Dicynodon

Dicynodon; Temporal range: Changhsingian, 253.8–251.9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Skull of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Synapsida
Clade:	Therapsida
Suborder:	† Anomodontia
Clade:	† Dicynodontia
Clade:	† Bidentalia
Infraorder:	† Dicynodontoidea
Family:	† Dicynodontidae ; Owen, 1859
Genus:	† Dicynodon ; Owen, 1845
Species
	†D. lacerticepsOwen, 1845 (type); †D. angielczykiKammerer, 2019Contents Description ; Species ; See also ; References ; External links ;
Synonyms
	See below

Last updated July 02, 2024

Dicynodon ("two dog-teeth") is a genus of dicynodont therapsid that flourished during the Upper Permian period. Like all dicynodonts, it was an herbivorous animal. This synapsid was toothless, except for prominent tusks, hence the name. It probably cropped vegetation with a horny beak, much like a tortoise, while the tusks may have been used for digging up roots and tubers.

Many species of Dicynodon have been named, and the genus is considered a wastebasket taxon. A 2011 study of the genus found most of the species to represent a paraphyletic grouping, with the only valid members of Dicynodon being D. lacerticeps and D. huenei.^[1] A 2019 study named a new species D. angielczyki, but simultaneously transferred D. huenei to the genus Daptocephalus .^[2]

Description

Dicynodon was a medium-sized and advanced member of the Dicynodont group. It had an average length of 1.2 metres (3.9 ft), although size differed among species. Its fossil remains have been found in sediments of latest Permian age in South Africa and Tanzania.

The type species is Dicynodon lacerticeps Owen, 1845. A large number of species have since been placed in this genus, some of which turned out to be synonyms of other species, others have been moved to different genera.

Species

Two species of Dicynodon are currently recognized: the type species D. lacerticeps from South Africa and the species D. angielczyki from Tanzania. Since the genus was first named, over 160 species have been assigned to Dicynodon. A 2011 study of the genus found 11 of these species to be valid, although most are now assigned to other dicynodont genera.^[1] Below is a list of all species that have ever been assigned to Dicynodon. Since their naming, most have been considered as synonymous with other dicynodont species. Names in bold are still referable to Dicynodon.

