & Abdala	Late Permian	Naobaogou	China	A therocephalian. Genus includes new species C. liuyufengi.
Chiniquodon omaruruensis [145]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mocke, Gaetano & Abdala	Triassic	Omingonde	Namibia
Dendromaia [146]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Maddin, Mann & Hebert	Carboniferous		Canada ( Nova Scotia)	A member of Varanopidae. Genus includes new species D. unamakiensis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Etjoia [147]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hendrickx et al.	Triassic (Ladinian/Carnian)	Omingonde	Namibia	A traversodontid cynodont. Genus includes new species E. dentitransitus.
Hypselohaptodus [148]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Spindler	Permian (Cisuralian)	Kenilworth	United Kingdom	An early member of Sphenacodontia; a new genus for "Haptodus" grandis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Inditherium [149]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bhat, Ray & Datta	Late Triassic	Tiki	India	A dromatheriid cynodont. Genus includes new species I. floris.
Kalaallitkigun [150]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sulej et al.	Late Triassic (Norian)	Fleming Fjord	Greenland	An early member of Mammaliaformes, possibly a member of Haramiyida. Genus includes new species K. jenkinsi.
Kataigidodon [151]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kligman et al.	Late Triassic	Chinle	United States ( Arizona)	A non-mammalian eucynodont. Genus includes new species K. venetus.
Kenomagnathus [152]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Spindler	Carboniferous (late Pennsylvanian)	Rock Lake Shale Mb, Stanton	United States ( Kansas)	An early member of Sphenacodontia. The type species is K. scottae.
Martensius [153]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Berman et al.	Permian (Artinskian)	Tambach	Germany	A member of Caseidae. The type species is M. bromackerensis.
Nshimbodon [154]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Huttenlocker & Sidor	Late Permian	Madumabisa Mudstone	Zambia	A basal cynodont, probably a member of the family Charassognathidae. Genus includes new species N. muchingaensis.
Polonodon [155]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sulej et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)		Poland	A non-mammaliaform eucynodont. Genus includes new species P. woznikiensis. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Remigiomontanus [143]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Spindler, Voigt & Fischer	Carboniferous–Permian transition	Saar–Nahe	Germany	A member of the family Edaphosauridae. Genus includes new species R. robustus. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Rewaconodon indicus [149]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bhat, Ray & Datta	Late Triassic	Tiki	India	A dromatheriid cynodont.
Taoheodon [156]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu	Late Permian	Sunjiagou Formation	China	A dicynodontoid dicynodont. Genus includes new species T. baizhijuni.
Theroteinus jenkinsi [157]	Sp. nov	Valid	Whiteside & Duffin	Late Triassic (Rhaetian)		United Kingdom	A haramiyidan mammaliaform. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Tikiodon [149]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bhat, Ray & Datta	Late Triassic	Tiki	India	A mammaliamorph cynodont. Genus includes new species T. cromptoni.

Research

• A study on the evolution of the well-defined morphological regions of the vertebral column and of vertebral functional diversity in synapsids is published by Jones et al. (2020). ^[158]
• A study aiming to determine the resting metabolic rates and the thermometabolic regimes (endothermy or ectothermy) in eight non-mammalian synapsids is published by Faure-Brac & Cubo (2020). ^[159]
• A study on the shoulder musculature in extant Argentine black and white tegu and Virginia opossum, evaluating its implications for reconstructions of the shoulder musculature in non-mammalian synapsids, is published by Fahn-Lai, Biewener & Pierce (2020). ^[160]
• A study aiming to determine whether a vicariance pattern can explain early synapsid evolution is published by Brikiatis (2020). ^[161]
• Mann et al. (2020) reinterpret Carboniferous taxon Asaphestera platyris Steen (1934) from the Joggins locality (Nova Scotia, Canada) as the earliest unambiguous synapsid in the fossil record reported so far. ^[162]
• A study on the long bone histology of varanopids from the lower Permian Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, United States), evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the paleobiology of early synapsids, is published by Huttenlocker & Shelton (2020). ^[163]
• Mann & Reisz (2020) report a new hyper-elongated neural spine of Echinerpeton intermedium from the Pennsylvanian-aged Sydney Mines Formation (Nova Scotia, Canada), indicating a wider distribution of hyper-elongation of vertebral neural spines in early synapsids than previously known. ^[164]
• A study on the histology of vertebral centra of Edaphosaurus and Dimetrodon is published by Agliano, Sander & Wintrich (2020). ^[165]
• A study on the anatomy of the holotype skull of Tetraceratops insignis and on the phylogenetic relationships of this taxon is published by Spindler (2020). ^[166]
• A study comparing the oxygen and carbon stable isotope compositions of tooth and bone apatite of Endothiodon and Tropidostoma , and aiming to determine the ecology and diet of Endothiodon, is published by Rey et al. (2020). ^[167]
• Whitney & Sidor (2020) compare the frequency and patterns of growth marks in tusks of Lystrosaurus from polar Antarctica and from the non-polar Karoo Basin of South Africa living ~250 Mya, and report evidence of prolonged stress interpreted as indicative of torpor in polar specimens. This could be the oldest evidence of a hibernation-like state in a vertebrate animal and indicates that torpor arose in vertebrates before mammals and dinosaurs evolved. ^{[168] [169] [170]}
• A study on the skull length and growth patterns of the four South African Lystrosaurus species (L. maccaigi, L. curvatus, L. murrayi and L. declivis), aiming to determine whether the end-Permian mass extinction caused the Lilliput effect in Lystrosaurus species from the Karoo Basin and to infer their lifestyle, is published by Botha (2020). ^[171]
• A study aiming to examine the basis for claims that the genus Lystrosaurus is a disaster taxon is published by Modesto (2020). ^[172]
• A study on tooth serrations in a Permian gorgonopsian from Zambia, identifying the occurrence of denticles and interdental folds forming the cutting edges in the teeth which were previously thought to be unique to theropod dinosaurs and some other archosaurs, is published by Whitney et al. (2020). ^[173]
• Redescription of the skull of Lycosuchus vanderrieti, providing new information on the endocranial anatomy of this taxon, is published by Pusch et al. (2020). ^[174]
• A review of the fossil record of Triassic non-mammaliaform cynodonts from western Gondwana and its importance for the knowledge of the origin of mammals, focusing on taxa known from Argentina, is published by Abdala et al. (2020). ^[175]
• A study on the tooth replacement in Galesaurus planiceps is published by Norton et al. (2020). ^[176]
• The third specimen of Prozostrodon brasiliensis, providing novel information on the anatomy of this taxon, is described by Kerber et al. (2020). ^[177]

Mammals

Main article: 2020 in mammal paleontology

Other animals

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Aladraco kirchhainensis [178]	Sp. nov	Valid	Geyer & Malinky	Cambrian (Miaolingian)	Delitzsch–Torgau–Doberlug	Germany	A member of Hyolitha. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Armilimax [179]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kimmig & Selden	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Spence Shale	United States ( Utah)	A shell-bearing animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species A. pauljamisoni. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Avitograptus akidomorphus [180]	Sp. nov	Valid	Muir et al.	Ordovician (Hirnantian)	Wenchang	China	A graptolite.
Bizeticyathus [181]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha. Genus includes B. carmen (Carmen & Carmen, 1937).
Canadiella [182]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Skovsted et al.	Cambrian	Mural Rosella	Canada	A tommotiid belonging to the family Kennardiidae. The type species is "Lapworthella" filigrana Conway Morris & Fritz (1984).
Collinsovermis [183]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Caron & Aria	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Burgess Shale	Canada ( British Columbia)	A luolishaniid lobopodian. Genus includes new species C. monstruosus.
Cordaticaris [184]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Sun, Zeng & Zhao	Cambrian (Drumian)	Zhangxia	China	A member of Radiodonta belonging to the family Hurdiidae. Genus includes new species C. striatus.
Cornulites baranovi [185]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vinn & Toom	Silurian (Přidoli)	Ohesaare	Estonia	A member of Cornulitida.
Dahescolex [186]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Shao et al.	Cambrian (Fortunian)	Kuanchuanpu	China	An animal which might be a stem-lineage derivative of Scalidophora. Genus includes new species D. kuanchuanpuensis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Dakorhachis [187]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Conway Morris et al.	Cambrian (Guzhangian)	Weeks	United States ( Utah)	An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a stem-group member of the Gnathifera. Genus includes new species D. thambus.
Dannychaeta [188]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Chen et al.	Early Cambrian	Canglangpu	China	A crown annelid, probably a relative of the families Magelonidae and Oweniidae. Genus includes new species D. tucolus.
Degeletticyathus dailyi [181]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha.
"Dictyonema" khadijae [189]	Sp. nov	In press	Gutiérrez Marco, Muir & Mitchell	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A graptolite
"Dictyonema" villasi [189]	Sp. nov	In press	Gutiérrez Marco, Muir & Mitchell	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A graptolite
Gyaltsenglossus [190]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Nanglu, Caron & Cameron	Cambrian	Stephen	Canada ( British Columbia)	A member of the stem group of Hemichordata. The type species is G. senis.
Herpetogaster haiyanensis [191]	Sp. nov		Yang et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Chiungchussu	China
Hillaecyathus [181]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha. Genus includes H. contractus (Hill, 1965).
Ikaria [192]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Evans et al.	Ediacaran		Australia	An early bilaterian. Genus includes new species I. wariootia.
Korenograptus selectus [193]	Sp. nov	In press	Chen in Chen et al.	Late Ordovician		Myanmar	A graptolite
Kylinxia [194]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Zeng, Zhao & Huang in Zeng et al.	Early Cambrian		China	A transitional euarthropod that bridges radiodonts and true arthropods. Genus includes new species K. zhangi.
Lenzograptus [195]	Nom. nov	In press	Loydell	Silurian (Ludlow)		Canada ( Yukon)	A graptolite; a replacement name for Lenzia Rickards & Wright (1999).
Longxiantheca [196]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Li in Li et al.	Cambrian Stages 3–4	Xinji	China	A member of Hyolitha belonging to the group Orthothecida. The type species is L. mira.
Maxdebrennius [181]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha. Genus includes new species M. mimus.
Microconchus cravenensis [197]	Sp. nov	Valid	Zatoń & Mundy	Carboniferous (Mississippian)	Cracoe Limestone Malham	United Kingdom	A member of Microconchida.
Microconchus maya [198]	Sp. nov	Valid	Heredia-Jiménez et al.	Permian (Roadian)	Paso Hondo	Mexico	A member of Microconchida.
Monograptus hamulus [199]	Sp. nov	Valid	Saparin et al.	Silurian (Llandovery)	Co To	Vietnam	A graptolite
Neodiplograptus mandalayensis [193]	Sp. nov	In press	Chen in Chen et al.	Late Ordovician		Myanmar	A graptolite
Nochoroicyathus ordinarius [181]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha.
Nochoroicyathus sublimus [181]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha.
Paranacyathus arboreus [181]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha.
Pontagrossia [200]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Chahud & Fairchild	Devonian (Emsian)	Ponta Grossa	Brazil	An invertebrate of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is P. reticulata.
Porocoscinus eurys [181]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha.
Pristiograptus paradoxus [201]	Sp. nov	In press	Loydell & Walasek	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	A graptolite
Stictocyathus [181]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha. Genus includes new species S. cavus.
Subtumulocyathellus satus [181]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha.
Torquigraptus loveridgei [201]	Sp. nov	In press	Loydell & Walasek	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	A graptolite
Torquigraptus wilsoni [202]	Sp. nov	Valid	Loydell	Silurian (Telychian)		United Kingdom	A graptolite
Toscanisoma [203]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Wendt	Late Triassic (Carnian)	San Cassiano	Italy	A member of Ascidiacea. The type species is T. multipartitum; genus also includes T. triplicatum.
Utahscolex [204]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Whitaker et al.	Cambrian (Wuliuan)	Spence	United States ( Utah)	A palaeoscolecid; a new genus for "Palaeoscolex" ratcliffei Robison (1969)
Vermilituus [205]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Cambrian Stage 3	Chiungchussu	China	A small, encrusting tubular protostomian, preserved attached to a mobile host ( Vetulicola ). The type species is V. gregarius.
Wronacyathus [181]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kruse & Debrenne	Cambrian		Australia	A member of Archaeocyatha. Genus includes new species W. ayuzhui.
Zhongpingscolex [206]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Shao et al.	Cambrian (Fortunian)	Kuanchuanpu	China	A scalidophoran, probably a stem-group kinorhynch. Genus includes new species Z. qinensis.
Zuunia [207]	Gen. et sp. nov		Yang et al.	Late Ediacaran	Zuun-Arts	Mongolia	A cloudinid. The type species is Z. chimidtsereni.

Research

• A study on the taphonomy of three-dimensionally preserved specimens of Charnia from the White Sea, and on their implications for the knowledge of rangeomorph feeding and physiology, is published by Butterfield (2020). ^[208]
• A study on the morphology and likely mode of life of Beothukis mistakensis is published by McIlroy et al. (2020). ^[209]
• Evidence of preservation of internal anatomical structures in cloudinomorph fossils from the Ediacaran Wood Canyon Formation (Nevada, United States) is reported by Schiffbauer et al. (2020), who interpret these structures as probable digestive tracts, and evaluate their implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of cloudinomorphs. ^[210]
• Fossils of Dickinsonia identical with D. tenuis from the Ediacara Member of the Rawnsley Quartzite in South Australia are reported from the late Ediacaran Maihar Sandstone of the Bhander Group (India; found in the roof of Auditorium Cave at Bhimbetka rock shelters) by Retallack et al. (2020), who interpret this finding as confirming the assembly of Gondwana by 550 Ma; ^[211] however, Meert et al. (2023) subsequently reinterpreted purported fossil material of Dickinsonia as an impression resulting from decay of a modern beehive. ^[212]
• New specimens of Mafangscolex , providing the first detailed information on the anatomy of a proboscis in palaeoscolecids, are described from the Cambrian Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte (Kunming, China) by Yang et al. (2020). ^[213]
• A study on the type material of a putative Ordovician annelid Haileyia adhaerens is published by Muir & Botting (2020) who find no evidence indicating that H. adhaerens is an annelid, or even a recognizable fossil. ^[214]
• New hyolithid specimens preserving helens and interior soft tissues, including muscle scars and digestive tracts, are described from the Guanshan Biota (Cambrian Stage 4; Yunnan, China) by Liu et al. (2020). ^[215]
• Redescription of Acosmia maotiania based on data from new and historic fossil material is published by Howard et al. (2020), who interpret this animal as a stem group ecdysozoan. ^[216]
• Two types of microscopic reticulate cuticular patterns are described in Cambrian stem-group scalidophorans from the Kuanchuanpu Formation (China) by Wang et al. (2020), who argue that these cuticular networks replicate the cell boundaries of the epidermis. ^[217]
• A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Facivermis yunnanicus, based on data from the holotype and new specimens, is published by Howard et al. (2020), who consider this species to be a luolishaniid lobopodian. ^[218]
• New type of a compound eye is identified in specimens of "Anomalocaris" briggsi from the Cambrian Emu Bay Shale (Australia) by Paterson, Edgecombe & García-Bellido (2020), who interpret the eye morphology of "A." briggsi as suggestive of this animal being a mesopelagic species, capable of inhabiting depths of several hundred meters, and likely using its acute, light-sensitive eyes to detect plankton in dim down-welling light. ^[219]
• An isolated frontal appendage of a miniature hurdiid radiodont (less than half the size of the next smallest radiodont frontal appendage discovered so far) is described from the Ordovician (Tremadocian) Dol-cyn-Afon Formation (Wales, United Kingdom) by Pates et al. (2020), representing the first radiodont reported from the UK, the first record of this group from the palaeocontinent Avalonia, and the first from an environment dominated by sponges rather than euarthropods. ^[220]
• Barrios-de Pedro, Osuna & Buscalioni (2020) report the discovery of trematode and nematode eggs in coprolites from the Barremian Las Hoyas fossil site (Spain). ^[221]

Foraminifera

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Carseyella [222]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Schlagintweit	Early Cretaceous (Aptian and Albian)		Algeria Mexico United States Venezuela	A new genus for "Orbitolina" walnutensis Carsey (1926) and "Dictyoconus" algerianus Cherchi & Schroeder (1982). Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.

Other organisms

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Annularidens [223]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Ouyang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo	China	An acritarch. Genus includes new species A. inconditus.
Anqiutrichoides [224]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Tonian	Shiwangzhuang	China	A multicellular organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a eukaryotic alga. Genus includes new species A. constrictus.
Aphralysia anfracta [225]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kopaska-Merkel, Haywick & Keyes	Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)		United States ( Alabama)	A tubular calcitic microfossil of uncertain affinities
Arborea denticulata [226]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Ediacaran	Dengying	China	A frondose fossil of uncertain affinities.
Archaeosporites [227]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Harper et al.	Early Devonian	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom	A fungus belonging to the group Archaeosporaceae. Genus includes new species A. rhyniensis.
Asteridium tubulus [228]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yin et al.	Cambrian Stage 4		China	An organic-walled microfossil. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Attenborites [229]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Droser et al.	Ediacaran	Rawnsley	Australia	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, described on the basis of a well-defined irregular oval to circular fossil. Genus includes new species A. janeae. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Bispinosphaera vacua [223]	Sp. nov	In press	Ouyang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo	China	An acritarch.
Brijax [230]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Krings & Harper	Devonian	Rhynie chert	United Kingdom	A probable chytrid fungus. Genus includes new species B. amictus.
Convolutubus [231]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Vaziri et al.	Ediacaran		Iran	An organic-walled tubular organism. Genus includes new species C. dargazinensis.
Corrugasphaera perfecta [228]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yin et al.	Cambrian Stage 4		China	An organic-walled microfossil. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Crassimembrana [223]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	In press	Ouyang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo	China	An acritarch. Genus includes new species C. crispans and C. multitunica.
Cyanosarcinopsis [232]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Calça & Fairchild	Permian	Assistência	Brazil	A chroococcacean. Genus includes new species C. hachiroi.
Cyathochitina brussai [233]	Sp. nov	In press	De la Puente, Paris & Vaccari	Ordovician (Hirnantian) and Silurian (Rhuddanian)	Brutia Clemville Salar del Rincón Soom Shale	Argentina Belgium Canada Chad Mauritania South Africa Iran? Jordan? Libya?	A chitinozoan.
Cyathochitina lariensis [233]	Sp. nov	In press	De la Puente, Paris & Vaccari	Latest Ordovician–earliest Silurian	Salar del Rincón	Argentina	A chitinozoan.
Cyathochitina punaensis [233]	Sp. nov	In press	De la Puente, Paris & Vaccari	Latest Ordovician–earliest Silurian	Salar del Rincón	Argentina	A chitinozoan.
Cymatiosphaera spina [228]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yin et al.	Cambrian Stage 4		China	An organic-walled microfossil. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Dichothallus [234]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Naugolnykh	Permian (early Kungurian)	Philippovian	Russia	A brown alga of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Genus includes new species D. divaricatus.
Dictyocyrillium [235]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Martí Mus, Moczydłowska & Knoll	Tonian	Elbobreen	Norway	A vase-shaped microfossil. Genus includes new species D. erythron.
Distosphaera jinguadunensis [223]	Sp. nov	In press	Ouyang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo	China	An acritarch.
Dongyesphaera [236]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Yin et al.	Paleoproterozoic	Tianpengnao	China	An acritarch. Genus includes new species D. tenuispina.
Eoentophysalis hutuoensis [236]	Sp. nov	In press	Yin et al.	Paleoproterozoic	Hebiancun	China	A cyanobacterium belonging to the family Entophysalidaceae
Eosolena magna [224]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Tonian	Shiwangzhuang	China	A multicellular, eukaryotic alga.
Flabellophyton obesum [237]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wan et al.	Ediacaran		China	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly an alga.
Flabellophyton stupendum [238]	Sp. nov	In press	Xiao et al.	Ediacaran	Rawnsley Quartzite	Australia	Probably a benthic macroalga.
Flabellophyton typicum [237]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wan et al.	Ediacaran		China	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly an alga.
Liulingjitaenia irregularis [238]	Sp. nov	In press	Xiao et al.	Ediacaran	Rawnsley Quartzite	Australia	Probably a benthic macroalga.
Mengeosphaera matryoshkaformis [223]	Sp. nov	In press	Ouyang et al.	Ediacaran	Doushantuo	China	An acritarch.
Nepia [239]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Golubkova in Golubkova & Kochnev	Ediacaran		Russia	An oscillatorian cyanobacteria. Genus includes new species N. calicina.
Noffkarkys [240]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Retallack & Broz	Ediacaran and Cambrian	Arumbera Flathead Grant Bluff Jodhpur Synalds	Australia India United Kingdom United States ( Montana)	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a member of the family Charniidae. Genus includes new species N. storaaslii. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Obamus [241]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Dzaugis et al.	Ediacaran	Rawnsley	Australia	A torus-shaped organism, similar in gross morphology to some poriferans and benthic cnidarians. Genus includes new species O. coronatus. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Ophiocordyceps dominicanus [242]	Sp. nov	Valid	Poinar & Vega	Eocene or Miocene	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A fungus, a species of Ophiocordyceps . Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Palaeomycus [243]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Poinar	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A fungus described on the basis of pycnidia. Genus includes new species P. epallelus. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Pararenicola gejiazhuangensis [224]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Tonian	Shiwangzhuang	China	A coenocytic alga.
Patagonifilum [244]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Massini et al.	Late Jurassic	La Matilde	Argentina	A cyanobacterium. Genus includes new species P. jurassicum.
Plagasphaera [228]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Yin et al.	Cambrian Stage 4		China	An organic-walled microfossil. Genus includes new species P. balangensis. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Polycephalomyces baltica [242]	Sp. nov	Valid	Poinar & Vega	Eocene	Baltic amber	Russia ( Kaliningrad Oblast)	A fungus belonging to the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
Proaulopora ordosia [245]	Sp. nov	In press	Liu et al.	Ordovician	Ordos Basin	China	A member of Nostocales.
Protoarenicola baishicunensis [224]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Tonian	Shiwangzhuang	China	A coenocytic alga.
Protoarenicola shijiacunensis [224]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Tonian	Shiwangzhuang	China	A coenocytic alga.
Protographum [246]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Le Renard et al.	Early Cretaceous	Potomac	United States ( Virginia)	A fungus belonging or related to the family Aulographaceae. Genus includes new species P. luttrellii.
Pterospermella vinctusa [228]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yin et al.	Cambrian Stage 4		China	An organic-walled microfossil. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Ramochitina deynouxi [233]	Sp. nov	In press	De la Puente, Paris & Vaccari	Latest Ordovician–earliest Silurian	Salar del Rincón	Argentina Mauritania	A chitinozoan.
Sinosabellidites huangshanensis [224]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Tonian	Shiwangzhuang	China	A coenocytic alga.
Spinachitina titae [233]	Sp. nov	In press	De la Puente, Paris & Vaccari	Latest Ordovician–earliest Silurian	Salar del Rincón	Argentina	A chitinozoan.
Spiroplasma burmanica [247]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Poinar	Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian)	Burmese amber	Myanmar	A bacterium belonging to the group Mollicutes, a species of Spiroplasma .
Stomiopeltites shangcunicus [248]	Sp. nov	Valid	Maslova & Tobias in Maslova et al.	Oligocene	Shangcun	China	A fungus belonging to the family Micropeltidaceae. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Triskelia [249]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Strullu-Derrien et al.	Devonian	Rhynie Chert	United Kingdom	An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a green alga [249] or a fungus. [250] Genus includes new species T. scotlandica. Announced in 2020; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2021.
Windipila wimmervoecksii [251]	Sp. nov	Valid	Krings & Harper	Early Devonian	Windyfield	United Kingdom	A fungal reproductive unit. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.

