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| Formula | C23H29ClN2O |
| Molar mass | 384.95 g·mol−1 |
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4-Chloroisobutyrylfentanyl (para-Chloroisobutyrylfentanyl, 4-Cl-iBF) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl, [1] and has been sold online as a designer drug. [2] [3]
Side effects of fentanyl analogs are similar to those of fentanyl itself, which include itching, nausea and potentially serious respiratory depression, which can be life-threatening. Fentanyl analogs have killed hundreds of people throughout Europe and the former Soviet republics since the most recent resurgence in use began in Estonia in the early 2000s, and novel derivatives continue to appear. [4] A new wave of fentanyl analogues and associated deaths began in around 2014 in the US, and have continued to grow in prevalence; especially since 2016 these drugs have been responsible for hundreds of overdose deaths every week. [5]
para-Chloroisobutyrylfentanyl has been a Schedule I controlled drug in the United States since 1 February 2018. [6] It was banned in Finland in September 2017, [7] and in Sweden in October 2017. [8]
Parafluorofentanyl is an opioid analgesic analogue of fentanyl developed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals in the 1960s.
Phenaridine (2,5-dimethylfentanyl) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. It was developed in 1972, and is used for surgical anasthesia.
Butyrfentanyl or butyrylfentanyl is a potent short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug. It is an analog of fentanyl with around one quarter of its potency. One of the first mentions of this drug can be found in document written by The College on Problem of Drug Dependence, where it is mentioned as N-butyramide fentanyl analog. This document also states that the article describing its clinical effects was published in 1987. It is an agonist for the μ-opioid receptors.
Acetylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic drug that is an analog of fentanyl. Studies have estimated acetylfentanyl to be 15 times more potent than morphine, which would mean that despite being somewhat weaker than fentanyl, it is nevertheless still several times stronger than pure heroin. It has never been licensed for medical use and instead has only been sold as a designer drug. Acetylfentanyl was discovered at the same time as fentanyl itself and had only rarely been encountered on the illicit market in the late 1980s. However, in 2013, Canadian police seized 3 kilograms of acetylfentanyl. As a μ-opioid receptor agonist, acetylfentanyl may serve as a direct substitute for heroin or other opioids. Common side effects of fentanyl analogs are similar to those of fentanyl itself, which include itching, nausea and potentially serious respiratory depression, which can be life-threatening. Fentanyl analogs have killed hundreds of people throughout Europe and the former Soviet republics since the most recent resurgence in use began in Estonia in the early 2000s, and novel derivatives continue to appear.
Furanylfentanyl (Fu-F) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl and has been sold as a designer drug. It has an ED50 value of 0.02 mg/kg in mice. This makes it approximately one fifth as potent as fentanyl.
3-Methylbutyrfentanyl (3-MBF) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of butyrfentanyl.
4-Methoxybutyrfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of butyrfentanyl and has been sold online as a designer drug.
Acrylfentanyl (also known as acryloylfentanyl) is a highly potent opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl and has been sold online as a designer drug. In animal studies the IC50 (the half maximal inhibitory concentration for acrylfentanyl to displace naloxone) is 1.4 nM, being slightly more potent than fentanyl itself (1.6 nM) as well as having a longer duration of action.
Methoxyacetylfentanyl, commonly known as MAF is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl and has been sold online as a designer drug.
Tetrahydrofuranylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl and has been sold online as a designer drug, first appearing in Europe in late 2016.
Cyclopentylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl and has been sold online as a designer drug, mainly in Sweden and other Scandinavian countries.
4-Fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl (also known as 4-FIBF and p-FIBF) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of butyrfentanyl and structural isomer of 4-Fluorobutyrfentanyl and has been sold online as a designer drug. It is closely related to 4-fluorofentanyl, which has an EC50 value of 4.2 nM for the human μ-opioid receptor. 4-fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl is a highly selective μ-opioid receptor agonist whose analgesic potency is almost ten times of that reported for morphine.
Valerylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl and has been sold online as a designer drug. It has been seldom reported on illicit markets and there is little information about it, though it is believed to be less potent than butyrfentanyl but more potent than benzylfentanyl. In one study, it fully substituted for oxycodone and produced antinociception and oxycodone-like discriminative stimulus effects comparable in potency to morphine in mice, but failed to stimulate locomotor activity in mice at doses up to 100 mg/kg.
Isobutyrylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl and has been sold online as a designer drug. It is believed to be around the same potency as butyrfentanyl but has been less widely distributed on illicit markets, though it was one of the earliest of the "new wave" of fentanyl derivatives to appear, and was reported in Europe for the first time in December 2012.
Cyclopropylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl and has been sold as a designer drug. Between June and December 2017, a total of 78 cyclopropylfentanyl-related deaths with analytical confirmation in post-mortem samples were reported by various European countries. Another 115 deaths involving cyclopropylfentanyl were reported from the United States in 2017.
Benzoylfentanyl, also known as phenylfentanyl, is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl and has been sold as a designer drug. In the United States, benzoylfentanyl was first identified in Drug Enforcement Administration drug seizures in 2018.
Tetramethylcyclopropylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl and has been sold as a designer drug.
Benzodioxolefentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl and has been sold as a designer drug.
3-Phenylpropanoylfentanyl (β'-phenylfentanyl) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl, which was invented in 1981, and has been sold as a designer drug, first identified in March 2017 in Sweden.
4-Bromofentanyl (para-Bromofentanyl) is an opioid analgesic drug that is an analog of fentanyl and has been sold as a designer drug, first identified in Pennsylvania in the US in March 2020.