Species	Authority	Age	Location	Unit	Status
Dicynodon acutirostris	Broom, 1935	Late Permian	South Africa	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon aetorhamphus	Broom, 1948	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon alfredi	(Owen, 1862)	Early Triassic	South Africa	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Lystrosaurus declivis
Dicynodon allani	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon alticeps	Broom and Haughton, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Valid as Sintocephalus alticeps
Dicynodon amalitzkii	Sushkin, 1926	Late Permian	Russia	Upper Vyatkian	Valid as Peramodon amalitzkii
Dicynodon andrewsi	Broom, 1921	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon angielczyki	Kammerer, 2019	Late Permian	Tanzania	Usili Formation	Valid
Dicynodon annae	Sushkin, 1926	Late Permian	Russia	Upper Vyatkian	Junior synonym of Vivaxosaurus trautscholdi
Dicynodon anneae	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dinanomodon gilli
Dicynodon antjiesfonteinensis	Toerien, 1953	Middle Permian	South Africa	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon bainii	Owen, 1845	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Valid as Aulacephalodon bainii
Dicynodon bathyrhynchus	von Huene, 1942	Late Permian	Tanzania	Upper Usili Formation	Valid as Euptychognathus bathyrhynchus
Dicynodon benjamini	Broom, 1948	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Valid as Keyseria benjamini
Dicynodon bogdaensis	King, 1988	Late Permian	China	Guodikeng Formation	Valid as Turfanodon bogdaensis
Dicynodon bolorhinoides	Watson, 1960	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Aulacephalodon bainii
Dicynodon bolorhinus	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon brachyrhynchus	Broom, 1948	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon breviceps	Haughton, 1915	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon brevirostris	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon broomi	Broili and Schröder, 1937	Middle Permian	South Africa	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon broilii	Boonstra, 1948	Middle Permian	South Africa	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon cadlei	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon calverleyi	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Basilodon woodwardi
Dicynodon cavifrons	Broom and Haughton, 1917	Late Permian	South Africa	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon clarencei	Broom, 1950	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodontoides recurvidens
Dicynodon copei	Seeley, 1889	Early Triassic	South Africa	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Lystrosaurus murrayi
Dicynodon cordylus	Lydekker, 1889	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon corstorphinei	Broom and Haughton, 1917	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon curtus	Broom, 1921	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon curvatus	Owen, 1876	Early Triassic	South Africa	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Valid as Lystrosaurus curvatus
Dicynodon cyclops	Haughton, 1917	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon daptocephaloides	Toerien, 1955	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon declivis	Owen, 1860	Early Triassic	South Africa	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Valid as Lystrosaurus declivis
Dicynodon depressus	(Owen, 1876)	Early Triassic	South Africa	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Lystrosaurus declivis
Dicynodon dubius	Owen, 1876	Late Permian	South Africa	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Valid as Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon duffianus	von Huene, 1940	Late Permian	Scotland	Cutties Hillock Sandstone Formation	Junior synonym of Gordonia traquairi
Dicynodon dunnii	Seeley, 1889	Late Permian	South Africa	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon dutoiti	Broom and Schepers, 1937	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon duvenhagei	Broom, 1948	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodontoides recurvidens
Dicynodon euryceps	Boonstra, 1938	Late Permian	Zambia	Upper Madumabisa Mudstone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon feliceps	Owen, 1876	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Valid as Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon galecephalus	Broom and Robinson, 1948	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dinanomodon gilli
Dicynodon gamkaensis	Broom, 1937	Middle Permian	South Africa	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon gilli	Broom, 1932	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Valid as Dinanomodon gilli
Dicynodon glaucops	Broom, 1948	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon graaffi	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon gracilis	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodontoides recurvidens
Dicynodon grahami	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon grandis	Haughton, 1917	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Incertae sedis
Dicynodon greyii	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon grimbeeki	Broom, 1935	Late Permian	South Africa	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon grossarthi	Broili and Schröder, 1937	Late Permian	South Africa	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon halli	Watson, 1914	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon hartzenbergi	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Incertae sedis
Dicynodon haughtonianus	von Huene, 1931	Middle Permian	South Africa	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon helenae	Boonstra, 1938	Late Permian	Zambia	Upper Madumabisa Mudstone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon howardi	Broom, 1948	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodontoides recurvidens
Dicynodon huenei	Haughton, 1932	Late Permian	Tanzania	Upper Usili Formation	Valid as Daptocephalus huenei
Dicynodon huxleyanus	von Huene, 1940	Late Permian	United Kingdom	Cutties Hillock Sandstone Formation	Junior synonym of Gordonia traquairi
Dicynodon ictidops	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon ictinops	Broom, 1921	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Emydops arctatus
Dicynodon incisivum	Repelin, 1923	Late Permian	Laos	"Purple beds"	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon ingens	Broom, 1907	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps^[3]
Dicynodon jouberti	Broom, 1905	Middle Permian	South Africa	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone or Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon juddianus	von Huene, 1940	Late Permian	United Kingdom	Cutties Hillock Sandstone Formation	Junior synonym of Gordonia traquairi
Dicynodon kitchingi	Broom, 1937	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon kolbei	Broom, 1912	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon lacerticeps	Owen, 1845	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Valid
Dicynodon laticeps	Broom, 1912	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Aulacephalodon bainii
Dicynodon latifrons	Broom, 1899	Middle Triassic	South Africa	Cynognathus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Kannemeyeria simocephalus
Dicynodon latirostris	Owen, 1860	Early Triassic	South Africa	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Lystrosaurus declivis
Dicynodon leoniceps	Owen, 1876	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Valid as Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon leontocephalus	Broom, 1950	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon leontops	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon leptorhinus	Broom, 1932	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon leptoscelus	Broom, 1932	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon limbus	Lucas, 1998	Late Permian	China	Naobaogou Formation	Valid as Daqingshanodon limbus
Dicynodon lissops	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon locusticeps	von Huene, 1942	Late Permian	Tanzania	Upper Usili Formation	Valid as Geikia locusticeps
Dicynodon luangwanensis	Boonstra, 1938	Late Permian	Tanzania	Upper Usili Formation	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon luckhoffi	Broom, 1937	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon lutriceps	Broom, 1912	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon maccabei	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon macrodon	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dinanomodon gilli