Research

• A study on fossilized biopolymers in 3.5–3.3 Ga microbial mats from the Barberton Greenstone Belt (South Africa) is published by Hickman-Lewis, Westall & Cavalazzi (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that Bacteria and Archaea flourished together in Earth's earliest ecosystems. ^[252]
• Putative ciliate fossils from the Cryogenian Taishir Formation (Tsagaan Olom Group, Zavkhan Terrane, Mongolia) are reinterpreted as more likely to be algal reproductive structures by Cohen, Vizcaíno & Anderson (2020), who also report the first occurrence of these fossils in the earliest Ediacaran Ol Formation. ^[253]
• The discovery of fungal fossils in an 810 to 715 million year old dolomitic shale from the Mbuji-Mayi Supergroup (Democratic Republic of the Congo) is reported by Bonneville et al. (2020), representing the oldest, molecularly identified remains of Fungi reported so far. ^[254]
• Specimens of Palaeopascichnus linearis living before the Gaskiers glaciation are described from marine strata within the Rocky Harbour Formation by Liu & Tindal (2020), representing the oldest documented macrofossils from the Ediacaran successions of Newfoundland reported so far. ^[255]
• A study on the developmental biology and phylogenetic relationships of Helicoforamina wenganica is published by Yin et al. (2020). ^[256]
• A study on the morphology and affinities of a putative early sponge Namapoikia rietoogensis is published by Mehra et al. (2020), who argue that Namapoikia lacked the physical characteristics expected of an animal. ^[257]
• A study on the morphology and inner ultrastructure of exceptionally preserved chitinozoan specimens from the Ordovician of Estonia, the United States and Russia is published by Liang et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as evidence of a protist affinity of chitinozoans. ^[258]

Trace fossils

• A study on patterns of ecosystem engineering behaviors across the Permian-Triassic boundary, as indicated by data from trace fossils, and on their possible impact on ecosystem recovery in the benthic environment in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event is published by Cribb & Bottjer (2020). ^[259]
• New fossil tracks, probably produced by a pterygote insect, are described from the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Botucatu Formation (Brazil) by Peixoto et al. (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Paleohelcura araraquarensis, and evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of ecological relationships within the Botucatu paleodesert. ^[260]
• A new assemblage of nests produced by social insects is described from the Brushy Basin Member of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation (Utah, United States) by Smith, Loewen & Kirkland (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Eopolis ekdalei. ^[261]
• New tetrapod trackways are described from the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the South African Karoo Basin by Cisneros et al. (2020), who interpret these tracks as produced by small amphibians, and consider them to be evidence that the diversity of Guadalupian amphibians of the Karoo Basin was greater than indicated by body fossils alone. ^[262]
• Mujal & Schoch (2020) describe amphibian tracks from the Middle Triassic Erfurt Formation (Germany, probably produced by capitosaurid temnospondyls, and evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the locomotion and habitats of temnospondyls. ^[263]
• Fossil tracks likely produced by early amniotes are described from the Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Manakacha Formation (Arizona, United States) by Rowland, Caputo & Jensen (2020), who interpret these tracks as evidence of early adaptation of amniotes to eolian dunefield deserts, as well as the first documented occurrence of a lateral-sequence gait in the pre-Miocene tetrapod fossil record. ^[264]
• Revision of Pachypes -like footprints from the Cisuralian–Guadalupian of Europe and North America is published by Marchetti et al. (2020), who date the earliest known occurrence of Pachypes to the Artinskian, interpret the footprints belonging to the ichnospecies Pachypes ollieri as produced by nycteroleter pareiasauromorphs, and argue that the earliest occurrences of pareiasauromorph footprints precede the earliest occurrence of this group in the skeletal record by at least 10 million years. ^[265]
• The first known fossil example of an iguana nesting burrow is reported from the Pleistocene Grotto Beach Formation (The Bahamas) by Martin et al. (2020). ^[266]
• Fossil tracks possibly produced by a monjurosuchid-like choristoderan are described from the Albian Daegu Formation (South Korea) by Lee, Kong & Jung (2020), who attempt to determine the trackmaker's locomotory posture on land, and name a new ichnotaxon Novapes ulsanensis. ^[267]
• New Early Triassic archosauriform track assemblage is described from the Gardetta Plateau (Western Alps, Italy) by Petti et al. (2020), who interpret this finding as evidence of the presence of archosauriforms at low latitudes soon after the Permian–Triassic extinction event, and name a new ichnotaxon Isochirotherium gardettensis. ^[268]
• Fossil tracks produced by large crocodylomorphs, possibly moving bipedally, are described from the Lower Cretaceous Jinju Formation (South Korea) by Kim et al. (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Batrachopus grandis. ^[269]
• The first probable deinonychosaur (likely troodontid) tracks from Canada are described from the Campanian Wapiti Formation (Alberta) by Enriquez et al. (2020). ^[270]
• Three sauropod trackways, probably produced by members of Titanosauriformes, are described from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of the Castelbouc cave (France) by Moreau et al. (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Occitanopodus gandi. ^[271]
• New dinosaur tracks, including tracks representing the ichnogenus Deltapodus (probably produced by stegosaurians), are described from the Middle Jurassic of the Isle of Skye (Scotland, United Kingdom) by dePoloet al. (2020), expanding known diversity of dinosaur tracks from this locality. ^[272]
• A review of the Late Cretaceous dinosaur tracksites of Bolivia is published by Meyer et al. (2020), who describe new dinosaur tracksites from the Chuquisaca and Potosi departments, and report parallel trackways of subadult ankylosaurs interpreted as evidence of social behavior amongst these dinosaurs. ^[273]
• A study on Pleistocene bird tracks from the Cape south coast of South Africa is published by Helm et al. (2020), who report six tracksites with tracks produced by large birds, possibly indicating the existence of large Pleistocene forms of extant bird taxa. ^[274]
• Mazin & Pouech (2020) describe non-pterodactyloid pterosaur tracks from the ichnological site known as "the Pterosaur Beach of Crayssac" (Tithonian; south-western France), evaluate the implications of these tracks for the knowledge of the terrestrial capabilities of non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs, and name a new ichnogenus Rhamphichnus . ^[275]
• Dinosaur and synapsid tracks are described from the Pliensbachian-Toarcian of the northern main Karoo Basin (South Africa) by Bordy et al. (2020), who interpret these tracks as evidence that dinosaurs and synapsids were among the last inhabitants of the main Karoo Basin some 183 million years ago, and name a new ichnotaxon Afrodelatorrichnus ellenbergeri (likely of ornithischian affinity). ^[276]
• New complex burrow system produced by geomyid rodents is described from the Oligocene Chilapa Formation (Mexico) by Guerrero-Arenas, Jiménez-Hidalgo & Genise (2020), who name a new ichnotaxon Yaviichnus iniyooensis, and interpret the complexity of these burrows as probable evidence of some degree of gregariousness of their producers. ^[277]

History of life in general

• Bobrovskiy et al. (2020) and van Maldegem et al. (2020) argue that putative sponge biomarkers can be generated from algal sterols, and interpret their findings as undermining the interpretation of biomarkers found in Precambrian rocks posited as evidence of existence of animals before the latest Ediacaran. ^{[278] [279]}
• Liu & Dunn (2020), describe filamentous organic structures preserved among frond-dominated fossil assemblages from the Ediacaran of Newfoundland (Canada), including filaments that appear to directly connect individual specimens of one rangeomorph taxon, and interpret this finding as possible evidence that Ediacaran frondose taxa were clonal. ^[280]
• A study on the age of the Ediacaran biota from the Conception and St. John's Groups at Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve (Newfoundland, Canada) is published by Matthews et al. (2020). ^[281]
• Approximately 563-million-year-old Ediacaran biota is reported from the Itajaí Basin (Brazil) by Becker-Kerber et al. (2020), representing the first record of Ediacaran macrofossils from Gondwana in deposits of similar age to the Avalon biota. ^[282]
• An Ediacaran Lagerstätte with phosphatized animal-like eggs, embryos, acritarchs and cyanobacteria is reported from the Portfjeld Formation (Peary Land, Greenland) by Willman et al. (2020), representing the first record of a Doushantuo type preservation of fossils (with diagenetic phosphate replacement of originally organic material) from Laurentia reported so far. ^[283]
• A study on biomarkers from Ediacaran sediments in the White Sea area is published by Bobrovskiy et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that eukaryotic algae were abundant among the food sources available for the Ediacaran biota. ^[284]
• A study aiming to quantify changes of regional-scale diversity in marine fossils across time and space throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Close et al. (2020). ^[285]
• A study on the structure of the Phanerozoic fossil record, aiming to determine relative impacts of extinctions and evolutionary radiations on the co-occurrence of species throughout the Phanerozoic, is published by Hoyal Cuthill, Guttenberg & Budd (2020), who argue that their findings refute any direct causal relationship between the proportionally most comparable mass radiations and extinctions. ^[286]
• A study on the timing of known diversification and extinction events from Cambrian to Triassic, based on data from 11,000 marine fossil species, is published by Fan et al. (2020). ^[287]
• The discovery of a new, exceptionally-preserved Cambrian biota, with fossils belonging to multiple phyla, is reported from the Guzhangian Longha Formation (Yunnan, China) by Peng et al. (2020). ^[288]
• A study on changes in body size in skeletal animals from the Siberian Platform through the early Cambrian is published by Zhuravlev & Wood (2020). ^[289]
• A study on the relationship between body size and extinction risk in the marine fossil record across the past 485 million years is published by Payne & Heim (2020). ^[290]
• A study on the diversification rates of Ordovician animals living on hard substrates, aiming to determine when they experienced their greatest origination rates, is published by Franeck & Liow (2020). ^[291]
• New information on the biotic composition of the Silurian Waukesha Lagerstätte (Wisconsin, United States) is presented by Wendruff et al. (2020), who report a biodiversity far richer than previously reported, and explore the taphonomic history of the fossils of this biota. ^[292]
• A study on the diversity dynamics of the marine brachiopods, bivalves and gastropods throughout the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age is published by Seuss, Roden & Kocsis (2020). ^[293]
• A study comparing the chemistry of fossil soft tissues of invertebrates and vertebrates from the Carboniferous Mazon Creek fossil beds (Illinois, United States) is published by McCoy et al. (2020), who report Tullimonstrum gregarium as grouping with vertebrates in their analysis. ^[294]
• A study on the ages of known early–middle Permian tetrapod-bearing geological formations, as indicated by Bayesian tip dating methods, is published by Brocklehurst (2020), who interprets his findings as supporting the occurrence of the Olson's Extinction. ^[295]
• A study on global infaunal response to the Permian–Triassic extinction event, as indicated by data from trace fossils, is published by Luo et al. (2020). ^[296]
• A study on changes of marine latitudinal diversity gradient caused by the Permian–Triassic mass extinction is published by Song et al. (2020). ^[297]
• A study on the latitudinal variation in Late Triassic tetrapod diversity, aiming to determine the relationship between latitudinal species richness and palaeoclimatic conditions, is published by Dunne et al. (2020). ^[298]
• Description of new fossil material of Late Triassic tetrapods from the Hoyada del Cerro Las Lajas site (Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina), and a study on the age of tetrapod fossils from this site (including fossils of Pisanosaurus mertii) and their implications for the knowledge of the Late Triassic tetrapod evolution, is published by Desojo et al. (2020). ^[299]
• A review of the evidence of a major change in ecological community structure during the Carnian, focusing on the temporal links of these biological changes with the Carnian Pluvial Event and on the role of volcanic eruptions and associated climate change as a possible trigger, is published by Dal Corso et al. (2020). ^[300]
• An assemblage of fossilized vomits and coprolites is described from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) Reingraben Shales in Polzberg (Austria) by Lukeneder et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of these bromalites for the knowledge of pelagic invertebrates-vertebrates trophic chain of the Late Triassic Polzberg biota, and interpret their finding as evidence indicating that the Mesozoic marine revolution has already started in the early Mesozoic. ^[301]
• A study on the dynamics of the Adamanian/Revueltian faunal turnover, based on fossil data from the Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, United States), is published by Hayes et al. (2020). ^[302]
• A study on the palynological record from the Carnian–Norian transition in the western Barents Sea region is published by Klausen, Paterson & Benton (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that major sea-level changes across the vast delta plains situated in the northern Pangaea might have triggered terrestrial turnovers during the Carnian–Norian transition and facilitated the gradual rise of the dinosaurs to ecosystem dominance. ^[303]
• Wignall & Atkinson (2020) argue that the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event can be resolved into two distinct, short-lived extinction pulses separated by a several hundred-thousand-year interlude phase. ^[304]
• A study on changes in shell size of marine bivalves and brachiopods from the Iberian Basin (Spain) across the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, aiming to determine the role of temperature for changes in body size of bivalves and brachiopods, is published by Piazza, Ullmann & Aberhan (2020). ^[305]
• A study on the impact of warming and disturbance of the carbon cycle during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event on marine benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages from the Iberian Basin is published by Piazza, Ullmann & Aberhan (2020). ^[306]
• A study on the persistence and abundance of an association of serpulids and hydroids during the Middle and Late Jurassic is published by Słowiński et al. (2020). ^[307]
• Foster, Pagnac & Hunt-Foster (2020) describe the Late Jurassic biota from the Little Houston Quarry in the Black Hills of Wyoming, including the vertebrate fauna which is the second-most diverse in the entire Morrison Formation and the most diverse north of Como Bluff. ^[308]
• A study on the age of the Huajiying Formation (China) and its implications for the knowledge of the timing of appearance and duration of the Jehol Biota is published by Yang et al. (2020). ^[309]
• A study on the age of the biota from the Cretaceous Burmese amber from Hkamti is published by Xing & Qiu (2020). ^[310]
• A study on extinction patterns of marine vertebrates during the last 20 million years of the Late Cretaceous, as indicated by fossils from northern Gulf of Mexico, is published by Ikejiri, Lu & Zhang (2020), who report evidence of two separate extinction events: one in the Campanian, and one at the end of the Maastrichtian. ^[311]
• Rodríguez-Tovar et al. (2020) present evidence from trace fossils from the Chicxulub crater indicating that full recovery of the macrobenthic biota from this area was rapid, with the establishment of a well-developed tiered community within ~700 thousand years. ^[312]
• A study on the impact of the early Cenozoic hyperthermal events on shallow marine benthic communities, based on data from fossils from the Gulf Coastal Plain, is published by Foster et al. (2020). ^[313]
• A study on the geology and fauna (including hominins) of the new Mille-Logya site (Afar, Ethiopia) dated to between 2.914 and 2.443 Ma is published by Zeresenay Alemseged et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of this site for the knowledge of how hominins and other fauna responded to environmental changes during this period. ^[314]
• Studies on the magnitude and likely causes of megafaunal extinctions in the Indian subcontinent during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene are published by Jukar et al. (2020) ^[315] and Turvey et al. (2020). ^[316]
• A new, diverse megafauna assemblage that suffered extinction sometime after 40,100 (±1700) years ago is reported from the South Walker Creek fossil deposits (Queensland, Australia) by Hocknull et al. (2020), who evaluate the implications of this assemblage for prevailing megafauna extinction hypotheses for Sahul. ^[317]
• A study on ancient DNA of vertebrates and plants recovered from fossils and sediment from Hall's Cave (Edwards Plateau, Texas, United States), evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the climatic fluctuations from the Pleistocene to the Holocene on the local ecosystem, is published by Seersholm et al. (2020). ^[318]
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of early amniotes, recovering Parareptilia and Varanopidae as nested within Diapsida, will be published by Ford & Benson (2020), who name a new clade Neoreptilia. ^[319]
• Regional-scale diversity patterns for terrestrial tetrapods throughout their entire Phanerozoic evolutionary history are presented by Close et al. (2020), who attempt to determine how informative the fossil record is about true global paleodiversity. ^[320]
• A study on the impact of the appearance and evolution of herbivorous tetrapods on the evolution of land plants from the Carboniferous to the Early Triassic is published by Brocklehurst, Kammerer & Benson (2020). ^[321]
• A study the terrestrial and marine fossil record of Late Permian to Late Triassic tetrapods, comparing species-level tetrapod biodiversity across latitudinal bins, is published by Allen et al. (2020). ^[322]
• In a study published by Chiarenza et al. (2020) ^{[323] [324]} the two main hypotheses for the mass extinction (the Deccan Traps and the Chicxulub impact) were evaluated using Earth System and Ecologial modelling, confirming that the asteroid impact was the main driver of this extinction while the volcanism might have boosted the recovery instead.
• Bishop, Cuff & Hutchinson (2020) outline a workflow for integrating paleontological data with biomechanical principles and modeling techniques in order to create musculoskeletal models and study locomotor biomechanics of extinct animals, using Coelophysis as a case study. ^[325]
• Saitta et al. (2020) propose a framework for studying sexual dimorphism in non-avian dinosaurs and other extinct taxa, focusing on likely secondary sexual traits and testing against all alternate hypotheses for variation in the fossil record. ^[326]
• A study evaluating the utility of rare earth element profiles as proxies for biomolecular preservation in fossil bones, based on data from a specimen of Edmontosaurus annectens from the Standing Rock Hadrosaur Site (Hell Creek Formation; South Dakota, United States), is published by Ullmann et al. (2020). ^[327]
• A study on the diversity and evolution of skull and jaw functions in sabre-toothed carnivores during the last 265 million years is published by Lautenschlager et al. (2020). ^[328]

