Dicynodon

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Dicynodon
Temporal range: Changhsingian, 253.8–251.9  Ma
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Dicynodon lacerticeps.jpg
Skull of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Synapsida
Clade: Therapsida
Suborder: Anomodontia
Clade: Dicynodontia
Clade: Bidentalia
Infraorder: Dicynodontoidea
Family: Dicynodontidae
Owen, 1859
Genus: Dicynodon
Owen, 1845
Species

D. lacerticepsOwen, 1845 (type)
D. angielczykiKammerer, 2019

Contents

Synonyms

See below

Dicynodon ("two dog-teeth") is a genus of dicynodont therapsid that flourished during the Upper Permian period. Like all dicynodonts, it was herbivorous animal. This synapsid was toothless, except for prominent tusks, hence the name. It probably cropped vegetation with a horny beak, much like a tortoise, while the tusks may have been used for digging up roots and tubers.

Many species of Dicynodon have been named, and the genus is considered a wastebasket taxon. A 2011 study of the genus found most of the species to represent a paraphyletic grouping, with the only valid members of Dicynodon being D. lacerticeps and D. huenei. [1] A 2019 study named a new species D. angielczyki, but simultaneously transferred D. huenei to the genus Daptocephalus . [2]

Description

Restoration of D. lacerticeps Dicynodon BW.jpg
Restoration of D. lacerticeps

Dicynodon was a medium-sized and advanced member of the Dicynodont group. It had an average length of 1.2 metres (3.9 ft), although size differed among species. Its fossil remains have been found in sediments of latest Permian age in South Africa and Tanzania.

The type species is Dicynodon lacerticeps Owen, 1845. A large number of species have since been placed in this genus, some of which turned out to be synonyms of other species, others have been moved to different genera.

Species

Two species of Dicynodon are currently recognized: the type species D. lacerticeps from South Africa and the species D. angielczyki from Tanzania. Since the genus was first named, over 160 species have been assigned to Dicynodon. A 2011 study of the genus found 11 of these species to be valid, although most are now assigned to other dicynodont genera. [1] Below is a list of all species that have ever been assigned to Dicynodon. Since their naming, most have been considered as synonymous with other dicynodont species. Names in bold are still referable to Dicynodon.