Dicynodon macrorhynchus	Broom, 1921	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon magnus	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Valid as Rhachiocephalus magnus
Dicynodon marlothi	von Huene, 1940	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon megalops	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon megalorhinus	Broom, 1913	Middle Permian	South Africa	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon microdon	Broom, 1936	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Basilodon woodwardi
Dicynodon microrhynchus	von Huene, 1931	Late Permian	South Africa	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Pristerodon mackayi
Dicynodon microtrema	Seeley, 1889	Late Permian	South Africa	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon milletti	Broom, 1928	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon moschops	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Valid as Pelanomodon moschops
Dicynodon moutonae	Broom, 1948	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon murrayi	Huxley, 1859	Early Triassic	South Africa	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Valid as Lystrosaurus murrayi
Dicynodon mustoi	Haughton, 1915	Late Permian	South Africa	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon nanus	Broom, 1936	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon nesemanni	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon njalilus	von Huene, 1942	Middle Triassic	South Africa	Manda Beds	Valid as Tetragonias njalilus
Dicynodon nowacki	von Huene, 1942	Late Permian	Zambia	Usili Formation	Valid as Dicynodontoides nowacki
Dicynodon orientalis	Huxley, 1865	Early Triassic	India	Panchet Formation	Junior synonym of Lystrosaurus murrayi
Dicynodon osborni	Broom, 1921	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon oweni	Lydekker, 1889	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon pachyrhynchus	Broom, 1913	Middle Triassic	South Africa	Cynognathus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Kannemeyeria simocephalus
Dicynodon parabreviceps	Boonstra, 1938	Late Permian	Zambia	Upper Madumabisa Mudstone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon pardiceps	Owen, 1876	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon parvidens	Owen, 1876	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon planus	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon platyceps	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon platyfrons	Broom, 1932	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon prognathus	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon pseudojouberti	Boonstra, 1948	Middle Permian	South Africa	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon psittacops	Broom, 1912	Late Permian	South Africa	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon pygmaeus	Broom and Haughton, 1917	Late Permian	South Africa	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Pristerodon mackayi
Dicynodon raniceps	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Pristerodon mackayi
Dicynodon rectidens	Owen, 1876	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon recurvidens	Owen, 1876	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Valid as Dicynodontoides recurvidens
Dicynodon richardi	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon roberti	Boonstra, 1938	Late Permian	Zambia	Upper Madumabisa Mudstone	Junior synonym of Syops vanhoepeni
Dicynodon robertsi	Broom, 1948	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon robustus	Broom, 1932	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon rogersi	Broom and Haughton, 1917	Late Permian	South Africa	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon rosmarus	Cope, 1870	Late Triassic	USA	Lockatong Formation	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon rossicus	Sushkin, 1926	Late Permian	Russia	Upper Vyatkian	Junior synonym of Vivaxosaurus trautscholdi
Dicynodon rubidgei	Broom, 1932	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon scheepersi	Broom, 1948	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Rhachiocephalus magnus
Dicynodon schroederi	Toerien, 1953	Middle Permian	South Africa	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Robertia broomiana
Dicynodon schwarzi	Broom, 1919	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon scopulusa	Lucas, 1998	Late Permian	China	Quanzijie Formation	Incertae sedis
Dicynodon seeleyi	Broili, 1908	Early Triassic	South Africa	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon sidneyi	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Pelanomodon moschops
Dicynodon simocephalus	Weithofer, 1888	Middle Triassic	South Africa	Cynognathus Assemblage Zone	Valid as Kannemeyeria simocephalus
Dicynodon sinkianensis	Yuan and Young, 1934	Late Permian	China	Guodikeng Formation	Valid as Jimusaria sinkianensis
Dicynodon sollasi	Broom, 1921	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon strigiceps	Owen, 1845	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon strigops	Broom, 1913	Early Triassic	South Africa	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon sunanensis	Li et al., 2000	Late Permian	China	Guodikeng Formation	Junior synonym of Turfanodon bogdaensis
Dicynodon swierstrai	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Pristerodon mackayi
Dicynodon taoshuyuanensis	King, 1988	Late Permian	China	Guodikeng Formation	Junior synonym of Jimusaria sinkianensis
Dicynodon taylori	Broom, 1932	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon tealei	Haughton, 1932	Late Permian	Tanzania	Usili Formation	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon tener	von Huene, 1935	Middle - Late Triassic	Brazil	Santa Maria Formation	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon testudiceps	Owen, 1845	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon testudirostris	Broom and Haughton, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon tienshanensis	Sun, 1973	Late Permian	China	Guodikeng Formation	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon tigriceps	Owen, 1855	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Aulacephalodon bainii
Dicynodon traquairi	von Huene, 1940	Late Permian	United Kingdom	Cutties Hillock Sandstone Formation	Junior synonym of Gordonia traquairi
Dicynodon trautscholdi	Amalitzky, 1922	Late Permian	Russia	Upper Vyatkian	Valid as Vivaxosaurus trautscholdi
Dicynodon trigoniceps	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Pristerodon mackayi
Dicynodon trigonocephalus	Broom, 1940	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon truncatus	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon turpior	von Huene, 1935	Late Triassic	Brazil	Santa Maria Formation	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon tylorhinus	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Incertae sedis
Dicynodon validus	Broom, 1935	Late Permian	South Africa	Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon vanderbyli	Broom, 1928	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon vanderhorsti	Toerien, 1953	Middle Permian	South Africa	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon vanhoepeni	Boonstra, 1938	Late Permian	Zambia	Upper Madumabisa Mudstone	Valid as Syops vanhoepeni
Dicynodon venteri	Broom, 1935	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Nomen dubium
Dicynodon venyukovi	Sushkin, 1926	Late Permian	Russia	Upper Vyatkian	Junior synonym of Vivaxosaurus trautscholdi
Dicynodon verticalis	Owen, 1860	Early Triassic	South Africa	Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Lystrosaurus murrayi
Dicynodon watsoni	Broom, 1921	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon weatherbyi	Broom, 1941	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Basilodon woodwardi
Dicynodon wellwoodensis	Broom, 1936	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon whaitsi	Broom, 1913	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Valid as Odontocyclops whaitsi
Dicynodon whitsonae	Toerien, 1954	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Dinanomodon gilli
Dicynodon wilmanae	Broom, 1928	Late Permian	South Africa	Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone	Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon woodwardi	Broom, 1921	Late Permian	South Africa	Dicynodon Assemblage Zone	Valid as Basilodon woodwardi