Other research

• Evidence indicating that the Great Oxidation Event predated Paleoproterozoic glaciation in Russia and snowball Earth deposits in South Africa is presented by Warke et al. (2020), who argue that their findings preclude hypotheses of Earth's oxygenation in which global glaciation preceded or caused the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. ^[329]
• A study on the timing of the onset and termination of the Shuram carbon isotope excursion is published by Rooney et al. (2020), who argue that this excursion was divorced from the rise of the earliest preserved animal ecosystems. ^[330]
• A study on the causes of the Late Ordovician mass extinction, based on data from the Ordovician-Silurian boundary stratotype (Dob's Linn, Scotland), is published by Bond & Grasby (2020), who interpret their findings as evidence that this extinction event was caused by volcanism, warming and anoxia. ^[331]
• Evidence of wildfires at the Frasnian−Famennian boundary is reported from Upper Devonian sections from western New York (United States) by Liu et al. (2020), who also provide an estimate of atmospheric O₂ levels at this interval, and evaluate their implications for the knowledge of causes of the Late Devonian extinction. ^[332]
• A study on the timing of the environmental changes associated with the Kellwasser events is published by Da Silva et al. (2020). ^[333]
• Evidence of anomalously high mercury concentration in marine deposits encompassing the Hangenberg event from Carnic Alps (Italy and Austria) is presented by Rakociński et al. (2020), who argue that methylmercury poisoning in otherwise anoxic seas, caused by extensive volcanic activity, could be a direct kill mechanism of the end-Devonian Hangenberg extinction. ^[334]
• A study on fossil plant spores with malformed sculpture and pigmented walls, recovered from terrestrial Devonian-Carboniferous boundary sections from East Greenland, is published by Marshall et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as evidence that the terrestrial mass extinction at the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary coincided with elevated UV-B radiation, indicative of ozone layer reduction. ^[335]
• Fields et al. (2020) attempt to determine whether the dramatic drop in stratospheric ozone coinciding with the end-Devonian extinction events was caused by a nearby supernova explosion. ^[336]
• A series of articles on the biostratigraphy of the Karoo Supergroup, providing a formal biozonation scheme for the Stormberg Group and dividing the Beaufort and Stormberg groups into nine tetrapod assemblage zones, is published in the June 2020 issue of the South African Journal of Geology . ^{[337] [338] [339] [340] [341] [342] [343] [344] [345] [346]}
• A study on the age of a pristine ash-fall deposit in the Karoo Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone (South Africa) is published by Gastaldo et al. (2020), who report that turnover from the Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone to Lystrosaurus AZ in this basin occurred over 300 ka before the end-Permian marine event, and interpret their findings as refuting the concurrentness of turnovers in terrestrial and marine ecosystems at the end of the Permian. ^[347]
• A study evaluating the contribution of loss of ecosystems on land and consequent massive terrestrial biomass oxidation to atmosphere–ocean biogeochemistry at the Permian–Triassic boundary is published by Dal Corso et al. (2020). ^[348]
• A study aiming to determine the mechanism that drove vast stretches of the ocean to an anoxic state during the Permian–Triassic extinction event is published by Schobben et al. (2020). ^[349]
• Evidence indicating that the Permian–Triassic extinction event was linked with ocean acidification due to carbon degassing from the Siberian sill intrusions is presented by Jurikova et al. (2020). ^[350]
• Evidence from paired coronene and mercury spikes in stratigraphic sections in south China and Italy, indicative of the occurrence of two pulsed volcanic eruption events coinciding with the initiation of the end-Permian terrestrial ecological disturbance and marine extinction, is presented by Kaiho et al. (2020). ^[351]
• A study on variations of ~10-Myr scale monsoon dynamics during the early Mesozoic, and on their impact on climate and ecosystem dynamics (including the dispersal of early dinosaurs), is published by Ikeda, Ozaki & Legrand (2020). ^[352]
• New geochronologic and paleoclimatic data from Carnian-aged strata in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin (Argentina) is presented by Mancuso et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that the Carnian Pluvial Event interval in western Gondwana was warmer and more humid than periods before or after this interval, confirming that the CPE was a global event. ^[353]
• A study on the age of the top of the Moenkopi Formation, the lower Blue Mesa Member, and the lower and upper Sonsela Member of the Chinle Formation is published by Rasmussen et al. (2020), who argue that the biotic turnover preserved in the mid-Sonsela Member at the Petrified Forest National Park was a mid-Norian event. ^[354]
• A study on ocean temperatures during the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event is published by Petryshyn et al. (2020), who report no evidence for short-term cooling or initial warming across the 1-80,000 years of the extinction event. ^[355]
• Evidence of low ocean sulfate levels at the end-Triassic mass extinction, linked to rapid development of marine anoxia, is presented by He et al. (2020). ^[356]
• A study on the causes of the negative organic carbon isotope excursion associated with the end-Triassic mass extinction, based on data from its type locality in the Bristol Channel Basin (United Kingdom), is published by Fox et al. (2020), who interpret this isotopic excursion as caused by an abrupt relative sea level drop rather than by massive inputs of exogenous light carbon into the atmosphere, and argue that the disappearance of marine biota at the type locality is the result of local environmental changes and does not mark the global extinction event, while the main extinction phase occurred slightly later in marine strata. ^[357]
• Evidence of increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration at the onset of the end-Triassic extinction event, based on data from fossil leaves of the seed fern Lepidopteris ottonis from southern Sweden, is presented by Slodownik, Vajda & Steinthorsdottir (2020). ^[358]
• A review of the geology, paleoecology and taxonomic status of the fauna from the Cretaceous Kem Kem Beds of Morocco is published by Ibrahim et al. (2020). ^[359]
• Klages et al. (2020) report evidence from the West Antarctic shelf indicating the occurrence of a temperate lowland rainforest environment at a palaeolatitude of about 82° S during the Late Cretaceous (Turonian–Santonian). ^[360]
• A review and revision of the stratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation is published by Fowler (2020). ^[361]
• A study on the timing of a volcanic outgassing at the end of the Cretaceous, and on its implications for the knowledge of causes of the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction, is published by Hull et al. (2020). ^[362]
• A study on paleosols from the eastern edge of the Deccan Volcanic Province (central India), evaluating their implications for reconstructions of climate and terrestrial environments of India before and after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event and for the knowledge of causes of this extinction event, is published by Dzombak et al. (2020). ^[363]
• A detailed record of molecular burn markers from the Chicxulub crater and in ocean sediments distant from the impact site is presented by Lyons et al. (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating rapid heating after the impact and a fossil carbon source, and argue that soot from the target rock immediately contributed to global cooling and darkening after the impact at the end of the Cretaceous. ^[364]
• A study on the origin, recovery, and development of microbial life in the Chicxulub crater after the impact at the end of the Cretaceous, and on the environmental conditions in the crater up to ~4 million years after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, is published by Schaefer et al. (2020). ^[365]
• A study on Earth's climate throughout the Cenozoic era, based on a highly resolved and well-dated record of benthic carbon and oxygen isotopes from deep-sea foraminifera, is published by Westerhold et al. (2020). ^[366]
• Van Couvering & Delson (2020) define 17 African land mammal ages covering the Cenozoic record of the Afro-Arabian continent. ^[367]
• A study on the amount and makeup of the carbon added to the ocean during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, based on geochemical data from planktic foraminifera, is published by Haynes & Hönisch (2020), who interpret their findings as indicating that volcanic emissions were the main carbon source responsible for PETM warming. ^[368]
• Evidence from Eocene plant fossils from the Bangong-Nujiang suture indicating that the Tibetan Plateau area hosted a diverse subtropical ecosystem approximately 47 million years ago and that this area was both low and humid at the time is presented by Su et al. (2020). ^[369]
• A study on the climate evolution across the Oligocene, examining the relationship between global temperatures and continental-scale polar ice sheets following the establishment of ice sheets on Antarctica, is published by O'Brien et al. (2020). ^[370]
• A study aiming to test the hypothesis that the emergence of the Southeast Asian islands played a significant role in driving the cooling of Earth's climate since the Miocene Climatic Optimum is published by Park et al. (2020). ^[371]
• A study on the environment at Olduvai Gorge at the emergence of the Acheulean technology 1.7 million years ago, based on data from fossil lipid biomarkers, is published by Sistiaga et al. (2020). ^[372]
• A study on freshwater fauna and flora found in a sediment sample from the Yuka mammoth carcass, evaluating its implications for reconstructions of the waterbody type where the mammoth was preserved and for the knowledge of the nature of the waterbodies that existed in Beringia during the MIS3 climatic optimum, is published by Neretina et al. (2020). ^[373]
• A study on the Neogene paleobotanical record and climate in the northernmost part of the Central Andean Plateau, based on data from the Descanso Formation (Peru), is published by Martínez et al. (2020), who report the earliest evidence of a puna-like ecosystem in the Pliocene and a montane ecosystem without modern analogs in the Miocene, as well as evidence of wetter paleoclimatic conditions than previously estimated by regional climate model simulations. ^[374]
• A study on environmental changes in Southeast Asia from the Early Pleistocene to the Holocene, based on stable isotope data from Southeast Asian mammals, and on their impact on the evolution of mammals (including hominins), is published by Louys & Roberts (2020). ^[375]
• A study on the climate variability in the southwest Indian Ocean area throughout the past ~8000 years, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of possible causes of extinction of megafauna from Madagascar and Mascarene Islands, is published by Li et al. (2020). ^[376]
• Van Neer et al. (2020) report faunal remains from the Takarkori rock shelter in the Acacus Mountains region (Libya), and evaluate their implications for the knowledge of the climate and hydrography of the Sahara throughout the Holocene. ^[377]
• New Mesozoic and Paleogene amber occurrences, preserving diverse inclusions of arthropods, plants and fungi, are reported from Australia and New Zealand by Stilwell et al. (2020). ^[378]