Related Research Articles

Cistecephalus is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian of southern Africa. It was a small, specialised, burrowing dicynodont, possibly with habits similar to a modern mole. The head was flattened and wedge-shaped, the body long, and the forelimbs very strong, with similarities in structure to the forelimb of modern burrowing mammals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dromasauria</span>

"Dromasaurs" are an artificial grouping of small anomodont therapsids from the Middle and Late Permian of South Africa. They represent either a paraphyletic grade or a polyphyletic grouping of small non-dicynodont basal anomodonts rather than a clade, and as such are considered an invalid group today. "Dromasaurs" were historically united by their superficially similar appearances that were unlike other known anomodonts. They are all small in size with slender limbs and long tails, and have short skulls with very large eye sockets. "Dromasauria" traditionally includes three genera, all from the Karoo Supergroup of South Africa: Galepus, Galechirus, and Galeops. These genera have sometimes been divided into two subgroups, the monotypic family Galeopidae and the Galechiridae for Galechiris and Galepus.

<i>Emydops</i> Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Emydops is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsids from the Middle Permian to Late Permian of what is now South Africa. The genus is generally small and herbivorous, sharing the dicynodont synapomorphy of bearing two tusks. In the following years, the genus grew to include fourteen species. Many of these species were erected on the basis of differences in the teeth and the positioning of the frontal and parietal bones. A 2008 study narrowed Emydops down to two species, E. arctatus and the newly described E. oweni.

<i>Dicynodontoides</i> Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Dicynodontoides is a genus of small to medium-bodied, herbivorous, emydopoid dicynodonts from the Late Permian. The name Dicynodontoides references its “dicynodont-like” appearance due to the caniniform tusks featured by most members of this infraorder. Kingoria, a junior synonym, has been used more widely in the literature than the more obscure Dicynodontoides, which is similar-sounding to another distantly related genus of dicynodont, Dicynodon. Two species are recognized: D. recurvidens from South Africa, and D. nowacki from Tanzania.

<i>Daptocephalus</i> Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Daptocephalus is an extinct genus of dicynodont synapsid, which was found in Late Permian strata, in a biozone known precisely for the presence of fossils of this dicynodont, the Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone, in the Karoo Basin in South Africa. An additional species, D. huenei, is known from the Usili Formation in Tanzania and was formerly assigned to the genus Dicynodon before a study in 2019 recognised that the type specimen belonged to Daptocephalus.

Vivaxosaurus is a genus of dicynodont from Late Permian (Changhsingian) of Russia. It has been found at Sokolki on the Northern Dvina River near Kotlas in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lived during the latest Permian, and was a contemporary of Inostrancevia, Scutosaurus and Dvinia. Like all members of the genus, this animal was toothless, except for prominent tusks, and probably cropped vegetation with a horny beak, like a tortoise.

Lystrosauridae is a family of dicynodont therapsids from the Permian and Triassic time periods. It includes two genera, Lystrosaurus and Kwazulusaurus. Kwazulusaurus includes a single species, K. shakai, from the Late Permian of South Africa and Lystrosaurus includes many species from the Late Permian and Early Triassic of South Africa, India, and Antarctica.

Elph is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsids from Russia. Four specimens have been found from the Sokolki Assemblage in European Russia, representing a fauna that dates back to the Late Permian. The holotype, PIN 2353/37, was originally considered a juvenile specimen due to its small size, before being recognized as a mature individual.

Peramodon is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian Scutosaurus karpinskii Zone of the Salarevo Formation of Russia. The type species, P. amalitzkii, was first named in 1926 as Dicynodon amalitzkii.

Keyseria is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid. The type species K. benjamini was first named in 1948 as Dicynodon benjamini.

Euptychognathus is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid. The type species E. bathyrhynchus was first named in 1942 as Dicynodon bathyrhynchus. Fossils of the genus have been recovered from the Usili Formation of the Ruhuhu Basin in Tanzania.

Syops is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid. The type species S. vanhoepeni was first named in 1938 as Dicynodon vanhoepeni. Fossils of the genus have been found in the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone in the Usili Formation of the Ruhuhu Basin, Tanzania and the Upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation of the Luangwa Basin, Zambia. Its phylogenetic placement is somewhat uncertain, with multiple different studies finding it as either a basal geikiid, rhachiocephalid a dicynodontoid more derived than the most basal genera but less derived than Lystrosauridae, or a lystrosaurid.

Basilodon is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid. The type species, Basilodon woodwardi was originally named in 1921 as Dicynodon woodwardi. Fossils have been found in the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone and Dicynodon Assemblage Zone of the Balfour Formation of the Beaufort Group in South Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Therochelonia</span> Extinct clade of dicynodonts

Therochelonia is a group of dicynodont therapsids. The group was named by British paleontologist Harry Seeley in 1894 and fell into disuse in the following century. Therochelonia was redefined as a node-based clade in 2009. It is defined as the last common ancestor of Cistecephalus microrhinus and Dicynodon lacerticeps, and all of its descendants. Below is a simplified cladogram from Kammerer et al. (2011) showing the phylogenetic placement of Therochelonia:

Sintocephalus is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian of South Africa. Fossils are known from the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone of the Beaufort Group. The type species of Sintocephalus, S. alticeps, was first named in 1913 as a species of Dicynodon. The genus was erected in 1934, but in subsequent years its species were often regarded as members of other dicynodont genera.

Gordonia is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian of Scotland. Fossils have been found from the Elgin sandstone of Cutties Hillock Sandstone in Elgin, Moray. These are among the many amniote fossils referred to as the Elgin Reptiles. Gordonia was named in 1893 with four species: G. traquairi, G. duffiana, G. huxleyana, and G. juddiana. Currently, the only recognized species is the type G. traquairi. All other species are considered synonyms of the type.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bidentalia</span> Extinct clade of dicynodonts

Bidentalia is a group of dicynodont therapsids. Bidentalia was one of the first names used to describe dicynodonts; the group was established in 1876, while the name "bidentals" dates back as far as 1845. With the increasing prominence of phylogenetics, the group was redefined as a clade in 2009. Bidentalia is now considered a stem-based taxon that includes all taxa more closely related to Aulacephalodon bainii and Dicynodon lacerticeps than Emydops arctatus.

Daqingshanodon is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian of Inner Mongolia, China. The type species D. limbus was described in 1989 from a single skull found in the Naobaogou Formation. Daqingshanodon belongs to a group of dicynodonts called cryptodonts. It is the smallest known cryptodont, and the only one known from China. Like other cryptodonts, it has a pair of rounded nasal bosses above its nostrils and a ridge of bone on the upper jaw called the postcaniniform process. Daqingshanodon has a pair of elongated, recurved tusks extending from its beak-like snout. It is distinguished from other dicynodonts by the presence of a distinct ridge running along the side of the skull from below the eye socket to the area around the tusks. The skull of Daqingshanodon is less than 10 centimetres (3.9 in) long, yet this specimen is thought to have been an adult on the basis of its well-developed nasal bosses.