References

1. Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN   9780070887398. OCLC   46769716.
2. Baba Senowbari-Daryan; Franz T. Fürsich; Koorosch Rashidi (2020). "Sponges from the Jurassic of the Shotori Mountains Part III. Endostoma Roemer, Eudea Lamouroux, Pareudea Étallon, Preperonidella Finks & Rigby, Polyendostoma Roemer, Seriespongia n. gen., and Iniquispongia n. gen". Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève. 39 (1): 265–301. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3936171. S2CID   244993112.
3. Joseph P. Botting; Yves Candela; Vicen Carrió; William R. B. Crighton (2020). "A new hexactinellid sponge from the Silurian of the Pentland Hills (Scotland) with similarities to extant rossellids". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 111 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1017/S1755691019000045. S2CID   135302203.
4. Joseph P. Botting; Dorte Janussen; Yuandong Zhang; Lucy A. Muir (2020). "Exceptional preservation of two new early rossellid sponges: the dominant species in the Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) Anji Biota of China". Journal of the Geological Society. 177 (5): jgs2020-002. Bibcode:2020JGSoc.177.1025B. doi:10.1144/jgs2020-002. S2CID   218931548.
5. Rob W.M. Van Soest; John N.A. Hooper; Peter J. Butler (2020). "Every sponge its own name: removing Porifera homonyms". Zootaxa. 4745 (1): zootaxa.4745.1.1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4745.1.1. PMID   32230307. S2CID   214748168.
6. Mohamed Gameil; Abdelbaset S. El-Sorogy; Khaled Al-Kahtany (2020). "Solitary corals of the Campanian Hajajah Limestone Member, Aruma Formation, Central Saudi Arabia". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 32 (1): 1–17. Bibcode:2020HBio...32....1G. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1461217. S2CID   90300789.
7. Galina K. Melnikova; Ewa Roniewicz (2020). "Lower Jurassic corals from the Pamir Mountains, Central Asia". Palaeoworld. 30 (3): 461–494. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.11.001. ISSN   1871-174X.
8. Shuji Niko; Shigeyuki Suzuki (2020). "Alveopora kumadai, a new Miocene species of scleractinian coral from the Katsuta Group in the Tsuyama area, Okayama Prefecture, Southwest Japan". Bulletin of the Akiyoshi-dai Museum of Natural History. 55: 7–11.
9. Wei-hua Liao; Kun Liang; Zheng-jiang Luo (2020). "Early Mississippian non-dissepimented solitary rugose corals from northern Xinjiang". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. 59 (3): 318–328. doi:10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2020.015.
10. István Szente (2020). "A remarkable invertebrate fossil assemblage from the Lower Triassic Werfen Formation of the Totes Gebirge (Styria, Austria)" (PDF). Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt. 160 (1–4): 227–239.
11. Guangxu Wang; Ian G. Percival; Yong Yi Zhen (2020). "The youngest Ordovician (latest Katian) coral fauna from eastern Australia, in the uppermost Malachis Hill Formation of central New South Wales". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 44 (3): 356–378. Bibcode:2020Alch...44..356W. doi:10.1080/03115518.2020.1747540. S2CID   225729356.
12. Olga Kossovaya; Matevž Novak; Dieter Weyer (2020). "New data on lower Permian rugose corals from the Southern Karavanke Mountains (Slovenia)". Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 59 (3): 261–280. doi:10.4435/BSPI.2020.24 (inactive 4 July 2025).
13. Jerzy Fedorowski (2020). "Bashkirian Rugosa (Anthozoa) from the Donets Basin (Ukraine). Part 10. The Family Krynkaphyllidae fam. nov". Acta Geologica Polonica. 71 (1): 53–101. doi: 10.24425/agp.2020.132258 . S2CID   225291729.
14. Yong-sheng Wang; Ji-bin Sun; Yan Wang; Chun-zi Zheng; Zong-yuan Yue; Wei-hua Liao (2020). "Early Cretaceous scleractinian corals from Xenkyer, Baingoin, Xizang (Tibet)". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. 59 (4): 452–466. doi:10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2020.038.
15. Heyo Van Iten; Bertrand Lefebvre (2020). "Conulariids from the Lower Ordovician of the southern Montagne Noire, France". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 65 (3): 629–639. doi: 10.4202/app.00728.2020 . S2CID   219939139.
16. Xing Wang; Jean Vannier; Xiaoguang Yang; Shin Kubota; Qiang Ou; Xiaoyong Yao; Kentaro Uesugi; Osamu Sasaki; Tsuyoshi Komiya; Jian Han (2020). "An intermediate type of medusa from the early Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation, South China". Palaeontology. 63 (5): 775–789. Bibcode:2020Palgy..63..775W. doi:10.1111/pala.12483. S2CID   219448072.
17. Bogusław Kołodziej (2020). "A new coral genus with prominent, ramified main septum (Aptian, Tanzania)". Ameghiniana. 57 (6): 555–565. doi:10.5710/AMGH.26.06.2020.3341. S2CID   226660660.
18. Julien Denayer; Shaochun Xu; Eddy Poty; Markus Aretz (2020). "Taxonomy and evolution of late Tournaisian and Viséan (early Carboniferous) Heterostrotioninae (Rugosa, Anthozoa) from SE China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (10): 843–872. doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1689191. S2CID   212808268.
19. Oive Tinn; Olev Vinn; Leho Ainsaar (2020). "The enigmatic cnidarian Martsaphyton moxi gen. et sp. nov. from the Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) of Estonia". Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences. 69 (4): 223–232. doi: 10.3176/earth.2020.12 . S2CID   229210626.
20. Shuji Niko; Mahdi Badpa (2020). "Carboniferous tabulate corals from the Sardar Formation in the Ozbak-kuh Mountains, East-Central Iran" (PDF). Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Series C. 46: 47–59.
21. Francesca R. Bosellini; Jarosław Stolarski; Cesare Andrea Papazzoni; Alessandro Vescogni (2020). "Exceptional development of dissepimental coenosteum in the new Eocene scleractinian coral genus Nancygyra (Ypresian, Monte Postale, NE Italy)". Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 59 (3). doi:10.4435/BSPI.2020.11 (inactive 4 July 2025).
22. Dieter Weyer; Jean-Claude Rohart (2020). "Neosyringaxon Jia in Jia et al., 1977 (Anthozoa, Rugosa) in the Middle and Late Devonian of Europe and North America". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 295 (3): 283–296. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2020/0887. S2CID   216170244.
23. Wei-hua Liao; Kun Liang (2020). "Givetian (Devonian) rugose corals from Wangyou, Huishui, Guizhou (2)". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. 59 (2): 179–191. doi:10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2020.02.05.
24. Hannes Löser (2022). "A new coral family and three new genera from the Lower Cretaceous of Puebla and Sonora (Scleractinia; Mexico)". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas. 39 (3): 220–229. doi: 10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2022.3.1698 . S2CID   254387480.
25. Chang-Min Yu; Huu Hung Nguyen; Wen-Kun Qie; Wen Guo; Ba Hung Nguyen (2020). "Lower Emsian biostratigraphy and event stratigraphy of Ha Giang Province, northern Vietnam". Palaeoworld. 30 (1): 29–43. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.04.001. S2CID   219404735.
26. Sergio Rodríguez; Ian D. Somerville; Pedro Cózar; Javier Sanz-López; Ismael Coronado; Felipe González; Ismail Said; Mohamed El Houicha (2020). "A new early Visean coral assemblage from Azrou-Khenifra Basin, central Morocco and palaeobiogeographic implications". Journal of Palaeogeography. 9 (1) 5. Bibcode:2020JPalG...9....5R. doi: 10.1186/s42501-019-0051-5 . hdl: 10651/55014 . S2CID   211074219.
27. Robert J. Elias; Dong-Jin Lee; Brian R. Pratt (2020). "The "earliest tabulate corals" are not tabulates". Geology. 49 (3): 304–308. doi:10.1130/G48235.1. S2CID   228913747.
28. Jeana L. Drake; Julian P. Whitelegge; David K. Jacobs (2020). "First sequencing of ancient coral skeletal proteins". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 19407. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1019407D. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75846-4. PMC   7655939 . PMID   33173075.
29. Andrej Ernst (2020). "Anastomopora (Fenestrata, Bryozoa) from the Middle Devonian of the Rhenish Massif, Germany". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 297 (1): 11–26. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2020/0911. S2CID   225627729.
30. Andrej Ernst; Ali Bahrami; Ayesheh Parast (2020). "Early Famennian bryozoan fauna from the Baqer-abad section, northeast Isfahan, central Iran". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 100 (3): 705–718. doi: 10.1007/s12549-020-00417-4 . S2CID   214784512.
31. Andrej Ernst; Qi-Jian Li; Min Zhang; Axel Munnecke (2020). "Bryozoans from the lower Silurian (Telychian) Hanchiatien Formation from southern Chongqing, South China". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (2): 252–267. doi: 10.1017/jpa.2020.86 . S2CID   228861834.
32. Paul D. Taylor (2020). "Rare bryozoans from the Gault Clay Formation (Lower Cretaceous, upper Albian) of Kent, England". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 296 (1–2): 201–209. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2020/0903. S2CID   242473811.
33. Anna V. Koromyslova; Vladimir B. Seltser (2020). "Early Maastrichtian cheilostome bryozoans from the middle Volga River region". PalZ. 94 (4): 697–714. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00509-3. S2CID   210938694.
34. Antonietta Rosso; Emanuela Di Martino; Andrew N. Ostrovsky (2020). "Cribrilinid bryozoans from Pleistocene Mediterranean deep-waters, with the description of new species". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (2): 268–290. doi: 10.1017/jpa.2020.93 . hdl: 10852/81714 . S2CID   229470445.
35. A. V. Koromyslova; N. V. Sennikov (2020). "A new bryozoan of the genus Dianulites Eichwald from the Ordovician of Gorny Altai and the Russian Arctic". Paleontological Journal. 54 (5): 514–523. doi:10.1134/S0031030120050081. S2CID   222180410.
36. Andrej Ernst; Mohammad N. Gorgij (2020). "Carboniferous bryozoans from the Kalmard area, central Iran". PalZ. 94 (3): 533–543. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00502-w. S2CID   209371568.
37. O. P. Mesentseva; Yu. V. Udodov (2020). "New species of the genus Filites Počta in Barrande (Bryozoa) from the Emsian (Lower Devonian) of Salair". Paleontological Journal. 54 (3): 255–262. doi:10.1134/S0031030120030090. S2CID   219959116.
38. Anna V. Koromyslova; Petr V. Fedorov (2020). "The oldest bifoliate cystoporate and two other bryozoan taxa from the Dapingian (Middle Ordovician) of north-western Russia". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (1): 24–39. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.73. S2CID   224947635.
39. Emanuela Di Martino; Paul D. Taylor; Dennis P. Gordon (2020). "Erect bifoliate species of Microporella (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata), fossil and modern". European Journal of Taxonomy (678): 1–31. doi: 10.5852/ejt.2020.678 . hdl: 10852/81715 . S2CID   225612803.
40. Andrej Ernst; Mahmoud Kora; Heba El-Desouky; Hans-Georg Herbig; Patrick N. Wyse Jackson (2020). "Stenolaemate bryozoans from the Carboniferous of Egypt". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 165 103811. Bibcode:2020JAfES.16503811E. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103811. S2CID   216437254.
41. Leandro M. Pérez; Juan López-Gappa; Leandro M. Vieira; Dennis P. Gordon (2020). "New species of the austral bryozoan genus Taylorus nom. nov. (Escharinidae): phylogenetic and palaeobiogeographical implications". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 64 (1): 72–82. doi:10.1080/00288306.2020.1794913. S2CID   225203849.
42. Jorge Colmenar; Eben Blake Hodgin (2020). "First evidence of Lower–?Middle Ordovician (Floian–?Dapingian) brachiopods from the Peruvian Altiplano and their paleogeographical significance". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (1): 56–74. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.72. S2CID   224983331.
43. John Bruce Waterhouse (2020). Permian brachiopods (upper Artinskian to Wordian) from the Canadian Arctic (PDF). Earthwise. Vol. 17. pp. 1–477.
44. Danièle Gaspard; Sylvain Charbonnier (2020). "The debated question of asymmetrical rhynchonellids (Brachiopoda, Rhynchonellida): examples from the Late Cretaceous of Western Europe". BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin. 191 1. doi: 10.1051/bsgf/2019016 . S2CID   213746630.
45. Marcello Guimarães Simões; Jacqueline Peixoto Neves; Arturo César Taboada; Maria Alejandra Pagani; Filipe Giovanini Varejão; Mário Luis Assine (2020). "Macroinvertebrates of the Capivari marine bed, late Paleozoic glacial Itararé Group, northeast Paraná Basin, Brazil: Paleoenvironmental and paleogeographic implications". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 98 102433. Bibcode:2020JSAES..9802433S. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102433. S2CID   213220168.
46. B. Gudveig Baarli (2020). "Plectatrypinae and other ribbed atrypides succeeding the end Ordovician extinction event, Central Oslo Region, Norway". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (1): 75–105. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.69. S2CID   224938208.
47. Jisuo Jin; Robert B. Blodgett (2020). "Late Ordovician brachiopods from east-central Alaska, northwestern margin of Laurentia". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (4): 637–652. Bibcode:2020JPal...94..637J. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.10. S2CID   218776655.
48. Fernando J. Lavié; Juan L. Benedetto (2020). "First lingulate brachiopods from the Ordovician volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Famatina Range, western Argentina". PalZ. 94 (2): 295–309. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00496-5. S2CID   209311910.
49. Valeryi V. Baranov; Li Qiao; Robert B. Blodgett (2020). "Givetian stringocephalid brachiopods from eastern Yunnan of Southwest China with notes on global distribution of the family Stringocephalidae". Palaeoworld. 30 (1): 44–61. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.03.005. S2CID   216320068.
50. Mélani Berrocal-Casero; Fernando Barroso-Barcenilla; Fernando García Joral (2020). "Coniacian (Upper Cretaceous) rhynchonellides from northern Spain: taxonomy and palaeobiogeography". Cretaceous Research. 106 104216. Bibcode:2020CrRes.10604216B. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104216. S2CID   202194246.
51. Mélani Berrocal-Casero; Fernando García Joral; Fernando Barroso-Barcenilla (2020). "The evolution of asymmetry in Upper Cretaceous Cyclothyris (Brachiopoda, Rhynchonellida)". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 33 (9): 1489–1503. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1715390. S2CID   216254390.
52. V. V. Baranov (2020). "New rhynchonellids and atrypids (Brachiopoda) from the Lower Devonian deposits of Northeast Eurasia". Paleontological Journal. 54 (3): 263–272. doi:10.1134/S003103012003003X. S2CID   219958612.
53. T. N. Smirnova; E. A. Zhegallo (2020). "First finds of Elliptoglossa Cooper (Brachiopoda, Lingulida) in the Upper Devonian of the Volga–Ural region; microstructure of the protegular and adult shell regions". Paleontological Journal. 54 (4): 347–353. doi:10.1134/S0031030120040127. S2CID   221167581.
54. Zhiliang Zhang; Mansoureh Ghobadi Pour; Leonid E. Popov; Lars E. Holmer; Feiyang Chen; Yanlong Chen; Glenn A. Brock; Zhifei Zhang (2020). "The oldest Cambrian trilobite – brachiopod association in South China". Gondwana Research. 89: 147–167. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2020.08.009 . S2CID   225020572.
55. Alfréd Dulai; Fritz von der Hocht (2020). "Upper Oligocene brachiopods from NW Germany, with description of a new Platidiinae genus, Germanoplatidia n. gen". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 126 (1): 223–248. doi:10.13130/2039-4942/13060.
56. Jenaro L. Garcia-Alcalde; Ahmed El Hassani (2020). "The Givetian "secret" fauna of the Western Anti-Atlas (Jbel Ou Driss and Oued Mzerreb), Morocco". Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat, Section Sciences de la Terre. 42: 13–47.
57. Brian H. Reily (2020). "Imbriea nom. nov., a replacement name for Orthopleura Imbrie, 1959 (Brachiopoda)". Zootaxa. 4894 (1): 143–145. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4894.1.9 . PMID   33311098. S2CID   229177737.
58. Mélani Berrocal-Casero (2020). "Coniacian (Upper Cretaceous) Terebratulides (Brachiopoda) from Northern Spain". Cretaceous Research. 118 104648. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104648. S2CID   224947119.
59. Desmond L. Strusz (2020). "Pentamerid Brachiopods from the Lower Silurian (Wenlock) Canberra Formation, A.C.T., Australia". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 142: 15–28.
60. Gustavo G. Voldman; M. Luisa Martínez Chacón; Christopher J. Duffin; Luis Pedro Fernández; Juan L. Alonso (2020). "Pennsylvanian brachiopod, fish and conodont faunas from the Caliza Masiva (San Emiliano Formation) at the Mina Profunda area, Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain". Geobios. 59: 91–106. Bibcode:2020Geobi..59...91V. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2020.03.004. hdl: 10651/56854 . S2CID   218785384.
61. Jun-ichi Tazawa (2020). "Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) brachiopods from the Shittakazawa, Arisu and Odaira Formations, South Kitakami Belt, Japan" (PDF). Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum. 19: 11–88.
62. Zhifei Zhang; Lars E. Holmer; Yue Liang; Yanlong Chen; Xiaolin Duan (2020). "The oldest "Lingulellotreta" (Lingulata, Brachiopoda) from China and its phylogenetic significance: integrating new material from the Cambrian Stage 3–4 Lagerstätten in eastern Yunnan, South China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (11): 945–973. doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1698669. S2CID   214482402.
63. José Amet Rivaz Hernández (2020). "Linnaeocaninella nomen novum for the Middle Permian fossil Caninella Liang, 1990 (Brachiopoda: Productida: Richthofenidae), preoccupied by Caninella Gorsky, 1938 (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Bothrophyllidae)". Zootaxa. 4732 (2): 335–336. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4732.2.9. PMID   32230266. S2CID   214382236.
64. Xiaolin Duan; Yue Liang; Lars E. Holmer; Zhifei Zhang (2020). "First report of acrotretoid brachiopod shell beds in the lower Cambrian (Stage 4) Guanshan Biota of eastern Yunnan, South China". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (1): 40–55. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.66. S2CID   225289176.
65. Zhifei Zhang; Luke C. Strotz; Timothy P. Topper; Feiyang Chen; Yanlong Chen; Yue Liang; Zhiliang Zhang; Christian B. Skovsted; Glenn A. Brock (2020). "An encrusting kleptoparasite-host interaction from the early Cambrian". Nature Communications. 11 (1) 2625. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2625Z. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16332-3. PMC   7266813 . PMID   32488075.
66. Huiting Wu; Yang Zhang; Thomas L. Stubbs; Jingqi Liu; Yuanlin Sun (2020). "A new Changhsingian (Lopingian) brachiopod fauna of the shallow-water clastic shelf facies from Fujian Province, south-eastern China". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (2): 861–884. doi:10.1002/spp2.1318. S2CID   225720486.
67. Luiz Felipe Aquino Corrêa; Maria Inês Feijó Ramos (2020). "Discinoids (Brachiopoda: Lingulata) from the upper Manacapuru Formation (Early Devonian), south border of Amazonas Basin, Brazil". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 105 102960. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102960. S2CID   226351592.
68. Zhiliang Zhang; Lars E. Holmer; Feiyang Chen; Glenn A. Brock (2020). "Ontogeny and evolutionary significance of a new acrotretide brachiopod genus from Cambrian Series 2 of South China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (19): 1569–1588. doi: 10.1080/14772019.2020.1794991 . S2CID   225469021.
69. G. R. Shi; J. B. Waterhouse; Sangmin Lee (2020). "Early Permian brachiopods from the Pebbley Beach Formation, Southern Sydney Basin, southeastern Australia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 44 (3): 411–429. Bibcode:2020Alch...44..411S. doi:10.1080/03115518.2020.1810773. S2CID   226256611.
70. Bing Pan; Christian B. Skovsted; Glenn A. Brock; Timothy P. Topper; Lars E. Holmer; Luo-Yang Li; Guo-Xiang Li (2020). "Early Cambrian organophosphatic brachiopods from the Xinji Formation, at Shuiyu section, Shanxi Province, North China". Palaeoworld . 29 (3): 512–533. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2019.07.001. S2CID   199107616.
71. Thomas M. Claybourn; Christian B. Skovsted; Lars E. Holmer; Bing Pan; Paul M. Myrow; Timothy P. Topper; Glenn A. Brock (2020). "Brachiopods from the Byrd Group (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4) Central Transantarctic Mountains, East Antarctica: biostratigraphy, phylogeny and systematics". Papers in Palaeontology. 6 (3): 349–383. doi:10.1002/spp2.1295. S2CID   214220424.
72. Ting Nie; Wen Guo; Yu-bo Zhang; Yuan-lin Sun (2020). "Productoid brachiopods from the Devonian (Famennian) Gelaohe and Carboniferous (Tournaisian) Tangbagou formations of the Dushan area of Guizhou, China". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica. 59 (4): 409–429. doi:10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2020.044.
73. Lars E. Holmer; Leonid E. Popov; Mansoureh Ghobadi Pour; Inna A. Klishevich; Yue Liang; Zhifei Zhang (2020). "Linguliform brachiopods from the Cambrian (Guzhangian) Karpinsk Formation of Novaya Zemlya". Papers in Palaeontology. 6 (4): 571–592. doi: 10.1002/spp2.1314 . S2CID   219030837.
74. V. I. Makoshin (2020). "A new species of the genus Verchojania Abramov (Brachiopoda, Productida) from the Upper Carboniferous of the northern Verkhoyansk Region". Paleontological Journal. 54 (2): 111–116. doi:10.1134/S0031030120020082. S2CID   215741435.
75. Steven M. Stanley (2020). "Evidence that more than a third of Paleozoic articulate brachiopod genera (Strophomenata) lived infaunally". Paleobiology. 46 (3): 405–433. Bibcode:2020Pbio...46..405S. doi:10.1017/pab.2020.29. S2CID   221666554.
76. Cameron R. Penn-Clarke; David A.T. Harper (2020). "Early−Middle Devonian brachiopod provincialism and bioregionalization at high latitudes: A case study from southwestern Gondwana". GSA Bulletin. 133 (3–4): 819–836. doi:10.1130/B35670.1. S2CID   225426215.
77. Zhen Guo; Zhong-Qiang Chen; David A. T. Harper (2020). "Phylogenetic and ecomorphologic diversifications of spiriferinid brachiopods after the end-Permian extinction". Paleobiology. 46 (4): 495–510. Bibcode:2020Pbio...46..495G. doi:10.1017/pab.2020.34. S2CID   225298020.
78. Adam S. Osborn; Roger W. Portell; Rich Mooi (2020). "Neogene echinoids of Florida" (PDF). Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 57 (3): 237–469. doi:10.58782/flmnh.gbwl4736.
79. Selina R. Cole; David F. Wright; William I. Ausich; Joseph M. Koniecki (2020). "Paleocommunity composition, relative abundance, and new camerate crinoids from the Brechin Lagerstätte (Upper Ordovician)". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (6): 1103–1123. Bibcode:2020JPal...94.1103C. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.32. S2CID   219902033.
80. Sandro M. Scheffler (2020). "Crinoids from the Lower (Pragian–Emsian) and Middle (early Eifelian) Devonian of Bolivia (Icla and Belén formations, Malvinokaffric Realm)". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (1): 141–153. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.70. S2CID   224932937.
81. Daniel B. Blake; Forest J. Gahn; Thomas E. Guensburg (2020). "Two new early Asteroidea (Echinodermata) and early asteroid evolution". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (4): 734–747. Bibcode:2020JPal...94..734B. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.7. S2CID   216220103.
82. Timothy A. M. Ewin; Andrew S. Gale (2020). "Asteroids (Echinodermata) from the Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) of the Agadir Basin, west Morocco". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (5): 931–954. Bibcode:2020JPal...94..931E. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.20. S2CID   221355017.
83. Daniel B. Blake; James Sprinkle (2020). "Arceoaster hintei n. gen. n. sp., a late Silurian homeomorphic asteroid (Echinodermata, Hudsonasteridae)". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (1): 154–161. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.57. S2CID   225356615.
84. Hans Hagdorn (2020). "Aszulcicrinus, a new genus of the Triassic crinoid family Dadocrinidae (Articulata; Encrinida) from Poland". Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae. 90 (4): 381–390. doi: 10.14241/asgp.2020.17 . S2CID   241205905.
85. Peter A. Jell; Alex G. Cook (2020). "New Carboniferous ophiuroid from central coastal New South Wales". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 44 (4): 520–527. Bibcode:2020Alch...44..520J. doi:10.1080/03115518.2020.1837240. S2CID   229407349.
86. Joachim Pabst; Hans-Georg Herbig (2020). "An Upper Mississippian echinoderm microfauna from the Genicera Formation of northern León (Carboniferous, Cantabrian Mountains, N Spain)". Spanish Journal of Palaeontology. 35 (1): 47–76. doi: 10.7203/sjp.35.1.17116 . S2CID   221492575.
87. Andy Gale (2020). "Asteroids (Echinodermata) from the Crackers Member (lower Aptian, Deshayesites forbesi Zone) on the Isle of Wight (UK), with a revision of fossil Pseudarchasteridae". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 131 (3–4): 309–315. Bibcode:2020PrGA..131..309G. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.07.002. S2CID   202184399.
88. Miguel A. Torres-Martínez; Rafael Villanueva-Olea; Francisco Sour-Tovar (2020). "Columnar ossicles of Permian crinoids, including two new genera, from the Grupera Formation (Asselian–Sakmarian) of Chiapas, Mexico". Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 72 (2): Article A280819. doi: 10.18268/BSGM2020v72n2a300719 . S2CID   225928145.
89. Andrew Scott Gale (2020). "Roveacrinidae (Crinoidea, Articulata) from the Cenomanian and Turonian of North Africa (Agadir Basin and Anti-Atlas, Morocco, and central Tunisia): biostratigraphy and taxonomy". Acta Geologica Polonica . 70 (3): 273–310. doi: 10.24425/agp.2019.126458 . S2CID   211546467.
90. Marc Eléaume; Michel Roux; Michel Philippe (2020). "Discometra luberonensis sp. nov. (Crinoidea, Himerometridae), a new feather star from the Late Burdigalian". European Journal of Taxonomy (729): 121–137. doi: 10.5852/ejt.2020.729.1193 . S2CID   234375928.
91. Samuel Zamora; James Sprinkle; Colin D. Sumrall (2020). "A revaluation of rhipidocystid echinoderms based on a new flattened blastozoan from the Upper Ordovician of Maryland, USA". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 65 (3): 455–465. doi: 10.4202/app.00718.2019 . S2CID   219941219.
92. Peter Müller; Gerhard Hahn (2020). "Die Gattung Encrinaster (Ophiuroidea, Echinodermata) im deutschen Unter-Devon". Mainzer Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen. 48: 47–84.
93. C.R.C. Paul; J.C. Gutiérrez-Marco (2020). "Enodicalix (Diploporita, Aristocystitidae): A new echinoderm genus from the Middle Ordovician of Spain". Geologica Acta. 18 (3): 1–8. doi: 10.1344/GeologicaActa2020.18.3 . S2CID   213210693.
94. Andrew S. Gale (2020). "A new comb-star (Asteroidea, Astropectinidae) from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of China". Zootaxa. 4861 (1): 139–144. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4861.1.10. PMID   33055875. S2CID   222834378.
95. Fiona E. Fearnhead; Stephen K. Donovan; Joseph P. Botting; Lucy A. Muir (2020). "A lower Silurian (Llandovery) diplobathrid crinoid (Camerata) from mid-Wales". Geological Magazine. 157 (7): 1176–1180. Bibcode:2020GeoM..157.1176F. doi:10.1017/S0016756819001511. S2CID   216297348.
96. J. A. Waters; J. W. Waters; P. Königshof; S. K. Carmichael; M. Ariuntogos (2020). "Famennian crinoids and blastoids (Echinodermata) from Mongolia". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 101 (3): 725–740. doi:10.1007/s12549-020-00450-3. S2CID   222096232.
97. Enrico Borghi; Paolo Stara (2020). "Revision of the genus Heterobrissus (Echinoidea), with a new species from Sardinia, and redefinition of Heterobrissus niasicus (Doderlein, 1901) in Echinopneustes n. gen". Biodiversity Journal. 11 (1): 263–287. doi: 10.31396/Biodiv.Jour.2020.11.1.263-287 . S2CID   219108587.
98. Frank Stiller (2020). "Sea lilies of the genera Holocrinus, Tollmannicrinus, and Eckicrinus (order Holocrinida) from the Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Qingyan, south-western China". PalZ. 94 (3): 545–559. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00505-7. S2CID   209313722.
99. Darío G. Lazo; Graciela S. Bressan; Ernesto Schwarz; Gonzalo D. Veiga (2020). "First articulated stalked crinoids from the Mesozoic of South America: two new species from the Lower Cretaceous of the Neuquén Basin, west-central Argentina". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (4): 716–733. Bibcode:2020JPal...94..716L. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.15. S2CID   218995791.
100. Enric Forner i Valls; Manuel Saura Vilar (2020). "Revisió de l'espècie Cottaldia royoi Lambert, 1928 (Echinoidea) de l'Aptià de la conca del Maestrat". Nemus: Revista de l'Ateneu de Natura. 10: 47–58.
101. Malton Carvalho Fraga; Cristina Silveira Vega (2020). "Asterozoans from the Devonian of the Paraná Basin, south Brazil". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 97 102398. Bibcode:2020JSAES..9702398F. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102398. S2CID   210637343.
102. Lea D. Numberger-Thuy; Ben Thuy (2020). "A new bathyal ophiacanthid brittle star (Ophiuroidea: Ophiacanthidae) with Caribbean affinities from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Mediterranean". Zootaxa. 4820 (1): 19–30. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4820.1.2 . PMID   33056080. S2CID   222829295.
103. Ben Thuy; Lea Numberger-Thuy; John W.M. Jagt (2020). "A new ophiacanthid brittle star (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from sublittoral crinoid and seagrass communities of late Maastrichtian age in the southeast Netherlands". PeerJ. 8 e9671. doi: 10.7717/peerj.9671 . PMC   7450995 . PMID   32904070.
104. Graeme R. Stevens (2020). "Paragonaster felli n. sp. (Echinodermata, Asterozoa) and a record of an Ophiuroid from the Early Cretaceous of New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 64 (1): 83–88. doi:10.1080/00288306.2020.1767163. S2CID   225713696.
105. Andrew Scott Gale; Jenny Marie Rashall; William James Kennedy; Frank Koch Holterhoff (2020). "The microcrinoid taxonomy, biostratigraphy and correlation of the upper Fredericksburg and lower Washita groups (Cretaceous, middle Albian to lower Cenomanian) of northern Texas and southern Oklahoma, USA". Acta Geologica Polonica. 71 (1): 1–52. doi: 10.24425/agp.2020.132256 . S2CID   225253943.
106. Daniel B. Blake; Joseph Koniecki (2020). "Taxonomy and functional morphology of the Urasterellidae (Paleozoic Asteroidea, Echinodermata)". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (6): 1124–1147. Bibcode:2020JPal...94.1124B. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.42. S2CID   222231799.
107. Marine Fau; Loïc Villier; Timothy A. M. Ewin; Andrew S. Gale (2020). "A revision of Ophidiaster davidsoni de Loriol and Pellat 1874 from the Tithonian of Boulogne (France) and its transfer from the Valvatacea to the new forcipulatacean genus Psammaster gen. nov". Fossil Record. 23 (2): 141–149. doi: 10.5194/fr-23-141-2020 . S2CID   225457036.
108. Ann W. Harris; Frank R. Ettensohn; Jill E. Carnahan-Jarvis (2020). "Paleoecology and taxonomy of Schoenaster carterensis, a new encrinasterid ophiuroid species from the Upper Mississippian (Chesterian) Slade Formation of northeastern Kentucky, USA". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (3): 531–547. Bibcode:2020JPal...94..531H. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.107. S2CID   216404128.
109. Peter Müller; Gerhard Hahn (2020). "A new large edrioasteroid from the Seifen Formation of the Westerwald, Rhenish Massif (Lower Devonian, Germany)". PalZ. 94 (4): 715–724. doi:10.1007/s12542-020-00526-7. S2CID   221463534.
110. Colin D. Sumrall; Daniel Phelps (2020). "Spiracarneyella, a new carneyellid edrioasteroid from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of Kentucky and Ohio and comments on carneyellid heterochrony". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (3): 624–629. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.97. S2CID   229449599.
111. S. V. Rozhnov (2020). "Streptoiocrinus gen. nov. (Disparida, Crinoidea) from the Lower and Middle Ordovician of the Leningrad Region, and Fluctuating Asymmetry of Radial Symmetry". Paleontological Journal. 54 (7): 704–714. doi:10.1134/S0031030120070114. S2CID   229292487.
112. Selina R. Cole; William I. Ausich; Mark A. Wilson (2020). "A Hirnantian holdover from the Late Ordovician mass extinction: phylogeny and biogeography of a new anthracocrinid crinoid from Estonia". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (2): 1195–1204. doi:10.1002/spp2.1345. S2CID   228855856.
113. Alejandra Martínez-Melo; Jesús Alvarado-Ortega (2020). "Vaquerosella perrillatae sp. nov.: A Miocene species of Echinarachniidae (Echinodermata: Clypeasteroida) from Baja California Sur, Mexico". Palaeontologia Electronica. 23 (1): Article number 23(1):a14. doi: 10.26879/1040 . S2CID   215798225.
114. Bradley Deline; Jeffrey R. Thompson; Nicholas S. Smith; Samuel Zamora; Imran A. Rahman; Sarah L. Sheffield; William I. Ausich; Thomas W. Kammer; Colin D. Sumrall (2020). "Evolution and development at the origin of a phylum". Current Biology. 30 (9): 1672–1679.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.054 . PMID   32197083.
115. Elizabeth G. Clark; John R. Hutchinson; Peter J. Bishop; Derek E. G. Briggs (2020). "Arm waving in stylophoran echinoderms: three-dimensional mobility analysis illuminates cornute locomotion". Royal Society Open Science. 7 (6) 200191. Bibcode:2020RSOS....700191C. doi:10.1098/rsos.200191. PMC   7353985 . PMID   32742688.
116. Adriane R. Lam; Sarah L. Sheffield; Nicholas J. Matzke (2020). "Estimating dispersal and evolutionary dynamics in diploporan blastozoans (Echinodermata) across the great Ordovician biodiversification event". Paleobiology. 47 (2): 198–220. doi: 10.1017/pab.2020.24 . hdl: 2292/52974 . S2CID   225637774.
117. Jennifer E. Bauer (2020). "Paleobiogeography, paleoecology, diversity, and speciation patterns in the Eublastoidea (Blastozoa: Echinodermata)". Paleobiology. 47 (2): 221–235. doi: 10.1017/pab.2020.27 . S2CID   225463295.
118. Sarah L. Sheffield; Colin D. Sumrall (2019). "A re-interpretation of the ambulacral system of Eumorphocystis (Blastozoa, Echinodermata) and its bearing on the evolution of early crinoids". Palaeontology. 62 (1): 163–173. doi:10.1111/pala.12396. S2CID   134585363.
119. Thomas E. Guensburg; James Sprinkle; Rich Mooi; Bertrand Lefebvre (2020). "Evolutionary significance of the blastozoan Eumorphocystis and its pseudo-arms" (PDF). Journal of Paleontology. 95 (2): 327–343. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.84. S2CID   228841638.
120. Nicolás Mongiardino Koch; Jeffrey R. Thompson (2020). "A total-evidence dated phylogeny of Echinoidea combining phylogenomic and paleontological data". Systematic Biology. 70 (3): 421–439. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syaa069. PMID   32882040.
121. E. G. Clark; J. R. Hutchinson; D. E. G. Briggs (2020). "Three-dimensional visualization as a tool for interpreting locomotion strategies in ophiuroids from the Devonian Hunsrück Slate". Royal Society Open Science. 7 (12) 201380. Bibcode:2020RSOS....701380C. doi:10.1098/rsos.201380. PMC   7813258 . PMID   33489281. S2CID   229355261.
122. T.J. Suttner; E. Kido; Ya. Ariunchimeg; G. Sersmaa; J.A. Waters; S.K. Carmichael; C.J. Batchelor; M. Ariuntogos; A. Hušková; L. Slavík; J.I. Valenzuela-Ríos; J.-C. Liao; Y.A. Gatovsky (2020). "Conodonts from Late Devonian island arc settings (Baruunhuurai Terrane, western Mongolia)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 549 109099. Bibcode:2020PPP...54909099S. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.001 . S2CID   134520832.
123. Jerzy Dzik (2020). "Ordovician conodonts and the Tornquist Lineament". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 549 109157. Bibcode:2020PPP...54909157D. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.04.013 . S2CID   146281892.
124. Yong Yi Zhen (2020). "Revision of the Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) conodonts documented by Watson (1988) from subsurface Canning Basin, Western Australia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 44 (2): 217–252. Bibcode:2020Alch...44..217Z. doi:10.1080/03115518.2020.1737227. S2CID   218993720.
125. Jian-Feng Lu; Peter Königshof (2020). "Eifelian (Middle Devonian) species of Bipennatus from the Beiliu Formation at Nalai, South China". Palaeoworld. 29 (4): 682–694. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2019.12.002. S2CID   213882677.
126. Keyi Hu; Nicholas J. Hogancamp; Lance L. Lambert; Yuping Qi; Jitao Chen (2020). "Evolution of the conodont Diplognathodus ellesmerensis from D. benderi sp. nov. at the Bashkirian–Moscovian (lower–middle Pennsylvanian) boundary in South China". Papers in Palaeontology. 6 (4): 627–649. doi:10.1002/spp2.1309. S2CID   219447117.
127. Yong Yi Zhen; Robert S. Nicoll; Leon S. Normore; Ian G. Percival; John R. Laurie; Louisa M. Dent (2020). "Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy of the Willara Formation in the Canning Basin, Western Australia". Palaeoworld. 30 (2): 249–277. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.06.006. S2CID   225694114.
128. Yanlong Chen; Michael M. Joachimski; Sylvain Richoz; Leopold Krystyn; Dunja Aljinović; Duje Smirčić; Tea Kolar-Jurkovšek; Xulong Lai; Zhifei Zhang (2020). "Smithian and Spathian (Early Triassic) conodonts from Oman and Croatia and their depth habitat revealed". Global and Planetary Change. 196 103362. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103362. ISSN   0921-8181. S2CID   228976406.
129. Yuping Qi; James E. Barrick; Nicholas J. Hogancamp; Jitao Chen; Keyi Hu; Qiulai Wang; Xiangdong Wang (2020). "Conodont faunas across the Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary (Late Pennsylvanian) in South China and implications for the selection of the stratotype for the base of the global Gzhelian Stage". Papers in Palaeontology. 6 (3): 439–484. doi:10.1002/spp2.1301. S2CID   219077985.
130. Jian-Feng Lu; José Ignacio Valenzuela-Ríos; Peter Königshof; Jau-Chyn Liao; Yi Wang; Wen-Kun Qie; Hong-He Xu (2020). "Emsian (Lower Devonian) conodonts from the Daliantang Formation at Daliantang, southeastern Yunnan, China". Palaeoworld. 30 (4): 659–676. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.11.003. S2CID   229439740.
131. Viktor Karádi; Andrea Cau; Michele Mazza; Manuel Rigo (2020). "The last phase of conodont evolution during the Late Triassic: Integrating biostratigraphic and phylogenetic approaches". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 549 109144. Bibcode:2020PPP...54909144K. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.045. S2CID   134898058.
132. Gui-chun Wu; Zhan-sheng Ji; Tea Kolar-Jurkovšek; Jian-xin Yao; Gary G. Lash (2020). "Early Triassic Pachycladina fauna newly found in the southern Lhasa Terrane of Tibet and its palaeogeographic implications". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 562 110030. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110030. S2CID   225151907.
133. N. S. Ovnatanova; Yu. A. Gatovsky (2020). "Palmatolepis subperlobata tatarica nom. nov., a New Replacement Name for the Famennian (Upper Devonian) Subspecies Palmatolepis subperlobata helmsi Ovnatanova, 1976 (Conodonta)". Paleontological Journal. 54 (3): 319. doi: 10.1134/S0031030120030132 . S2CID   219958498.
134. N. S. Ovnatanova; L. I. Kononova (2023). "The species Palmatolepis tatarica Ovnatanova and Gatovsky, 2020: history of its taxonomic status in Late Devonian conodont literatures". Paleontological Journal. 57 (1): 55–62. doi:10.1134/S0031030123010100. S2CID   258293819.
135. Shunxin Zhang (2020). "Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician conodont biostratigraphy and revised lithostratigraphy, Boothia Peninsula, Nunavut". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 57 (9): 1030–1047. Bibcode:2020CaJES..57.1030Z. doi:10.1139/cjes-2020-0006. S2CID   225514154.
136. L. G. Bondarenko; A. M. Popov (2020). "A new conodont species Scythogondolella dolosa sp. nov. from the Anasibirites nevolini Zone (Lower Triassic) of southern Primorye". Paleontological Journal. 54 (3): 287–289. doi:10.1134/S0031030120030041. S2CID   219959190.
137. Louise Souquet; Carlo Corradini; Catherine Girard (2020). "Siphonodella leiosa (Conodonta), a new unornamented species from the Tournaisian (lower Carboniferous) of Puech de la Suque (Montagne Noire, France)" (PDF). Geobios. 61: 55–60. Bibcode:2020Geobi..61...55S. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2020.06.004. S2CID   225790221.
138. Sofie A. Gouwy; Thomas T. Uyeno; Alexander D. McCracken (2020). "Tortodus dodoensis, a new conodont species, and a Givetian (Middle Devonian) conodont fauna from the northern Mackenzie Mountains, northwest Canada". PalZ. 94 (2): 327–342. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00462-1. S2CID   198137986.
139. Aneta Hušková; Ladislav Slavík (2020). "In search of Silurian/Devonian boundary conodont markers in carbonate environments of the Prague Synform (Czech Republic)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 549 109126. Bibcode:2020PPP...54909126H. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.027 . S2CID   134821627.
140. Mohammad Shohel; Neo E. B. McAdams; Bradley D. Cramer; Tori Z. Forbes (2020). "Ontogenetic variability in crystallography and mosaicity of conodont apatite: implications for microstructure, palaeothermometry and geochemistry". Royal Society Open Science. 7 (7) 200322. Bibcode:2020RSOS....700322S. doi:10.1098/rsos.200322. PMC   7428274 . PMID   32874630. S2CID   220383894.
141. W. Petryshen; C. M. Henderson; K. De Baets; E. Jarochowska (2020). "Evidence of parallel evolution in the dental elements of Sweetognathus conodonts". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1939) 20201922. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.1922. PMC   7739493 . PMID   33203328. S2CID   226982208.
142. Micheli Stefanello; Leonardo Kerber; Agustin G. Martinelli; Sérgio Dias-da-Silva (2020). "A new prozostrodontian cynodont (Eucynodontia, Probainognathia) from the Upper Triassic of Southern Brazil". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (3): e1782415. Bibcode:2020JVPal..40E2415S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1782415. S2CID   225136429.
143. Frederik Spindler; Sebastian Voigt; Jan Fischer (2020). "Edaphosauridae (Synapsida, Eupelycosauria) from Europe and their relationship to North American representatives". PalZ. 94 (1): 125–153. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00453-2. S2CID   198140317.
144. Jun Liu; Fernando Abdala (2020). "The tetrapod fauna of the upper Permian Naobaogou Formation of China: 5. Caodeyao liuyufengi gen. et sp. nov., a new peculiar therocephalian". PeerJ. 8 e9160. doi: 10.7717/peerj.9160 . PMC   7261480 . PMID   32523808.
145. Helke B. Mocke; Leandro C. Gaetano; Fernando Abdala (2020). "A new species of the carnivorous cynodont Chiniquodon (Cynodontia, Chiniquodontidae) from the Namibian Triassic". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (6): e1754231. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1754231. S2CID   220548365.
146. Hillary C. Maddin; Arjan Mann; Brian Hebert (2020). "Varanopid from the Carboniferous of Nova Scotia reveals evidence of parental care in amniotes". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (1): 50–56. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-1030-z. PMID   31900446. S2CID   209672554.
147. Christophe Hendrickx; Leandro C. Gaetano; Jonah N. Choiniere; Helke Mocke; Fernando Abdala (2020). "A new traversodontid cynodont with a peculiar postcanine dentition from the Middle/Late Triassic of Namibia and dental evolution in basal gomphodonts". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (20): 1669–1706. doi:10.1080/14772019.2020.1804470. S2CID   221838726.
148. Frederik Spindler (2020). "Re-evaluation of an early sphenacodontian synapsid from the Lower Permian of England". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 111 (1): 27–37. doi:10.1017/S175569101900015X. S2CID   202192911.
149. Mohd Shafi Bhat; Sanghamitra Ray; P. M. Datta (2020). "New cynodonts (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of India and their significances". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (2): 376–393. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.95. S2CID   228836405.
150. Tomasz Sulej; Grzegorz Krzesiński; Mateusz Tałanda; Andrzej S. Wolniewicz; Błażej Błażejowski; Niels Bonde; Piotr Gutowski; Maksymilian Sienkiewicz; Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki (2020). "The earliest-known mammaliaform fossil from Greenland sheds light on origin of mammals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (43): 26861–26867. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11726861S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2012437117 . PMC   7604429 . PMID   33046636. S2CID   222320190.
151. Ben T. Kligman; Adam D. Marsh; Hans-Dieter Sues; Christian A. Sidor (2020). "A new non-mammalian eucynodont from the Chinle Formation (Triassic: Norian), and implications for the early Mesozoic equatorial cynodont record". Biology Letters. 16 (11) 20200631. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0631. PMC   7728676 . PMID   33142088. S2CID   226238424.
152. Frederik Spindler (2020). "A faunivorous early sphenacodontian synapsid with a diastema". Palaeontologia Electronica. 23 (1): Article number 23(1):a01. doi: 10.26879/1023 . S2CID   211240492.
153. David S. Berman; Hillary C. Maddin; Amy C. Henrici; Stuart S. Sumida; Diane Scott; Robert R. Reisz (2020). "New primitive caseid (Synapsida, Caseasauria) from the Early Permian of Germany". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 86 (1): 43–75. doi:10.2992/007.086.0103. S2CID   216027787.
154. Adam K. Huttenlocker; Christian A. Sidor (2020). "A Basal Nonmammaliaform Cynodont from the Permian of Zambia and the Origins of Mammalian Endocranial and Postcranial Anatomy". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (5): e1827413. Bibcode:2020JVPal..40E7413H. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1827413. S2CID   228883951.
155. Tomasz Sulej; Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki; Mateusz Tałanda; Dawid Dróżdż; Ewa Hara (2020). "A new early Late Triassic non-mammaliaform eucynodont from Poland". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 32 (1): 80–92. Bibcode:2020HBio...32...80S. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1471477. S2CID   90448333.
156. Liu, Jun (2020). "Taoheodon baizhijuni, gen. et sp. nov. (Anomodontia, Dicynodontoidea), from the upper Permian Sunjiagou Formation of China and its implications". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (1): e1762088. Bibcode:2020JVPal..40E2088L. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1762088. S2CID   221749476.
157. David I. Whiteside; Christopher J. Duffin (2020). "New haramiyidan and reptile fossils from a Rhaetian bedded sequence close to the famous 'Microlestes' Quarry of Holwell, UK". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 132 (1): 34–49. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2020.09.003. S2CID   230569213.
158. Katrina E. Jones; Sarah Gonzalez; Kenneth D. Angielczyk; Stephanie E. Pierce (2020). "Regionalization of the axial skeleton predates functional adaptation in the forerunners of mammals". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (3): 470–478. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1094-9. PMID   32015524. S2CID   211017076.
159. Mathieu G. Faure-Brac; Jorge Cubo (2020). "Were the synapsids primitively endotherms? A palaeohistological approach using phylogenetic eigenvector maps". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 375 (1793) 20190138. doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0138. PMC   7017441 . PMID   31928185.
160. Philip Fahn-Lai; Andrew A. Biewener; Stephanie E. Pierce (2020). "Broad similarities in shoulder muscle architecture and organization across two amniotes: implications for reconstructing non-mammalian synapsids". PeerJ. 8 e8556. doi: 10.7717/peerj.8556 . PMC   7034385 . PMID   32117627.
161. Leonidas Brikiatis (2020). "An early Pangaean vicariance model for synapsid evolution". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 13091. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1013091B. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70117-8. PMC   7403356 . PMID   32753752.
162. Arjan Mann; Bryan M. Gee; Jason D. Pardo; David Marjanović; Gabrielle R. Adams; Ami S. Calthorpe; Hillary C. Maddin; Jason S. Anderson (2020). "Reassessment of historic 'microsaurs' from Joggins, Nova Scotia, reveals hidden diversity in the earliest amniote ecosystem". Papers in Palaeontology. 6 (4): 605–625. doi:10.1002/spp2.1316. S2CID   218925814.
163. Adam K. Huttenlocker; Christen D. Shelton (2020). "Bone histology of varanopids (Synapsida) from Richards Spur, Oklahoma, sheds light on growth patterns and lifestyle in early terrestrial colonizers". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 375 (1793) 20190142. doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0142. PMC   7017428 . PMID   31928198.
164. Arjan Mann; Robert R. Reisz (2020). "Antiquity of "sail-backed" neural spine hyper-elongation in mammal forerunners". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8 83. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8...83M. doi: 10.3389/feart.2020.00083 . S2CID   214763828.
165. Amin Agliano; P. Martin Sander; Tanja Wintrich (2020). "Bone histology and microanatomy of Edaphosaurus and Dimetrodon (Amniota, Synapsida) vertebrae from the Lower Permian of Texas". The Anatomical Record. 304 (3): 570–583. doi: 10.1002/ar.24468 . PMID   32484294. S2CID   219172923.
166. Frederik Spindler (2020). "The skull of Tetraceratops insignis (Synapsida, Sphenacodontia)". Palæovertebrata. 43 (1): e1. doi:10.18563/pv.43.1.e1. S2CID   214247325.