<i>Jimusaria</i> Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Jimusaria is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian (Changhsingian) of China. The type species J. sinkianensis from the Guodikeng Formation in Xinjiang, was originally named as a species of Dicynodon, the first from Asia, but was given its own genus in 1963 before being sunk back into Dicynodon in 1988. The genus was resurrected in 2011 by palaeontologist Christian Kammerer in a taxonomic revision of the genus Dicynodon. Jimusaria was a mid-sized dicynodont, and was similar in appearance to the South African Dicynodon, but differed from it in features such as its narrower snout. A second species, Jimusaria monanensis was described from the Naobaogou Formation of northern China in 2023.

<i>Turfanodon</i> Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Turfanodon is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian Sunan, Guodikeng, and Naobaogou Formations of China. The holotype of T. bogdaensis was discovered between 1963-1964 and was originally named in 1973 by A. Sun with the type species Turfanodon bogdaensis, Turfanodon was reclassified as a junior synonym of the related Dicynodon in 1988 by G. M. King. T. bogdaensis remained a species of Dicynodon for over two decades before the genus was reinstated in 2011 in a revision of the taxonomy of Dicynodon by palaeontologist Christian Kammerer. A second species from Inner Mongolia, T. jiufengensis, was named in 2021 by palaeontologist Jun Liu from a nearly complete skeleton and other referred bones. Turfanodon was a relatively large dicynodont, and similar in appearance to the related Daptocephalus from South Africa.

References

1 2 Kammerer, C.F.; Angielczyk, K.D.; Fröbisch, J. (2011). "A comprehensive taxonomic revision of Dicynodon (Therapsida, Anomodontia) and its implications for dicynodont phylogeny, biogeography, and biostratigraphy". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (Suppl. 1): 1–158. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31S...1K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.627074. S2CID 84987497.
↑ Christian F. Kammerer (2019). "Revision of the Tanzanian dicynodont Dicynodon huenei (Therapsida: Anomodontia) from the Permian Usili Formation". PeerJ. 7: e7420. doi: 10.7717/peerj.7420 . PMC 6708577 . PMID 31497385.
↑ Groenewald, D. P.; Kammerer, C. F. (2023). "Re-identification and updated stratigraphic context of the holotypes of the late Permian tetrapods Dicynodon ingens and Scymnosaurus warreni from KwaZulu-Natal". Palaeontologia africana. 56: 171–179. hdl: 10539/37143 .

Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Kurkin, Andrey A. (October 2003). "Phylogenetic analysis of Russian Permian dicynodonts (Therapsida: Anomodontia): implications for Permian biostratigraphy and Pangaean biogeography". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . 139 (2): 157–212. doi: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00081.x .
Lucas, S. G., 2005, Dicynodon (Reptilia: Therapsida) from the Upper Permian of Russia: biochronologic significance: In: The Nonmarine Permian; edited by Lucas, S. G., and Zeigler, K. E., New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science, Bulletin 30, p. 192-196.

External links

Dicynodon - Mikko's Phylogeny archive (list of species and cladogram)

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[KAF11-1] 1 2 Kammerer, C.F.; Angielczyk, K.D.; Fröbisch, J. (2011). "A comprehensive taxonomic revision of Dicynodon (Therapsida, Anomodontia) and its implications for dicynodont phylogeny, biogeography, and biostratigraphy". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (Suppl. 1): 1–158. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31S...1K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.627074. S2CID 84987497.

[2] Christian F. Kammerer (2019). "Revision of the Tanzanian dicynodont Dicynodon huenei (Therapsida: Anomodontia) from the Permian Usili Formation". PeerJ. 7: e7420. doi: 10.7717/peerj.7420 . PMC 6708577 . PMID 31497385.

[warreni23-3] Groenewald, D. P.; Kammerer, C. F. (2023). "Re-identification and updated stratigraphic context of the holotypes of the late Permian tetrapods Dicynodon ingens and Scymnosaurus warreni from KwaZulu-Natal". Palaeontologia africana. 56: 171–179. hdl: 10539/37143 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

Dicynodon Temporal range: Changhsingian, 253.8–251.9 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓

Skull of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Synapsida
Clade:	Therapsida
Suborder:	† Anomodontia
Clade:	† Dicynodontia
Clade:	† Bidentalia
Infraorder:	† Dicynodontoidea
Family:	† Dicynodontidae Owen, 1859
Genus:	† Dicynodon Owen, 1845
Species
†D. lacerticepsOwen, 1845 (type) †D. angielczykiKammerer, 2019 Contents Description Species See also References External links
Synonyms
See below