167. Kévin Rey; Michael O. Day; Romain Amiot; François Fourel; Julie Luyt; Christophe Lécuyer; Bruce S. Rubidge (2020). "Stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C) give new perspective on the ecology and diet of Endothiodon bathystoma (Therapsida, Dicynodontia) from the late Permian of the South African Karoo Basin" (PDF). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 556 109882. Bibcode:2020PPP...55609882R. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109882. S2CID   224858567.
168. "Fossil evidence of 'hibernation-like' state in 250-million-year-old Antarctic animal". phys.org. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
169. "Fossil suggests animals have been hibernating for 250 million years". UPI. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
170. Whitney, Megan R.; Sidor, Christian A. (27 August 2020). "Evidence of torpor in the tusks of Lystrosaurus from the Early Triassic of Antarctica". Communications Biology. 3 (1): 471. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01207-6. ISSN   2399-3642. PMC   7453012 . PMID   32855434. Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
171. Jennifer Botha (2020). "The paleobiology and paleoecology of South African Lystrosaurus". PeerJ. 8 e10408. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10408 . PMC   7694564 . PMID   33282563. S2CID   227268106.
172. Sean P. Modesto (2020). "The disaster taxon Lystrosaurus: a paleontological myth". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8 610463. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..617M. doi: 10.3389/feart.2020.610463 . S2CID   229182522.
173. M. R. Whitney; A. R. H. LeBlanc; A. R. Reynolds; K. S. Brink (2020). "Convergent dental adaptations in the serrations of hypercarnivorous synapsids and dinosaurs". Biology Letters. 16 (12) 20200750. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0750. PMC   7775981 . PMID   33321067. S2CID   229182043.
174. Luisa C. Pusch; Jasper Ponstein; Christian F. Kammerer; Jörg Fröbisch (2020). "Novel endocranial data on the early therocephalian Lycosuchus vanderrieti underpin high character variability in early theriodont evolution". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7 464. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00464 . S2CID   210863499.
175. Fernando Abdala; Leandro C. Gaetano; Agustín G. Martinelli; Marina Bento Soares; John Hancox; Bruce S. Rubidge (2020). "Non-mammaliaform cynodonts from western Gondwana and the significance of Argentinean forms in enhancing understanding of the group". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 104 102884. Bibcode:2020JSAES.10402884A. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102884. S2CID   224930776.
176. Luke A. Norton; Fernando Abdala; Bruce S. Rubidge; Jennifer Botha (2020). "Tooth replacement patterns in the Early Triassic epicynodont Galesaurus planiceps (Therapsida, Cynodontia)". PLOS ONE. 15 (12): e0243985. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1543985N. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243985 . PMC   7773207 . PMID   33378326.
177. Leonardo Kerber; Agustín G. Martinelli; Pablo Gusmão Rodrigues; Ana Maria Ribeiro; Cesar Leandro Schultz; Marina Bento Soares (2020). "New record of Prozostrodon brasiliensis (Eucynodontia: Prozostrodontia) from its type-locality (Upper Triassic, Southern Brazil): comments on the endocranial morphology". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 23 (4): 259–269. doi: 10.4072/rbp.2020.4.04 . hdl: 10183/229922 . S2CID   230537258.
178. Gerd Geyer; John M. Malinky (2020). "Helcionelloid molluscs and hyoliths from the Miaolingian (middle Cambrian) of the subsurface of the Delitzsch–Torgau–Doberlug Syncline, northern Saxony, Germany". PalZ. 94 (2): 271–293. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00472-z. S2CID   198140093.
179. Julien Kimmig; Paul A. Selden (2020). "A new shell-bearing organism from the Cambrian Spence Shale of Utah". Palaeoworld. 30 (2): 220–228. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.05.003. S2CID   219511615.
180. Lucy A. Muir; Yuandong Zhang; Joseph P. Botting; Xuan Ma (2020). "Avitograptus species (Graptolithina) from the Hirnantian (uppermost Ordovician) Anji Biota of South China and the evolution of Akidograptus and Parakidograptus". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (5): 955–965. Bibcode:2020JPal...94..955M. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.12. S2CID   218955035.
181. Peter D. Kruse; Francoise Debrenne (2020). "Ajax Mine archaeocyaths: A provisional biozonation for the upper Hawker Group (Cambrian stages 3-4), Flinders Ranges, South Australia". Australasian Palaeontological Memoirs. 53: 1–238.
182. Christian B. Skovsted; Uwe Balthasar; Jakob Vinther; Erik A. Sperling (2020). "Small shelly fossils and carbon isotopes from the early Cambrian (Stages 3–4) Mural Formation of western Laurentia". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (2): 951–983. doi: 10.1002/spp2.1313 . hdl: 10026.1/15698 . S2CID   219510322.
183. Jean-Bernard Caron; Cédric Aria (2020). "The Collins' monster, a spinous suspension-feeding lobopodian from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia". Palaeontology. 63 (6): 979–994. doi:10.1111/pala.12499. S2CID   225593728.
184. Zhixin Sun; Han Zeng; Fangchen Zhao (2020). "A new middle Cambrian radiodont from North China: Implications for morphological disparity and spatial distribution of hurdiids". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 558 109947. Bibcode:2020PPP...55809947S. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109947. S2CID   224868404.
185. Olev Vinn; Ursula Toom (2020). "New cornulitid from the Ohesaare Formation (late Pŕidoli) of Saaremaa, Estonia". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 298 (1): 67–73. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2020/0934. S2CID   228988725.
186. T.Q. Shao; J.C. Qin; Y. Shao; Y.H. Liu; D. Waloszek; A. Maas; B.C. Duan; Q.Wang; Y. Xu; H.Q. Zhang (2020). "New macrobenthic cycloneuralians from the Fortunian (lowermost Cambrian) of South China". Precambrian Research. 349 105413. Bibcode:2020PreR..34905413S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2019.105413. S2CID   202200056.
187. Simon Conway Morris; Ru D.A. Smith; Jennifer F. Hoyal Cuthill; Enrico Bonino; Rudy Lerosey-Aubril (2020). "A possible Cambrian stem-group gnathiferan-chaetognath from the Weeks Formation (Miaolingian) of Utah" (PDF). Journal of Paleontology. 94 (4): 624–636. Bibcode:2020JPal...94..624C. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.4. S2CID   216378024.
188. Hong Chen; Luke A. Parry; Jakob Vinther; Dayou Zhai; Xianguang Hou; Xiaoya Ma (2020). "A Cambrian crown annelid reconciles phylogenomics and the fossil record". Nature. 583 (7815): 249–252. Bibcode:2020Natur.583..249C. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2384-8. PMID   32528177. S2CID   219567905.
189. Juan Carlos Gutiérrez-Marco; Lucy A. Muir; Charles E. Mitchell (2020). "Upper Ordovician planktic and benthic graptolites and a possible hydroid from the Tafilalt Biota, southeastern Morocco". In A. W. Hunter; J. J. Álvaro; B. Lefebvre; P. van Roy; S. Zamora (eds.). The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: Insights from the Tafilalt Biota, Morocco. Vol. 485. The Geological Society of London. pp. SP485–2019–23. doi:10.1144/SP485-2019-23. S2CID   216391923.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
190. Karma Nanglu; Jean-Bernard Caron; Christopher B. Cameron (2020). "Cambrian tentaculate worms and the origin of the hemichordate body plan". Current Biology. 30 (21): 4238–4244.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.078 . PMID   32857969. S2CID   221343271.
191. Xianfeng Yang; Julien Kimmig; Bruce S. Lieberman; Shanchi Peng (2020). "A new species of the deuterostome Herpetogaster from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota of South China". The Science of Nature. 107 (5) 37. Bibcode:2020SciNa.107...37Y. doi:10.1007/s00114-020-01695-w. PMC   7544619 . PMID   32857275.
192. Scott D. Evans; Ian V. Hughes; James G. Gehling; Mary L. Droser (2020). "Discovery of the oldest bilaterian from the Ediacaran of South Australia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 117 (14): 7845–7850. Bibcode:2020PNAS..117.7845E. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2001045117 . PMC   7149385 . PMID   32205432.
193. Xu Chen; Qing Chen; Kyi Pyar Aung; Lucy A. Muir (2020). "Latest Ordovician graptolites from the Mandalay Region, Myanmar". Palaeoworld. 29 (1): 47–65. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2019.09.003. S2CID   210295054.
194. Han Zeng; Fangchen Zhao; Kecheng Niu; Maoyan Zhu; Diying Huang (2020). "An early Cambrian euarthropod with radiodont-like raptorial appendages". Nature. 588 (7836): 101–105. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..101Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2883-7. PMID   33149303. S2CID   226248177.
195. David K. Loydell (2020). "Lenzograptus, a new name for the graptolite Lenzia Rickards and Wright, 1999". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (1): 205. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.59. S2CID   225357953.
196. Luoyang Li; Christian B. Skovsted; Hao Yun; Marissa J. Betts; Xingliang Zhang (2020). "New insight into the soft anatomy and shell microstructures of early Cambrian orthothecids (Hyolitha)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1933) 20201467. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.1467. PMC   7482263 . PMID   32811320. S2CID   221157990.
197. Michał Zatoń; David J.C. Mundy (2020). "Microconchus cravenensis n. sp.: a giant among microconchid tubeworms". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (6): 1051–1058. Bibcode:2020JPal...94.1051Z. doi: 10.1017/jpa.2020.45 . S2CID   222231735.
198. Daniela P. Heredia-Jiménez; Olev Vinn; Blanca E. Buitrón-Sánchez; Miguel A. Torres-Martínez (2020). "A new middle Permian microconchid from Chiapas, Mexico, and its palaeoecological implications". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 100 (4): 975–983. doi:10.1007/s12549-020-00418-3. S2CID   218527444.
199. Muhammad Aqqid Saparin; Mark Williams; Jan Zalasiewicz; Toshifumi Komatsu; Adrian Rushton; Hung Dinh Doan; Ha Thai Trinh; Hung Ba Nguyen; Minh Trung Nguyen; Thijs R. A. Vandenbroucke (2020). "Graptolites from Silurian (Llandovery series) sedimentary deposits attributed to a forearc setting, Co To Formation, Co To Archipelago, northeast Vietnam". Paleontological Research. 24 (1): 26–40. doi:10.2517/2019PR003. S2CID   209522938.
200. Artur Chahud; Thomas R. Fairchild (2020). "A new invertebrate from the Ponta Grossa Formation (Devonian), Paraná Basin, Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 23 (4): 279–282. doi: 10.4072/rbp.2020.4.06 . S2CID   230538255.
201. David K. Loydell; Natalia Walasek (2020). "Two new species of graptolite from the Telychian (upper Llandovery, Silurian) of Kallholn, Dalarna, Sweden". GFF. 142 (2): 154–157. Bibcode:2020GFF...142..154L. doi:10.1080/11035897.2019.1686419. S2CID   210273303.
202. David K. Loydell (2020). "Middle Telychian (Llandovery, Silurian) graptolites and biostratigraphy of the Howgill Fells, England, based upon the collections of D.W.R. Wilson housed in the Lapworth Museum of Geology, University of Birmingham". Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society. 63 (1): 33–42. Bibcode:2020PYGS...63...33L. doi:10.1144/pygs2019-014. S2CID   214470070.
203. Jobst Wendt (2020). "A rare case of an evolutionary late and ephemeral biomineralization: tunicates with composite calcareous skeletons". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (4): 748–757. Bibcode:2020JPal...94..748W. doi: 10.1017/jpa.2019.109 . S2CID   213833064.
204. Anna F. Whitaker; Paul G. Jamison; James D. Schiffbauer; Julien Kimmig (2020). "Re-description of the Spence Shale palaeoscolecids in light of new morphological features with comments on palaeoscolecid taxonomy and taphonomy". PalZ. 94 (4): 661–674. doi:10.1007/s12542-020-00516-9. S2CID   211479504.
205. Yujing Li; Mark Williams; Thomas H. P. Harvey; Fan Wei; Yang Zhao; Jin Guo; Sarah Gabbott; Tom Fletcher; Xianguang Hou; Peiyun Cong (2020). "Symbiotic fouling of Vetulicola, an early Cambrian nektonic animal". Communications Biology. 3 (1) 517. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01244-1. PMC   7501249 . PMID   32948820.
206. T.Q. Shao; Q. Wang; Y.H. Liu; J.C. Qin; Y.N. Zhang; M.J. Liu; Y. Shao; J.Y. Zhao; H.Q. Zhang (2020). "A new scalidophoran animal from the Cambrian Fortunian Stage of South China and its implications for the origin and early evolution of Kinorhyncha". Precambrian Research. 349 105616. Bibcode:2020PreR..34905616S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105616. S2CID   212876829.
207. Ben Yang; Michael Steiner; James D. Schiffbauer; Tara Selly; Xuwen Wu; Cong Zhang; Pengju Liu (2020). "Ultrastructure of Ediacaran cloudinids suggests diverse taphonomic histories and affinities with non-biomineralized annelids". Scientific Reports . 10 (1) 535. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..535Y. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56317-x. PMC   6968996 . PMID   31953458.
208. Nicholas J. Butterfield (2022). "Constructional and functional anatomy of Ediacaran rangeomorphs". Geological Magazine. 159 (7): 1148–1159. Bibcode:2022GeoM..159.1148B. doi: 10.1017/S0016756820000734 . S2CID   225491855.
209. Duncan McIlroy; Jessica Hawco; Christopher McKean; Robert Nicholls; Giovanni Pasinetti; Rod Taylor (2022). "Palaeobiology of the reclining rangeomorph Beothukis from the Ediacaran Mistaken Point Formation of southeastern Newfoundland". Geological Magazine. 159 (7): 1160–1174. Bibcode:2022GeoM..159.1160M. doi:10.1017/S0016756820000941. S2CID   225022763.
210. James D. Schiffbauer; Tara Selly; Sarah M. Jacquet; Rachel A. Merz; Lyle L. Nelson; Michael A. Strange; Yaoping Cai; Emily F. Smith (2020). "Discovery of bilaterian-type through-guts in cloudinomorphs from the terminal Ediacaran Period". Nature Communications. 11 (1) 205. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11..205S. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13882-z. PMC   6954273 . PMID   31924764.
211. Gregory J. Retallack; Neffra A. Matthews; Sharad Master; Ranjit G. Khangar; Merajuddin Khan (2020). "Dickinsonia discovered in India and late Ediacaran biogeography". Gondwana Research. 90: 165–170. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2020.11.008. S2CID   229451488.
212. Joseph G. Meert; Manoj K. Pandit; Samuel Kwafo; Ananya Singha (2023). "Stinging News: 'Dickinsonia' discovered in the Upper Vindhyan of India Not Worth the Buzz". Gondwana Research. 117: 1–7. Bibcode:2023GondR.117....1M. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2023.01.003. S2CID   255846878.
213. Jie Yang; Martin R. Smith; Xi-guang Zhang; Xiao-yu Yang (2020). "Introvert and pharynx of Mafangscolex, a Cambrian palaeoscolecid". Geological Magazine. 157 (12): 2044–2050. Bibcode:2020GeoM..157.2044Y. doi:10.1017/S0016756820000308. S2CID   219092881.
214. Lucy A. Muir; Joseph P. Botting (2020). "The putative Ordovician annelid worm Haileyia adhaerens Ruedemann, 1934 is not a recognizable fossil". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (3): 589–591. Bibcode:2020JPal...94..589M. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.76. S2CID   210308034.
215. Fan Liu; Christian B. Skovsted; Timothy P. Topper; ZhiFei Zhang (2020). "Soft part preservation in hyolithids from the lower Cambrian (Stage 4) Guanshan Biota of South China and its implications". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 562 110079. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110079 . ISSN   0031-0182. S2CID   225121567.
216. Richard J. Howard; Gregory D. Edgecombe; Xiaomei Shi; Xianguang Hou; Xiaoya Ma (2020). "Ancestral morphology of Ecdysozoa constrained by an early Cambrian stem group ecdysozoan". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 20 (1): 156. doi: 10.1186/s12862-020-01720-6 . PMC   7684930 . PMID   33228518.
217. Deng Wang; Jean Vannier; Xiao-guang Yang; Jie Sun; Yi-fei Sun; Wen-jing Hao; Qing-qin Tang; Ping Liu; Jian Han (2020). "Cuticular reticulation replicates the pattern of epidermal cells in lowermost Cambrian scalidophoran worms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1926) 20200470. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.0470. PMC   7282905 . PMID   32370674.
218. Richard J. Howard; Xianguang Hou; Gregory D. Edgecombe; Tobias Salge; Xiaomei Shi; Xiaoya Ma (2020). "A tube-dwelling Early Cambrian lobopodian". Current Biology. 30 (8): 1529–1536.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.075 . PMID   32109391. S2CID   211542458.
219. John R. Paterson; Gregory D. Edgecombe; Diego C. García-Bellido (2020). "Disparate compound eyes of Cambrian radiodonts reveal their developmental growth mode and diverse visual ecology". Science Advances. 6 (49): eabc6721. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.6721P. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc6721. PMC   7821881 . PMID   33268353. S2CID   227259347.
220. Stephen Pates; Joseph P. Botting; Lucy M. E. McCobb; Lucy A. Muir (2020). "A miniature Ordovician hurdiid from Wales demonstrates the adaptability of Radiodonta". Royal Society Open Science. 7 (6): Article ID: 200459. Bibcode:2020RSOS....700459P. doi:10.1098/rsos.200459. PMC   7353989 . PMID   32742697.
221. Sandra Barrios-de Pedro; Antonio Osuna; Ángela D. Buscalioni (2020). "Helminth eggs from Early Cretaceous faeces". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 18747. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1018747B. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75757-4. PMC   7599231 . PMID   33127992.
222. Felix Schlagintweit (2020). "Time to say goodbye: taxonomic revision of Dictyoconus walnutensis (Carsey, 1926), the last Lower Cretaceous representative of the genus". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 33 (11): 2977–2988. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1839065. S2CID   228846834.
223. Qing Ouyang; Chuanming Zhou; Shuhai Xiao; Chengguo Guan; Zhe Chen; Xunlai Yuan; Yunpeng Sun (2020). "Distribution of Ediacaran acanthomorphic acritarchs in the lower Doushantuo Formation of the Yangtze Gorges area, South China: Evolutionary and stratigraphic implications". Precambrian Research. 353 106005. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2020.106005 . S2CID   229474040.
224. Guangjin Li; Lei Chen; Ke Pang; Guangzhao Zhou; Chunmei Han; Le Yang; Weiguo Lv; Chengxi Wu; Wei Wang; Fengjie Yang (2020). "An assemblage of macroscopic and diversified carbonaceous compression fossils from the Tonian Shiwangzhuang Formation in western Shandong, North China". Precambrian Research. 346 105801. Bibcode:2020PreR..34605801L. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105801. S2CID   219495818.
225. David C. Kopaska-Merkel; Douglas W. Haywick; Richard G. Keyes (2020). "A new mound-building biota from the lower Carboniferous of Alabama". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (3): 436–456. Bibcode:2020JPal...94..436K. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.103. S2CID   213222308.
226. Xiaopeng Wang; Ke Pang; Zhe Chen; Bin Wan; Shuhai Xiao; Chuanming Zhou; Xunlai Yuan (2020). "The Ediacaran frondose fossil Arborea from the Shibantan limestone of South China". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (6): 1034–1050. Bibcode:2020JPal...94.1034W. doi: 10.1017/jpa.2020.43 . hdl: 10919/101008 . S2CID   222232108.
227. Carla J. Harper; Christopher Walker; Andrew Schwendemann; Hans Kerp; Michael Krings (2020). "Archaeosporites rhyniensis gen. et sp. nov. (Glomeromycota, Archaeosporaceae), from the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert – a fungal lineage morphologically unchanged for more than 400 million years". Annals of Botany. 126 (5): 915–928. doi:10.1093/aob/mcaa113. PMC   7539360 . PMID   32577725.
228. Lei-Ming Yin; Kai Wang; Zhen Shen; Yuan-Long Zhao (2020). "Organic-walled microfossils from Cambrian Stage IV in the Jiaobang section, eastern Guizhou, China". Palaeoworld. 30 (3): 398–421. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.09.005.
229. M. L. Droser; S. D. Evans; P. W. Dzaugis; E. B. Hughes; J. G. Gehling (2020). "Attenborites janeae: a new enigmatic organism from the Ediacara Member (Rawnsley Quartzite), South Australia". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 67 (6): 915–921. Bibcode:2020AuJES..67..915D. doi:10.1080/08120099.2018.1495668. S2CID   133787909.
230. Michael Krings; Carla J. Harper (2020). "Deciphering interfungal relationships in the 410-million-yr-old Rhynie chert: Brijax amictus gen. et sp. nov. (Chytridiomycota) colonizing the walls of glomeromycotan acaulospores". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 281 104287. Bibcode:2020RPaPa.28104287K. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2020.104287. S2CID   224847877.
231. Seyed Hamid Vaziri; Mahmoud Reza Majidifard; Simon A.F. Darroch; Marc Laflamme (2020). "Ediacaran diversity and paleoecology from central Iran". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (2): 236–251. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.88. S2CID   232176212.
232. Cléber Pereira Calça; Thomas Rich Fairchild (2020). "A widespread, nearly monospecific silicified coccoidal microbiota from the Permian of Brazil (Assistência Formation, Irati Subgroup, Paraná Basin)". Ameghiniana. 57 (4): 302–326. doi:10.5710/AMGH.21.04.2020.3331. S2CID   219008638.
233. G. Susana de la Puente; Florentin Paris; N. Emilio Vaccari (2020). "Latest Ordovician-earliest Silurian chitinozoans from the Puna region, north-western Argentina (Western Gondwana)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 95 (4): 391–418. doi: 10.3140/bull.geosci.1769 . hdl: 11336/127608 . S2CID   228843785.
234. Serge V. Naugolnykh (2020). "Main biotic and climatic events in Early Permian of the Western Urals, Russia, as exemplified by the shallow-water biota of the early Kungurian lagoons". Palaeoworld. 29 (2): 391–404. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2018.10.002. S2CID   134812242.
235. Mónica Martí Mus; Małgorzata Moczydłowska; Andrew H. Knoll (2020). "Morphologically diverse vase-shaped microfossils from the Russøya Member, Elbobreen Formation, in Spitsbergen". Precambrian Research. 350 105899. Bibcode:2020PreR..35005899M. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105899 . S2CID   224906229.
236. Leiming Yin; Fanwei Meng; Fanfan Kong; Changtai Niu (2020). "Microfossils from the Paleoproterozoic Hutuo Group, Shanxi, North China: Early evidence for eukaryotic metabolism". Precambrian Research. 342 105650. Bibcode:2020PreR..34205650Y. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105650 . S2CID   212943969.
237. Bin Wan; Zhe Chen; Xunlai Yuan; Ke Pang; Qing Tang; Chengguo Guan; Xiaopeng Wang; S.K. Pandey; Mary L. Droser; Shuhai Xiao (2020). "A tale of three taphonomic modes: The Ediacaran fossil Flabellophyton preserved in limestone, black shale, and sandstone". Gondwana Research. 84: 296–314. Bibcode:2020GondR..84..296W. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2020.04.003. S2CID   219480655.
238. Shuhai Xiao; James G. Gehling; Scott D. Evans; Ian V. Hughes; Mary L. Droser (2020). "Probable benthic macroalgae from the Ediacara Member, South Australia". Precambrian Research. 350 105903. Bibcode:2020PreR..35005903X. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105903. S2CID   225029844.
239. E. Yu. Golubkova; B. B. Kochnev (2020). "Filamentous cyanobacteria from the Vendian deposits of the Nepa Regional Stage of interior areas of the Siberian Platform". Paleontological Journal. 54 (5): 542–551. doi:10.1134/S0031030120050068. S2CID   222180442.
240. Gregory J. Retallack; Adrian P. Broz (2020). "Arumberia and other Ediacaran–Cambrian fossils of central Australia". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 33 (10): 1964–1988. doi:10.1080/08912963.2020.1755281. S2CID   219432483.
241. P. W. Dzaugis; S. D. Evans; M. L. Droser; J. G. Gehling; I. V. Hughes (2020). "Stuck in the mat: Obamus coronatus, a new benthic organism from the Ediacara Member, Rawnsley Quartzite, South Australia". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 67 (6): 897–903. Bibcode:2020AuJES..67..897D. doi: 10.1080/08120099.2018.1479306 . S2CID   134887346.
242. George Poinar; Fernando E. Vega (2020). "Entomopathogenic fungi (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae) infecting bark lice (Psocoptera) in Dominican and Baltic amber". Mycology. 11 (1): 71–77. doi:10.1080/21501203.2019.1706657. PMC   7033690 . PMID   32128283.
243. George Poinar (2020). "A mid-Cretaceous pycnidia, Palaeomycus epallelus gen. et sp. nov., in Myanmar amber". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 32 (2): 234–237. Bibcode:2020HBio...32..234P. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1481836. S2CID   89977016.
244. J.L. Garcia Massini; D. Guido; K. Campbell; A. Sagasti; M. Krings (2020). "Filamentous cyanobacteria and associated microorganisms, structurally preserved in a Late Jurassic chert from Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 107 103111. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103111. S2CID   233073281.
245. Lijing Liu; Yasheng Wu; Hongping Bao; Hongxia Jiang; Lijing Zheng; Yanlong Chen (2020). "Diversity and systematics of Middle-Late Ordovician calcified cyanobacteria and associated microfossils from Ordos Basin, North China". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.82. S2CID   226349226.
246. Ludovic Le Renard; Ruth A. Stockey; Garland Upchurch; Mary L. Berbee (2020). "A new epiphyllous fly-speck fungus from the Early Cretaceous Potomac Group of Virginia (125–112 Ma): Protographum luttrellii, gen. et sp. nov". Mycologia. 112 (3): 504–518. doi:10.1080/00275514.2020.1718441. PMID   32167869. S2CID   212707316.
247. George Poinar Jr. (2020). "Spiroplasma burmanica sp. nov. (Spiroplasmataceae: Mollicutes) from a fossil plant louse (Psylloidea: Sternorrhyncha) in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber". Biosis: Biological Systems. 1 (4): 157–163. doi:10.37819/biosis.001.04.0071 (inactive 4 July 2025). S2CID   230598709.
248. Natalia P. Maslova; Aleksandra B. Sokolova; Тatiana M. Kodrul; Anna V. Tobias; Natalia V. Bazhenova; Xin-Kai Wu; Jian-Hua Jin (2020). "Diverse epiphyllous fungi on Cunninghamia leaves from the Oligocene of South China and their paleoecological and paleoclimatic implications". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 59 (5): 964–984. doi:10.1111/jse.12652. S2CID   225662801.
249. Christine Strullu-Derrien; Alain Le Hérissé; Tomasz Goral; Alan R.T. Spencer; Paul Kenrick (2020). "The overlooked aquatic green algal component of early terrestrial environments: Triskelia scotlandica gen. et sp. nov. from the Rhynie cherts". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (2): 709–719. doi:10.1002/spp2.1303. S2CID   216248252.
250. Michael Krings (2020). "Triskelia scotlandica, an enigmatic Rhynie chert microfossil revisited". PalZ. 95 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1007/s12542-020-00531-w. S2CID   226256946.
251. Michael Krings; Carla J. Harper (2020). "Morphological diversity of fungal reproductive units in the Lower Devonian Rhynie and Windyfield cherts, Scotland: a new species of the genus Windipila". PalZ. 94 (4): 619–632. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00507-5. hdl: 2262/96309 . S2CID   208329327.
252. Keyron Hickman-Lewis; Frances Westall; Barbara Cavalazzi (2020). "Diverse communities of Bacteria and Archaea flourished in Palaeoarchaean (3.5–3.3 Ga) microbial mats". Palaeontology. 63 (6): 1007–1033. Bibcode:2020Palgy..63.1007H. doi:10.1111/pala.12504. hdl: 11585/766383 . S2CID   225237558.
253. Phoebe A. Cohen; Maoli Vizcaíno; Ross P. Anderson (2020). "Oldest fossil ciliates from the Cryogenian glacial interlude reinterpreted as possible red algal spores". Palaeontology. 63 (6): 941–950. Bibcode:2020Palgy..63..941C. doi:10.1111/pala.12497. S2CID   225781888.
254. S. Bonneville; F. Delpomdor; A. Préat; C. Chevalier; T. Araki; M. Kazemian; A. Steele; A. Schreiber; R. Wirth; L. G. Benning (2020). "Molecular identification of fungi microfossils in a Neoproterozoic shale rock". Science Advances. 6 (4): eaax7599. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.7599B. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax7599. PMC   6976295 . PMID   32010783.
255. Alexander G. Liu; Benjamin H. Tindal (2020). "Ediacaran macrofossils prior to the ~580 Ma Gaskiers glaciation in Newfoundland, Canada". Lethaia. 54 (2): 260–270. doi:10.1111/let.12401. S2CID   225236299.
256. Zongjun Yin; Weichen Sun; Pengju Liu; Maoyan Zhu; Philip C. J. Donoghue (2020). "Developmental biology of Helicoforamina reveals holozoan affinity, cryptic diversity, and adaptation to heterogeneous environments in the early Ediacaran Weng'an biota (Doushantuo Formation, South China)". Science Advances. 6 (24): eabb0083. Bibcode:2020SciA....6...83Y. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb0083. PMC   7292632 . PMID   32582859.
257. Akshay Mehra; Wesley A. Watters; John P. Grotzinger; Adam C. Maloof (2020). "Three-dimensional reconstructions of the putative metazoan Namapoikia show that it was a microbial construction" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (33): 19760–19766. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11719760M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2009129117 . PMC   7443946 . PMID   32747528. S2CID   221157600.
258. Yan Liang; Olle Hints; Peng Tang; Chengyang Cai; Daniel Goldman; Jaak Nõlvak; Erik Tihelka; Ke Pang; Joseph Bernardo; Wenhui Wang (2020). "Fossilized reproductive modes reveal a protistan affinity of Chitinozoa". Geology. 48 (12): 1200–1204. Bibcode:2020Geo....48.1200L. doi: 10.1130/G47865.1 . S2CID   225430320.
259. Alison T. Cribb; David J. Bottjer (2020). "Complex marine bioturbation ecosystem engineering behaviors persisted in the wake of the end-Permian mass extinction". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 203. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..203C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56740-0. PMC   6959249 . PMID   31937801.
260. Bernardo de C.P. e M. Peixoto; M. Gabriela Mángano; Nicholas J. Minter; Luciana Bueno dos Reis Fernandes; Marcelo Adorna Fernandes (2020). "A new insect trackway from the Upper Jurassic—Lower Cretaceous eolian sandstones of São Paulo State, Brazil: implications for reconstructing desert paleoecology". PeerJ. 8 e8880. doi: 10.7717/peerj.8880 . PMC   7252435 . PMID   32509444.
261. Elliott Armour Smith; Mark A. Loewen; James I. Kirkland (2020). "New social insect nests from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Utah". Geology of the Intermountain West. 7: 281–299. doi: 10.31711/giw.v7.pp281-299 . S2CID   225189490.
262. Juan Carlos Cisneros; Michael O. Day; Jaco Groenewald; Bruce S. Rubidge (2020). "Small footprints expand Middle Permian amphibian diversity in the South African Karoo". PALAIOS. 35 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2020Palai..35....1C. doi:10.2110/palo.2018.098. S2CID   210944184.
263. Eudald Mujal; Rainer R. Schoch (2020). "Middle Triassic (Ladinian) amphibian tracks from the Lower Keuper succession of southern Germany: Implications for temnospondyl locomotion and track preservation". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 543 109625. Bibcode:2020PPP...54309625M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109625. S2CID   213045573.
264. Stephen M. Rowland; Mario V. Caputo; Zachary A. Jensen (2020). "Early adaptation to eolian sand dunes by basal amniotes is documented in two Pennsylvanian Grand Canyon trackways". PLOS ONE. 15 (8): e0237636. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1537636R. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237636 . PMC   7437920 . PMID   32813715.
265. Lorenzo Marchetti; Sebastian Voigt; Eudald Mujal; Spencer G. Lucas; Heitor Francischini; Josep Fortuny; Vincent L. Santucci (2020). "Extending the footprint record of Pareiasauromorpha to the Cisuralian: earlier appearance and wider palaeobiogeography of the group". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (3): 1297–1319. doi: 10.1002/spp2.1342 . S2CID   229416421.
266. Anthony J. Martin; Dorothy Stearns; Meredith J. Whitten; Melissa M. Hage; Michael Page; Arya Basu (2020). "First known trace fossil of a nesting iguana (Pleistocene), The Bahamas". PLOS ONE. 15 (12): e0242935. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1542935M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242935 . PMC   7725343 . PMID   33296401.
267. Yuong-Nam Lee; Dal-Yong Kong; Seung-Ho Jung (2020). "The first possible choristoderan trackway from the Lower Cretaceous Daegu Formation of South Korea and its implications on choristoderan locomotion". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 14442. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1014442L. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71384-1. PMC   7468130 . PMID   32879388.
268. Fabio Massimo Petti; Heinz Furrer; Enrico Collo; Edoardo Martinetto; Massimo Bernardi; Massimo Delfino; Marco Romano; Michele Piazza (2020). "Archosauriform footprints in the Lower Triassic of Western Alps and their role in understanding the effects of the Permian-Triassic hyperthermal". PeerJ. 8 e10522. doi: 10.7717/peerj.10522 . PMC   7751423 . PMID   33384899.
269. Kyung Soo Kim; Martin G. Lockley; Jong Deock Lim; Seul Mi Bae; Anthony Romilio (2020). "Trackway evidence for large bipedal crocodylomorphs from the Cretaceous of Korea". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 8680. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.8680K. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66008-7. PMC   7289791 . PMID   32528068.
270. Nathan J. Enriquez; Nicolás E. Campione; Corwin Sullivan; Matthew Vavrek; Robin L. Sissons; Matt A. White; Phil R. Bell (2020). "Probable deinonychosaur tracks from the Upper Cretaceous Wapiti Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada". Geological Magazine. 158 (6): 1115–1128. doi:10.1017/S0016756820001247. S2CID   234375593.
271. Jean-David Moreau; Vincent Trincal; Emmanuel Fara; Louis Baret; Alain Jacquet; Claude Barbini; Remi Flament; Michel Wienin; Benjamin Bourel; Amandine Jean (2020). "Middle Jurassic tracks of sauropod dinosaurs in a deep karst cave in France". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (6): e1728286. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1728286. S2CID   216529887.
272. Paige E. dePolo; Stephen L. Brusatte; Thomas J. Challands; Davide Foffa; Mark Wilkinson; Neil D. L. Clark; Jon Hoad; Paulo Victor Luiz Gomes da Costa Pereira; Dugald A. Ross; Thomas J. Wade (2020). "Novel track morphotypes from new tracksites indicate increased Middle Jurassic dinosaur diversity on the Isle of Skye, Scotland". PLOS ONE. 15 (3): e0229640. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1529640D. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229640 . PMC   7065758 . PMID   32160212.
273. Ch.A. Meyer; D. Marty; B. Thüring; S. Thüring; M. Belvedere (2020). "The Late Cretaceous dinosaur track record of Bolivia – Review and perspective". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 106 102992. doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102992 . hdl: 2158/1252157 . S2CID   229473959.
274. Charles W. Helm; Martin G. Lockley; Hayley C. Cawthra; Jan C. De Vynck; Carina J.Z. Helm; Guy H.H. Thesen (2020). "Large Pleistocene avian tracks on the Cape south coast of South Africa". Ostrich. 91 (4): 275–291. doi:10.2989/00306525.2020.1789772. S2CID   225204354.
275. Jean-Michel Mazin; Joane Pouech (2020). "The first non-pterodactyloid pterosaurian trackways and the terrestrial ability of non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs". Geobios. 58: 39–53. Bibcode:2020Geobi..58...39M. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2019.12.002. S2CID   214238490.
276. Emese M. Bordy; Akhil Rampersadh; Miengah Abrahams; Martin G. Lockley; Howard V. Head (2020). "Tracking the Pliensbachian–Toarcian Karoo firewalkers: Trackways of quadruped and biped dinosaurs and mammaliaforms". PLOS ONE. 15 (1): e0226847. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1526847B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226847 . PMC   6988920 . PMID   31995575.
277. Rosalía Guerrero-Arenas; Eduardo Jiménez-Hidalgo; Jorge Fernando Genise (2020). "Burrow systems evince non-solitary geomyid rodents from the Paleogene of southern Mexico". PLOS ONE. 15 (3): e0230040. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1530040G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230040 . PMC   7067467 . PMID   32163482.
278. Ilya Bobrovskiy; Janet M. Hope; Benjamin J. Nettersheim; John K. Volkman; Christian Hallmann; Jochen J. Brocks (2020). "Algal origin of sponge sterane biomarkers negates the oldest evidence for animals in the rock record". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (2): 165–168. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-01334-7. PMID   33230256. S2CID   227159701.
279. Lennart M. van Maldegem; Benjamin J. Nettersheim; Arne Leider; Jochen J. Brocks; Pierre Adam; Philippe Schaeffer; Christian Hallmann (2020). "Geological alteration of Precambrian steroids mimics early animal signatures". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (2): 169–173. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-01336-5. PMID   33230255. S2CID   227157867.
280. Alexander G. Liu; Frances S. Dunn (2020). "Filamentous connections between Ediacaran fronds". Current Biology. 30 (7): 1322–1328.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.052 . PMID   32142705. S2CID   212423697.
281. Jack J. Matthews; Alexander G. Liu; Chuan Yang; Duncan McIlroy; Bruce Levell; Daniel J. Condon (2020). "A chronostratigraphic framework for the rise of the Ediacaran macrobiota: new constraints from Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve, Newfoundland". GSA Bulletin. 133 (3–4): 612–624. doi:10.1130/B35646.1. S2CID   235086638.
282. Bruno Becker-Kerber; Paulo Sergio Gomes Paim; Farid Chemale Junior; Tiago Jonatan Girelli; Ana Lucia Zucatti da Rosa; Abderrazzak El Albani; Gabriel L. Osés; Gustavo M.E.M. Prado; Milene Figueiredo; Luiz Sérgio Amarante Simões; Mírian Liza Alves Forancelli Pacheco (2020). "The oldest record of Ediacaran macrofossils in Gondwana (~563 Ma, Itajaí Basin, Brazil)". Gondwana Research. 84: 211–228. Bibcode:2020GondR..84..211B. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2020.03.007 . S2CID   219038451.
283. Sebastian Willman; John S. Peel; Jon R. Ineson; Niels H. Schovsbo; Elias J. Rugen; Robert Frei (2020). "Ediacaran Doushantuo-type biota discovered in Laurentia". Communications Biology. 3 (1) 647. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01381-7. PMC   7648037 . PMID   33159138.
284. Ilya Bobrovskiy; Janet M. Hope; Elena Golubkova; Jochen J. Brocks (2020). "Food sources for the Ediacara biota communities". Nature Communications. 11 (1) 1261. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.1261B. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15063-9. PMC   7062841 . PMID   32152319.
285. R. A. Close; R. B. J. Benson; E. E. Saupe; M. E. Clapham; R. J. Butler (2020). "The spatial structure of Phanerozoic marine animal diversity" (PDF). Science. 368 (6489): 420–424. Bibcode:2020Sci...368..420C. doi:10.1126/science.aay8309. PMID   32327597. S2CID   216106919.
286. Jennifer F. Hoyal Cuthill; Nicholas Guttenberg; Graham E. Budd (2020). "Impacts of speciation and extinction measured by an evolutionary decay clock" (PDF). Nature. 588 (7839): 636–641. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..636H. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-3003-4. PMID   33299185. S2CID   228090659.
287. Jun-xuan Fan; Shu-zhong Shen; Douglas H. Erwin; Peter M. Sadler; Norman MacLeod; Qiu-ming Cheng; Xu-dong Hou; Jiao Yang; Xiang-dong Wang; Yue Wang; Hua Zhang; Xu Chen; Guo-xiang Li; Yi-chun Zhang; Yu-kun Shi; Dong-xun Yuan; Qing Chen; Lin-na Zhang; Chao Li; Ying-ying Zhao (2020). "A high-resolution summary of Cambrian to Early Triassic marine invertebrate biodiversity". Science. 367 (6475): 272–277. Bibcode:2020Sci...367..272F. doi: 10.1126/science.aax4953 . PMID   31949075. S2CID   210698603.
288. Shan-Chi Peng; Xian-Feng Yang; Yu Liu; Xue-Jian Zhu; Hai-Jing Sun; Samuel Zamora; Ying-Yan Mao; Yu-Chen Zhang (2020). "Fulu biota, a new exceptionally-preserved Cambrian fossil assemblage from the Longha Formation in southeastern Yunnan". Palaeoworld. 29 (3): 453–461. doi: 10.1016/j.palwor.2020.02.001 . S2CID   213542160.
289. Andrey Yu. Zhuravlev; Rachel Wood (2020). "Dynamic and synchronous changes in metazoan body size during the Cambrian Explosion". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 6784. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.6784Z. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63774-2. PMC   7176670 . PMID   32321968.
290. Jonathan L. Payne; Noel A. Heim (2020). "Body size, sampling completeness, and extinction risk in the marine fossil record". Paleobiology. 46 (1): 23–40. Bibcode:2020Pbio...46...23P. doi:10.1017/pab.2019.43. S2CID   212726507.
291. Franziska Franeck; Lee Hsiang Liow (2020). "Did hard substrate taxa diversify prior to the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event?". Palaeontology. 63 (4): 675–687. Bibcode:2020Palgy..63..675F. doi: 10.1111/pala.12489 . hdl: 10852/85403 . S2CID   219483066.
292. Andrew J. Wendruff; Loren E. Babcock; Joanne Kluessendorf; Donald G. Mikulic (2020). "Paleobiology and taphonomy of exceptionally preserved organisms from the Waukesha Biota (Silurian), Wisconsin, USA". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 546 109631. Bibcode:2020PPP...54609631W. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109631. S2CID   212824469.
293. Barbara Seuss; Vanessa Julie Roden; Ádám T. Kocsis (2020). "Biodiversity patterns across the Late Paleozoic Ice Age". Palaeontologia Electronica. 23 (2): Article number 23(2):a35. doi: 10.26879/1047 . S2CID   225363777.
294. Victoria E. McCoy; Jasmina Wiemann; James C. Lamsdell; Christopher D. Whalen; Scott Lidgard; Paul Mayer; Holger Petermann; Derek E. G. Briggs (2020). "Chemical signatures of soft tissues distinguish between vertebrates and invertebrates from the Carboniferous Mazon Creek Lagerstätte of Illinois". Geobiology. 18 (5): 560–565. Bibcode:2020Gbio...18..560M. doi:10.1111/gbi.12397. PMID   32347003. S2CID   216646333.
295. Neil Brocklehurst (2020). "Olson's Gap or Olson's Extinction? A Bayesian tip-dating approach to resolving stratigraphic uncertainty". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1928) 20200154. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.0154. PMC   7341920 . PMID   32517621.
296. Mao Luo; Luis A. Buatois; G.R. Shi; Zhong-Qiang Chen (2020). "Infaunal response during the end-Permian mass extinction". GSA Bulletin. 133 (1–2): 91–99. doi:10.1130/B35524.1. S2CID   218920997.
297. Haijun Song; Shan Huang; Enhao Jia; Xu Dai; Paul B. Wignall; Alexander M. Dunhill (2020). "Flat latitudinal diversity gradient caused by the Permian–Triassic mass extinction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (30): 17578–17583. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11717578S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1918953117 . PMC   7395496 . PMID   32631978.
298. Emma M. Dunne; Alexander Farnsworth; Sarah E. Greene; Daniel J. Lunt; Richard J. Butler (2020). "Climatic drivers of latitudinal variation in Late Triassic tetrapod diversity". Palaeontology. 64 (1): 101–117. doi: 10.1111/pala.12514 . hdl: 1983/cc42a1a1-d683-435c-9414-d4219d7a5ea6 . S2CID   228840415.
299. Julia B. Desojo; Lucas E. Fiorelli; Martín D. Ezcurra; Agustín G. Martinelli; Jahandar Ramezani; Átila. A. S. Da Rosa; M. Belén von Baczko; M. Jimena Trotteyn; Felipe C. Montefeltro; Miguel Ezpeleta; Max C. Langer (2020). "The Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation at Cerro Las Lajas (La Rioja, Argentina): fossil tetrapods, high-resolution chronostratigraphy, and faunal correlations". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 12782. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1012782D. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67854-1. PMC   7391656 . PMID   32728077.
300. Jacopo Dal Corso; Massimo Bernardi; Yadong Sun; Haijun Song; Leyla J. Seyfullah; Nereo Preto; Piero Gianolla; Alastair Ruffell; Evelyn Kustatscher; Guido Roghi; Agostino Merico; Sönke Hohn; Alexander R. Schmidt; Andrea Marzoli; Robert J. Newton; Paul B. Wignall; Michael J. Benton (2020). "Extinction and dawn of the modern world in the Carnian (Late Triassic)". Science Advances. 6 (38): eaba0099. Bibcode:2020SciA....6...99D. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba0099. PMC   7494334 . PMID   32938682. S2CID   221768906.
301. Alexander Lukeneder; Dawid Surmik; Przemysław Gorzelak; Robert Niedźwiedzki; Tomasz Brachaniec; Mariusz A. Salamon (2020). "Bromalites from the Upper Triassic Polzberg section (Austria); insights into trophic interactions and food chains of the Polzberg palaeobiota". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 20545. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77017-x. PMC   7689505 . PMID   33239675.
302. Reilly F. Hayes; Gavino Puggioni; William G. Parker; Catherine S. Tiley; Amanda L. Bednarick; David E. Fastovsky (2020). "Modeling the dynamics of a Late Triassic vertebrate extinction: The Adamanian/Revueltian faunal turnover, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA". Geology. 48 (4): 318–322. Bibcode:2020Geo....48..318H. doi:10.1130/G47037.1. S2CID   213822986.
303. Tore G. Klausen; Niall W. Paterson; Michael J. Benton (2020). "Geological control on dinosaurs' rise to dominance: Late Triassic ecosystem stress by relative sea level change". Terra Nova. 32 (6): 434–441. Bibcode:2020TeNov..32..434K. doi: 10.1111/ter.12480 . hdl: 11250/2766438 . S2CID   219906193.
304. Paul B. Wignall; Jed W. Atkinson (2020). "A two-phase end-Triassic mass extinction". Earth-Science Reviews. 208 103282. Bibcode:2020ESRv..20803282W. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103282. S2CID   225331772.
305. Veronica Piazza; Clemens V. Ullmann; Martin Aberhan (2020). "Temperature-related body size change of marine benthic macroinvertebrates across the Early Toarcian Anoxic Event". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 4675. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.4675P. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61393-5. PMC   7069967 . PMID   32170120.
306. Veronica Piazza; Clemens V. Ullmann; Martin Aberhan (2020). "Ocean warming affected faunal dynamics of benthic invertebrate assemblages across the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event in the Iberian Basin (Spain)". PLOS ONE. 15 (12): e0242331. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1542331P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242331 . PMC   7725388 . PMID   33296368.
307. Jakub Słowiński; Dawid Surmik; Piotr Duda; Michał Zatoń (2020). "Assessment of serpulid-hydroid association through the Jurassic: A case study from the Polish Basin". PLOS ONE. 15 (12): e0242924. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1542924S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242924 . PMC   7725407 . PMID   33296393.
308. John R. Foster; Darrin C. Pagnac; ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster (2020). "An unusually diverse northern biota from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), Black Hills, Wyoming". Geology of the Intermountain West. 7: 29–67. doi: 10.31711/giw.v7.pp29-67 . S2CID   216355326.
309. Saihong Yang; Huaiyu He; Fan Jin; Fucheng Zhang; Yuanbao Wu; Zhiqiang Yu; Qiuli Li; Min Wang; Jingmai K. O'Connor; Chenglong Deng; Rixiang Zhu; Zhonghe Zhou (2020). "The appearance and duration of the Jehol Biota: Constraint from SIMS U-Pb zircon dating for the Huajiying Formation in northern China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (25): 14299–14305. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11714299Y. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1918272117 . PMC   7322064 . PMID   32513701.
310. Lida Xing; Liang Qiu (2020). "Zircon UPb age constraints on the mid-Cretaceous Hkamti amber biota in northern Myanmar". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 558 109960. Bibcode:2020PPP...55809960X. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109960. S2CID   224899464.
311. Takehito Ikejiri; YueHan Lu; Bo Zhang (2020). "Two-step extinction of Late Cretaceous marine vertebrates in northern Gulf of Mexico prolonged biodiversity loss prior to the Chicxulub impact". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 4169. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.4169I. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61089-w. PMC   7060338 . PMID   32144332.
312. Francisco J. Rodríguez-Tovar; Christopher M. Lowery; Timothy J. Bralower; Sean P.S. Gulick; Heather L. Jones (2020). "Rapid macrobenthic diversification and stabilization after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event". Geology. 48 (11): 1048–1052. Bibcode:2020Geo....48.1048R. doi:10.1130/G47589.1. S2CID   225627151.
313. William J. Foster; Christopher L. Garvie; Anna M. Weiss; A. D. Muscente; Martin Aberhan; John W. Counts; Rowan C. Martindale (2020). "Resilience of marine invertebrate communities during the early Cenozoic hyperthermals". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 2176. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.2176F. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58986-5. PMC   7005832 . PMID   32034228.
314. Zeresenay Alemseged; Jonathan G. Wynn; Denis Geraads; Denne Reed; W. Andrew Barr; René Bobe; Shannon P. McPherron; Alan Deino; Mulugeta Alene; Mark J. Sier; Diana Roman; Joseph Mohan (2020). "Fossils from Mille-Logya, Afar, Ethiopia, elucidate the link between Pliocene environmental changes and Homo origins". Nature Communications. 11 (1) 2480. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2480A. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16060-8. PMC   7237685 . PMID   32427848.
315. A.M. Jukar; S.K. Lyons; P.J. Wagner; M.D. Uhen (2020). "Late Quaternary extinctions in the Indian Subcontinent". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 562 110137. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110137 . S2CID   228877664.
316. Samuel T. Turvey; Vijay Sathe; Jennifer J. Crees; Advait M. Jukar; Prateek Chakraborty; Adrian M. Lister (2020). "Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in India: How much do we know?" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. 252 106740. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106740. S2CID   234265221.
317. Scott A. Hocknull; Richard Lewis; Lee J. Arnold; Tim Pietsch; Renaud Joannes-Boyau; Gilbert J. Price; Patrick Moss; Rachel Wood; Anthony Dosseto; Julien Louys; Jon Olley; Rochelle A. Lawrence (2020). "Extinction of eastern Sahul megafauna coincides with sustained environmental deterioration". Nature Communications. 11 (1) 2250. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2250H. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15785-w. PMC   7231803 . PMID   32418985.
318. Frederik V. Seersholm; Daniel J. Werndly; Alicia Grealy; Taryn Johnson; Erin M. Keenan Early; Ernest L. Lundelius Jr.; Barbara Winsborough; Grayal Earle Farr; Rickard Toomey; Anders J. Hansen; Beth Shapiro; Michael R. Waters; Gregory McDonald; Anna Linderholm; Thomas W. Stafford Jr.; Michael Bunce (2020). "Rapid range shifts and megafaunal extinctions associated with late Pleistocene climate change". Nature Communications. 11 (1) 2770. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2770S. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16502-3. PMC   7265304 . PMID   32488006.
319. David P. Ford; Roger B. J. Benson (2020). "The phylogeny of early amniotes and the affinities of Parareptilia and Varanopidae". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (1): 57–65. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-1047-3. PMID   31900445. S2CID   209673326.
320. Roger A. Close; Roger B. J. Benson; John Alroy; Matthew T. Carrano; Terri J. Cleary; Emma M. Dunne; Philip D. Mannion; Mark D. Uhen; Richard J. Butler (2020). "The apparent exponential radiation of Phanerozoic land vertebrates is an artefact of spatial sampling biases". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1924) 20200372. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.0372. PMC   7209054 . PMID   32259471.
321. Neil Brocklehurst; Christian F. Kammerer; Roger J. Benson (2020). "The origin of tetrapod herbivory: effects on local plant diversity". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1928) 20200124. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.0124. PMC   7341937 . PMID   32517628.
322. Bethany J. Allen; Paul B. Wignall; Daniel J. Hill; Erin E. Saupe; Alexander M. Dunhill (2020). "The latitudinal diversity gradient of tetrapods across the Permo-Triassic mass extinction and recovery interval". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1929) 20201125. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.1125. PMC   7329043 . PMID   32546099.
323. "Asteroid impact, not volcanoes, made the Earth uninhabitable for dinosaurs". phys.org. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
324. Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro; Farnsworth, Alexander; Mannion, Philip D.; Lunt, Daniel J.; Valdes, Paul J.; Morgan, Joanna V.; Allison, Peter A. (24 June 2020). "Asteroid impact, not volcanism, caused the end-Cretaceous dinosaur extinction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (29): 17084–17093. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11717084C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2006087117 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   7382232 . PMID   32601204.
325. Peter J. Bishop; Andrew R. Cuff; John R. Hutchinson (2020). "How to build a dinosaur: Musculoskeletal modeling and simulation of locomotor biomechanics in extinct animals". Paleobiology. 47 (1): 1–38. doi: 10.1017/pab.2020.46 . S2CID   228928365.
326. Evan T. Saitta; Maximilian T. Stockdale; Nicholas R. Longrich; Vincent Bonhomme; Michael J. Benton; Innes C. Cuthill; Peter J. Makovicky (2020). "An effect size statistical framework for investigating sexual dimorphism in non-avian dinosaurs and other extinct taxa". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 131 (2): 231–273. doi: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa105 . hdl: 1983/6dd0f4e1-fa63-43fb-b01f-2e4b5e39723d .
327. Paul V. Ullmann; Kristyn K. Voegele; David E. Grandstaff; Richard D. Ash; Wenxia Zheng; Elena R. Schroeter; Mary H. Schweitzer; Kenneth J. Lacovara (2020). "Molecular tests support the viability of rare earth elements as proxies for fossil biomolecule preservation". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 15566. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1015566U. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72648-6. PMC   7511940 . PMID   32968129.
328. Stephan Lautenschlager; Borja Figueirido; Daniel D. Cashmore; Eva-Maria Bendel; Thomas L. Stubbs (2020). "Morphological convergence obscures functional diversity in sabre-toothed carnivores". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1935) 20201818. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.1818. PMC   7542828 . PMID   32993469.
329. Matthew R. Warke; Tommaso Di Rocco; Aubrey L. Zerkle; Aivo Lepland; Anthony R. Prave; Adam P. Martin; Yuichiro Ueno; Daniel J. Condon; Mark W. Claire (2020). "The Great Oxidation Event preceded a Paleoproterozoic "snowball Earth"". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (24): 13314–13320. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11713314W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2003090117 . PMC   7306805 . PMID   32482849.
330. Alan D. Rooney; Marjorie D. Cantine; Kristin D. Bergmann; Irene Gómez-Pérez; Badar Al Baloushi; Thomas H. Boag; James F. Busch; Erik A. Sperling; Justin V. Strauss (2020). "Calibrating the coevolution of Ediacaran life and environment". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (29): 16824–16830. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11716824R. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2002918117 . PMC   7382294 . PMID   32632000.
331. David P.G. Bond; Stephen E. Grasby (2020). "Late Ordovician mass extinction caused by volcanism, warming, and anoxia, not cooling and glaciation". Geology. 48 (8): 777–781. Bibcode:2020Geo....48..777B. doi: 10.1130/G47377.1 . S2CID   234740291.
332. Zeyang Liu; David Selby; Paul C. Hackley; D. Jeffrey Over (2020). "Evidence of wildfires and elevated atmospheric oxygen at the Frasnian−Famennian boundary in New York (USA): Implications for the Late Devonian mass extinction" (PDF). GSA Bulletin. 132 (9–10): 2043–2054. Bibcode:2020GSAB..132.2043L. doi:10.1130/B35457.1. S2CID   212908705.
333. Anne-Christine Da Silva; Matthias Sinnesael; Philippe Claeys; Joshua H. F. L. Davies; Niels J. de Winter; L. M. E. Percival; Urs Schaltegger; David De Vleeschouwer (2020). "Anchoring the Late Devonian mass extinction in absolute time by integrating climatic controls and radio-isotopic dating". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 12940. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1012940D. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69097-6. PMC   7395115 . PMID   32737336.
334. Michał Rakociński; Leszek Marynowski; Agnieszka Pisarzowska; Jacek Bełdowski; Grzegorz Siedlewicz; Michał Zatoń; Maria Cristina Perri; Claudia Spalletta; Hans Peter Schönlaub (2020). "Volcanic related methylmercury poisoning as the possible driver of the end-Devonian Mass Extinction". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 7344. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.7344R. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64104-2. PMC   7192943 . PMID   32355245.
335. John E. A. Marshall; Jon Lakin; Ian Troth; Sarah M. Wallace-Johnson (2020). "UV-B radiation was the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary terrestrial extinction kill mechanism". Science Advances. 6 (22): eaba0768. Bibcode:2020SciA....6..768M. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba0768. PMC   7253167 . PMID   32518822.
336. Brian D. Fields; Adrian L. Melott; John Ellis; Adrienne F. Ertel; Brian J. Fry; Bruce S. Lieberman; Zhenghai Liu; Jesse A. Miller; Brian C. Thomas (2020). "Supernova triggers for end-Devonian extinctions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (35): 21008–21010. arXiv: 2007.01887 . Bibcode:2020PNAS..11721008F. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2013774117 . PMC   7474607 . PMID   32817482. S2CID   220363961.
337. R.M.H. Smith; B.S. Rubidge; M.O. Day; J. Botha (2020). "Introduction to the tetrapod biozonation of the Karoo Supergroup". South African Journal of Geology. 123 (2): 131–140. Bibcode:2020SAJG..123..131S. doi:10.25131/sajg.123.0009. S2CID   225829714.
338. B.S. Rubidge; M.O. Day (2020). "Biostratigraphy of the Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 123 (2): 141–148. Bibcode:2020SAJG..123..141R. doi:10.25131/sajg.123.0010. S2CID   242275064.
339. M.O. Day; B.S. Rubidge (2020). "Biostratigraphy of the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 123 (2): 149–164. Bibcode:2020SAJG..123..149D. doi:10.25131/sajg.123.0012. S2CID   225815517.
340. M.O. Day; R.M.H. Smith (2020). "Biostratigraphy of the Endothiodon Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 123 (2): 165–180. Bibcode:2020SAJG..123..165D. doi:10.25131/sajg.123.0011. S2CID   225834576.
341. R.M.H. Smith (2020). "Biostratigraphy of the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 123 (2): 181–190. Bibcode:2020SAJG..123..181S. doi:10.25131/sajg.123.0013. S2CID   225821079.
342. P.A. Viglietti (2020). "Biostratigraphy of the Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 123 (2): 191–206. Bibcode:2020SAJG..123..191V. doi:10.25131/sajg.123.0014. S2CID   225878211.
343. J. Botha; R.M.H. Smith (2020). "Biostratigraphy of the Lystrosaurus declivis Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 123 (2): 207–216. Bibcode:2020SAJG..123..207B. doi:10.25131/sajg.123.0015. S2CID   225856179.
344. P.J. Hancox; J. Neveling; B.S. Rubidge (2020). "Biostratigraphy of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 123 (2): 217–238. Bibcode:2020SAJG..123..217H. doi:10.25131/sajg.123.0016. S2CID   225828531.
345. P.A. Viglietti; B.W. McPhee; E.M. Bordy; L. Sciscio; P.M. Barrett; R.B.J. Benson; S. Wills; F. Tolchard; J.N. Choiniere (2020). "Biostratigraphy of the Scalenodontoides Assemblage Zone (Stormberg Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 123 (2): 239–248. Bibcode:2020SAJG..123..239V. doi:10.25131/sajg.123.0017. S2CID   225846284.
346. P.A. Viglietti; B.W. McPhee; E.M. Bordy; L. Sciscio; P.M. Barrett; R.B.J. Benson; S. Wills; K.E.J. Chapelle; K.N. Dollman; C. Mdekazi; J.N. Choiniere (2020). "Biostratigraphy of the Massospondylus Assemblage Zone (Stormberg Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 123 (2): 249–262. Bibcode:2020SAJG..123..249V. doi:10.25131/sajg.123.0018. S2CID   225859330.
347. Robert A. Gastaldo; Sandra L. Kamo; Johann Neveling; John W. Geissman; Cindy V. Looy; Anna M. Martini (2020). "The base of the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin, predates the end-Permian marine extinction". Nature Communications. 11 (1) 1428. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.1428G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15243-7. PMC   7080820 . PMID   32188857.
348. Jacopo Dal Corso; Benjamin J. W. Mills; Daoliang Chu; Robert J. Newton; Tamsin A. Mather; Wenchao Shu; Yuyang Wu; Jinnan Tong; Paul B. Wignall (2020). "Permo–Triassic boundary carbon and mercury cycling linked to terrestrial ecosystem collapse". Nature Communications. 11 (1) 2962. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2962D. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16725-4. PMC   7289894 . PMID   32528009.
349. Martin Schobben; William J. Foster; Arve R. N. Sleveland; Valentin Zuchuat; Henrik H. Svensen; Sverre Planke; David P. G. Bond; Fons Marcelis; Robert J. Newton; Paul B. Wignall; Simon W. Poulton (2020). "A nutrient control on marine anoxia during the end-Permian mass extinction". Nature Geoscience. 13 (9): 640–646. Bibcode:2020NatGe..13..640S. doi:10.1038/s41561-020-0622-1. S2CID   221146234. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020.
350. Hana Jurikova; Marcus Gutjahr; Klaus Wallmann; Sascha Flögel; Volker Liebetrau; Renato Posenato; Lucia Angiolini; Claudio Garbelli; Uwe Brand; Michael Wiedenbeck; Anton Eisenhauer (2020). "Permian–Triassic mass extinction pulses driven by major marine carbon cycle perturbations" (PDF). Nature Geoscience. 13 (11): 745–750. Bibcode:2020NatGe..13..745J. doi:10.1038/s41561-020-00646-4. S2CID   224783993.
351. Kunio Kaiho; Md. Aftabuzzaman; David S. Jones; Li Tian (2020). "Pulsed volcanic combustion events coincident with the end-Permian terrestrial disturbance and the following global crisis". Geology. 49 (3): 289–293. doi: 10.1130/G48022.1 . S2CID   228825301.
352. Masayuki Ikeda; Kazumi Ozaki; Julien Legrand (2020). "Impact of 10-Myr scale monsoon dynamics on Mesozoic climate and ecosystems". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 11984. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1011984I. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-68542-w. PMC   7378230 . PMID   32704030.
353. Adriana C. Mancuso; Cecilia A. Benavente; Randall B. Irmis; Roland Mundil (2020). "Evidence for the Carnian Pluvial Episode in Gondwana: New multiproxy climate records and their bearing on early dinosaur diversification". Gondwana Research. 86: 104–125. Bibcode:2020GondR..86..104M. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2020.05.009. S2CID   224907977.
354. Cornelia Rasmussen; Roland Mundil; Randall B. Irmis; Dominique Geisler; George E. Gehrels; Paul E. Olsen; Dennis V. Kent; Christopher Lepre; Sean T. Kinney; John W. Geissman; William G. Parker (2020). "U-Pb zircon geochronology and depositional age models for the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation (Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA): Implications for Late Triassic paleoecological and paleoenvironmental change". GSA Bulletin. 133 (3–4): 539–558. doi:10.1130/B35485.1. ISSN   0016-7606. S2CID   221778210.
355. Victoria A. Petryshyn; Sarah E. Greene; Alex Farnsworth; Daniel J. Lunt; Anne Kelley; Robert Gammariello; Yadira Ibarra; David J. Bottjer; Aradhna Tripati; Frank A. Corsetti (2020). "The role of temperature in the initiation of the end-Triassic mass extinction". Earth-Science Reviews. 208 103266. Bibcode:2020ESRv..20803266P. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103266. S2CID   225551706.
356. Tianchen He; Jacopo Dal Corso; Robert J. Newton; Paul B. Wignall; Benjamin J. W. Mills; Simona Todaro; Pietro Di Stefano; Emily C. Turner; Robert A. Jamieson; Vincenzo Randazzo; Manuel Rigo; Rosemary E. Jones; Alexander M. Dunhill (2020). "An enormous sulfur isotope excursion indicates marine anoxia during the end-Triassic mass extinction". Science Advances. 6 (37): eabb6704. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.6704H. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abb6704 . hdl: 10447/473251 . PMC   11206537 . PMID   32917684. S2CID   221616975.
357. Calum P. Fox; Xingqian Cui; Jessica H. Whiteside; Paul E. Olsen; Roger E. Summons; Kliti Grice (2020). "Molecular and isotopic evidence reveals the end-Triassic carbon isotope excursion is not from massive exogenous light carbon". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (48): 30171–30178. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11730171F. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1917661117 . PMC   7720136 . PMID   33199627.
358. Miriam Slodownik; Vivi Vajda; Margret Steinthorsdottir (2020). "Fossil seed fern Lepidopteris ottonis from Sweden records increasing CO₂ concentration during the end-Triassic extinction event". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 564 110157. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110157 . S2CID   230527791.
359. Ibrahim, Nizar; Sereno, Paul C.; Varricchio, David J.; Martill, David M.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Unwin, David M.; Baidder, Lahssen; Larsson, Hans C. E.; Zouhri, Samir; Kaoukaya, Abdelhadi (2020-04-21). "Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco". ZooKeys (928): 1–216. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.928.47517 . ISSN   1313-2970. PMC   7188693 . PMID   32362741.
360. Johann P. Klages; Ulrich Salzmann; Torsten Bickert; Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand; Karsten Gohl; Gerhard Kuhn; Steven M. Bohaty; Jürgen Titschack; Juliane Müller; Thomas Frederichs; Thorsten Bauersachs; Werner Ehrmann; Tina van de Flierdt; Patric Simões Pereira; Robert D. Larter; Gerrit Lohmann; Igor Niezgodzki; Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben; Maximilian Zundel; Cornelia Spiegel; Chris Mark; David Chew; Jane E. Francis; Gernot Nehrke; Florian Schwarz; James A. Smith; Tim Freudenthal; Oliver Esper; Heiko Pälike; Thomas A. Ronge; Ricarda Dziadek; the Science Team of Expedition PS104 (2020). "Temperate rainforests near the South Pole during peak Cretaceous warmth" (PDF). Nature. 580 (7801): 81–86. Bibcode:2020Natur.580...81K. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2148-5. PMID   32238944. S2CID   214736648.
361. Denver Fowler (2020). "The Hell Creek Formation, Montana: a stratigraphic review and revision based on a sequence stratigraphic approach". Geosciences. 10 (11) 435. Bibcode:2020Geosc..10..435F. doi: 10.3390/geosciences10110435 .
362. Pincelli M. Hull; André Bornemann; Donald E. Penman; Michael J. Henehan; Richard D. Norris; Paul A. Wilson; Peter Blum; Laia Alegret; Sietske J. Batenburg; Paul R. Bown; Timothy J. Bralower; Cecile Cournede; Alexander Deutsch; Barbara Donner; Oliver Friedrich; Sofie Jehle; Hojung Kim; Dick Kroon; Peter C. Lippert; Dominik Loroch; Iris Moebius; Kazuyoshi Moriya; Daniel J. Peppe; Gregory E. Ravizza; Ursula Röhl; Jonathan D. Schueth; Julio Sepúlveda; Philip F. Sexton; Elizabeth C. Sibert; Kasia K. Śliwińska; Roger E. Summons; Ellen Thomas; Thomas Westerhold; Jessica H. Whiteside; Tatsuhiko Yamaguchi; James C. Zachos (2020). "On impact and volcanism across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary" (PDF). Science. 367 (6475): 266–272. Bibcode:2020Sci...367..266H. doi:10.1126/science.aay5055. hdl:20.500.11820/483a2e77-318f-476a-8fec-33a45fbdc90b. PMID   31949074. S2CID   210698721.
363. R.M. Dzombak; N.D. Sheldon; D.M. Mohabey; B. Samant (2020). "Stable climate in India during Deccan volcanism suggests limited influence on K–Pg extinction". Gondwana Research. 85: 19–31. Bibcode:2020GondR..85...19D. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2020.04.007 . S2CID   219736477.
364. Shelby L. Lyons; Allison T. Karp; Timothy J. Bralower; Kliti Grice; Bettina Schaefer; Sean P. S. Gulick; Joanna V. Morgan; Katherine H. Freeman (2020). "Organic matter from the Chicxulub crater exacerbated the K–Pg impact winter". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (41): 25327–25334. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11725327L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2004596117 . PMC   7568312 . PMID   32989138.
365. Bettina Schaefer; Kliti Grice; Marco J.L. Coolen; Roger E. Summons; Xingqian Cui; Thorsten Bauersachs; Lorenz Schwark; Michael E. Böttcher; Timothy J. Bralower; Shelby L. Lyons; Katherine H. Freeman; Charles S. Cockell; Sean P.S. Gulick; Joanna V. Morgan; Michael T. Whalen; Christopher M. Lowery; Vivi Vajda (2020). "Microbial life in the nascent Chicxulub crater". Geology. 48 (4): 328–332. Bibcode:2020Geo....48..328S. doi: 10.1130/G46799.1 . hdl: 1721.1/125272 . S2CID   212874328.
366. Thomas Westerhold; Norbert Marwan; Anna Joy Drury; Diederik Liebrand; Claudia Agnini; Eleni Anagnostou; James S. K. Barnet; Steven M. Bohaty; David De Vleeschouwer; Fabio Florindo; Thomas Frederichs; David A. Hodell; Ann E. Holbourn; Dick Kroon; Vittoria Lauretano; Kate Littler; Lucas J. Lourens; Mitchell Lyle; Heiko Pälike; Ursula Röhl; Jun Tian; Roy H. Wilkens; Paul A. Wilson; James C. Zachos (2020). "An astronomically dated record of Earth's climate and its predictability over the last 66 million years" (PDF). Science. 369 (6509): 1383–1387. Bibcode:2020Sci...369.1383W. doi:10.1126/science.aba6853. hdl:11577/3351324. PMID   32913105. S2CID   221593388.
367. John A. Van Couvering; Eric Delson (2020). "African Land Mammal Ages". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (5): e1803340. Bibcode:2020JVPal..40E3340V. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1803340. S2CID   229372221.
368. Laura L. Haynes; Bärbel Hönisch (2020). "The seawater carbon inventory at the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (39): 24088–24095. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11724088H. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2003197117 . PMC   7533689 . PMID   32929018.
369. Tao Su; Robert A. Spicer; Fei-Xiang Wu; Alexander Farnsworth; Jian Huang; Cédric Del Rio; Tao Deng; Lin Ding; Wei-Yu-Dong Deng; Yong-Jiang Huang; Alice Hughes; Lin-Bo Jia; Jian-Hua Jin; Shu-Feng Li; Shui-Qing Liang; Jia Liu; Xiao-Yan Liu; Sarah Sherlock; Teresa Spicer; Gaurav Srivastava; He Tang; Paul Valdes; Teng-Xiang Wang; Mike Widdowson; Meng-Xiao Wu; Yao-Wu Xing; Cong-Li Xu; Jian Yang; Cong Zhang; Shi-Tao Zhang; Xin-Wen Zhang; Fan Zhao; Zhe-Kun Zhou (2020). "A Middle Eocene lowland humid subtropical "Shangri-La" ecosystem in central Tibet". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (52): 32989–32995. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11732989S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2012647117 . PMC   7777077 . PMID   33288692.
370. Charlotte L. O'Brien; Matthew Huber; Ellen Thomas; Mark Pagani; James R. Super; Leanne E. Elder; Pincelli M. Hull (2020). "The enigma of Oligocene climate and global surface temperature evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (41): 25302–25309. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11725302O. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2003914117 . PMC   7568263 . PMID   32989142.
371. Yuem Park; Pierre Maffre; Yves Goddéris; Francis A. Macdonald; Eliel S. C. Anttila; Nicholas L. Swanson-Hysell (2020). "Emergence of the Southeast Asian islands as a driver for Neogene cooling". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (41): 25319–25326. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11725319P. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2011033117 . PMC   7568243 . PMID   32973090.
372. Ainara Sistiaga; Fatima Husain; David Uribelarrea; David M. Martín-Perea; Troy Ferland; Katherine H. Freeman; Fernando Diez-Martín; Enrique Baquedano; Audax Mabulla; Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo; Roger E. Summons (2020). "Microbial biomarkers reveal a hydrothermally active landscape at Olduvai Gorge at the dawn of the Acheulean, 1.7 Ma". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (40): 24720–24728. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11724720S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2004532117 . PMC   7547214 . PMID   32934140.
373. Anna N. Neretina; Maria A. Gololobova; Alisa A. Neplyukhina; Anton A. Zharov; Christopher D. Rogers; David J. Horne; Albert V. Protopopov; Alexey A. Kotov (2020). "Crustacean remains from the Yuka mammoth raise questions about non-analogue freshwater communities in the Beringian region during the Pleistocene". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 859. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..859N. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-57604-8. PMC   6972846 . PMID   31964906.
374. C. Martínez; C. Jaramillo; A. Correa-Metrío; W. Crepet; J. E. Moreno; A. Aliaga; F. Moreno; M. Ibañez-Mejia; M. B. Bush (2020). "Neogene precipitation, vegetation, and elevation history of the Central Andean Plateau". Science Advances. 6 (35): eaaz4724. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.4724M. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz4724. PMC   7455194 . PMID   32923618.
375. Julien Louys; Patrick Roberts (2020). "Environmental drivers of megafauna and hominin extinction in Southeast Asia". Nature. 586 (7829): 402–406. Bibcode:2020Natur.586..402L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2810-y. hdl: 10072/402368 . PMID   33029012. S2CID   222217295.
376. Hanying Li; Ashish Sinha; Aurèle Anquetil André; Christoph Spötl; Hubert B. Vonhof; Arnaud Meunier; Gayatri Kathayat; Pengzhen Duan; Ny Riavo G. Voarintsoa; Youfeng Ning; Jayant Biswas; Peng Hu; Xianglei Li; Lijuan Sha; Jingyao Zhao; R. Lawrence Edwards; Hai Cheng (2020). "A multimillennial climatic context for the megafaunal extinctions in Madagascar and Mascarene Islands". Science Advances. 6 (42): eabb2459. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.2459L. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb2459. PMC   7567594 . PMID   33067226.
377. Wim Van Neer; Francesca Alhaique; Wim Wouters; Katrien Dierickx; Monica Gala; Quentin Goffette; Guido S. Mariani; Andrea Zerboni; Savino di Lernia (2020). "Aquatic fauna from the Takarkori rock shelter reveals the Holocene central Saharan climate and palaeohydrography". PLOS ONE. 15 (2): e0228588. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1528588V. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228588 . PMC   7029841 . PMID   32074116.
378. Jeffrey D. Stilwell; Andrew Langendam; Chris Mays; Lachlan J. M. Sutherland; Antonio Arillo; Daniel J. Bickel; William T. De Silva; Adele H. Pentland; Guido Roghi; Gregory D. Price; David J. Cantrill; Annie Quinney; Enrique Peñalver (2020). "Amber from the Triassic to Paleogene of Australia and New Zealand as exceptional preservation of poorly known terrestrial ecosystems". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 5703. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.5703S. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62252-z. PMC   7118147 . PMID   32242031.