SpeciesAuthorityAgeLocationUnitStatus
Dicynodon acutirostris Broom, 1935 Late Permian Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone Junior synonym of Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon aetorhamphusBroom, 1948Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone Junior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon alfredi(Owen, 1862) Early Triassic Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone Junior synonym of Lystrosaurus declivis
Dicynodon allaniBroom, 1940Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon alticepsBroom and Haughton, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneValid as Sintocephalus alticeps
Dicynodon amalitzkiiSushkin, 1926Late PermianFlag of Russia.svg  Russia Upper Vyatkian Valid as Peramodon amalitzkii
Dicynodon andrewsiBroom, 1921Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon angielczykiKammerer, 2019Late PermianFlag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania Usili Formation Valid
Dicynodon annaeSushkin, 1926Late PermianFlag of Russia.svg  Russia Upper VyatkianJunior synonym of Vivaxosaurus trautscholdi
Dicynodon anneaeBroom, 1940Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Dinanomodon gilli
Dicynodon antjiesfonteinensisToerien, 1953 Middle Permian Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon bainiiOwen, 1845Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneValid as Aulacephalodon bainii
Dicynodon bathyrhynchus von Huene, 1942Late PermianFlag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania Upper Usili FormationValid as Euptychognathus bathyrhynchus
Dicynodon benjaminiBroom, 1948Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage Zone Valid as Keyseria benjamini
Dicynodon bogdaensisKing, 1988Late PermianFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Guodikeng Formation Valid as Turfanodon bogdaensis
Dicynodon bolorhinoides Watson, 1960Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Aulacephalodon bainii
Dicynodon bolorhinusBroom, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon brachyrhynchusBroom, 1948Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon brevicepsHaughton, 1915Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon brevirostrisBroom, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon broomiBroili and Schröder, 1937Middle PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tapinocephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon broilii Boonstra, 1948Middle PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tapinocephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon cadleiBroom, 1940Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon calverleyiBroom, 1940Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Basilodon woodwardi
Dicynodon cavifronsBroom and Haughton, 1917Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tropidostoma Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon clarenceiBroom, 1950Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Dicynodontoides recurvidens
Dicynodon copei Seeley, 1889Early TriassicFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Lystrosaurus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Lystrosaurus murrayi
Dicynodon cordylus Lydekker, 1889Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone Nomen dubium
Dicynodon corstorphineiBroom and Haughton, 1917Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon curtusBroom, 1921Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon curvatusOwen, 1876Early TriassicFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Lystrosaurus Assemblage ZoneValid as Lystrosaurus curvatus
Dicynodon cyclopsHaughton, 1917Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon daptocephaloidesToerien, 1955Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon declivisOwen, 1860Early TriassicFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Lystrosaurus Assemblage ZoneValid as Lystrosaurus declivis
Dicynodon depressus(Owen, 1876)Early TriassicFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Lystrosaurus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Lystrosaurus declivis
Dicynodon dubiusOwen, 1876Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tropidostoma Assemblage ZoneValid as Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon duffianusvon Huene, 1940Late PermianFlag of Scotland.svg  Scotland Cutties Hillock Sandstone Formation Junior synonym of Gordonia traquairi
Dicynodon dunniiSeeley, 1889Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tropidostoma Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon dutoitiBroom and Schepers, 1937Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon duvenhageiBroom, 1948Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Dicynodontoides recurvidens
Dicynodon eurycepsBoonstra, 1938Late PermianFlag of Zambia.svg  Zambia Upper Madumabisa Mudstone Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon felicepsOwen, 1876Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneValid as Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon galecephalusBroom and Robinson, 1948Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Dinanomodon gilli
Dicynodon gamkaensisBroom, 1937Middle PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tapinocephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon gilliBroom, 1932Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneValid as Dinanomodon gilli
Dicynodon glaucopsBroom, 1948Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon graaffiBroom, 1940Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon gracilisBroom, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tropidostoma Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Dicynodontoides recurvidens
Dicynodon grahamiBroom, 1940Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneNomen dubium
Dicynodon grandisHaughton, 1917Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone Incertae sedis
Dicynodon greyiiBroom, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon grimbeekiBroom, 1935Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tropidostoma Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon grossarthiBroili and Schröder, 1937Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tropidostoma Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon halliWatson, 1914Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon hartzenbergiBroom, 1940Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneIncertae sedis
Dicynodon haughtonianusvon Huene, 1931Middle PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tapinocephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon helenaeBoonstra, 1938Late PermianFlag of Zambia.svg  Zambia Upper Madumabisa Mudstone Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon howardiBroom, 1948Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Dicynodontoides recurvidens
Dicynodon hueneiHaughton, 1932Late PermianFlag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania Upper Usili FormationValid as Daptocephalus huenei
Dicynodon huxleyanusvon Huene, 1940Late PermianFlag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom Cutties Hillock Sandstone FormationJunior synonym of Gordonia traquairi
Dicynodon ictidopsBroom, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tropidostoma Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon ictinopsBroom, 1921Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Emydops arctatus
Dicynodon incisivumRepelin, 1923Late PermianFlag of Laos.svg  Laos "Purple beds"Nomen dubium
Dicynodon ingensBroom, 1907Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps [3]
Dicynodon joubertiBroom, 1905Middle PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone or Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone Junior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon juddianusvon Huene, 1940Late PermianFlag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom Cutties Hillock Sandstone FormationJunior synonym of Gordonia traquairi
Dicynodon kitchingiBroom, 1937Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon kolbeiBroom, 1912Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon lacerticepsOwen, 1845Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneValid
Dicynodon laticepsBroom, 1912Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Aulacephalodon bainii
Dicynodon latifronsBroom, 1899 Middle Triassic Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cynognathus Assemblage Zone Junior synonym of Kannemeyeria simocephalus
Dicynodon latirostrisOwen, 1860Early TriassicFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Lystrosaurus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Lystrosaurus declivis
Dicynodon leonicepsOwen, 1876Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneValid as Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon leontocephalusBroom, 1950Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon leontopsBroom, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon leptorhinusBroom, 1932Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneNomen dubium
Dicynodon leptoscelusBroom, 1932Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneNomen dubium
Dicynodon limbus Lucas, 1998Late PermianFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Naobaogou Formation Valid as Daqingshanodon limbus
Dicynodon lissopsBroom, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon locusticepsvon Huene, 1942Late PermianFlag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania Upper Usili FormationValid as Geikia locusticeps
Dicynodon luangwanensisBoonstra, 1938Late PermianFlag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania Upper Usili FormationJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon luckhoffiBroom, 1937Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneNomen dubium
Dicynodon lutricepsBroom, 1912Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon maccabeiBroom, 1940Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon macrodonBroom, 1940Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Dinanomodon gilli
Dicynodon macrorhynchusBroom, 1921Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon magnusBroom, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneValid as Rhachiocephalus magnus
Dicynodon marlothivon Huene, 1940Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon megalopsBroom, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon megalorhinusBroom, 1913Middle PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tapinocephalus Assemblage ZoneNomen dubium
Dicynodon microdonBroom, 1936Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Basilodon woodwardi
Dicynodon microrhynchusvon Huene, 1931Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tropidostoma Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Pristerodon mackayi
Dicynodon microtremaSeeley, 1889Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tropidostoma Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon millettiBroom, 1928Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon moschopsBroom, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneValid as Pelanomodon moschops
Dicynodon moutonaeBroom, 1948Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon murrayi Huxley, 1859Early TriassicFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Lystrosaurus Assemblage ZoneValid as Lystrosaurus murrayi
Dicynodon mustoiHaughton, 1915Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tropidostoma Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon nanusBroom, 1936Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon nesemanniBroom, 1940Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon njalilusvon Huene, 1942Middle TriassicFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Manda Beds Valid as Tetragonias njalilus
Dicynodon nowackivon Huene, 1942Late PermianFlag of Zambia.svg  Zambia Usili FormationValid as Dicynodontoides nowacki
Dicynodon orientalisHuxley, 1865Early TriassicFlag of India.svg  India Panchet Formation Junior synonym of Lystrosaurus murrayi
Dicynodon osborniBroom, 1921Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon oweniLydekker, 1889Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneNomen dubium
Dicynodon pachyrhynchusBroom, 1913Middle TriassicFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cynognathus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Kannemeyeria simocephalus
Dicynodon parabrevicepsBoonstra, 1938Late PermianFlag of Zambia.svg  Zambia Upper Madumabisa Mudstone Junior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon pardicepsOwen, 1876Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon parvidensOwen, 1876Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon planusBroom, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon platycepsBroom, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon platyfronsBroom, 1932Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon prognathusBroom, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon pseudojoubertiBoonstra, 1948Middle PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tapinocephalus Assemblage ZoneNomen dubium
Dicynodon psittacopsBroom, 1912Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tropidostoma Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon pygmaeusBroom and Haughton, 1917Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tropidostoma Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Pristerodon mackayi
Dicynodon ranicepsBroom, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tropidostoma Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Pristerodon mackayi
Dicynodon rectidensOwen, 1876Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneNomen dubium
Dicynodon recurvidensOwen, 1876Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneValid as Dicynodontoides recurvidens
Dicynodon richardiBroom, 1940Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon robertiBoonstra, 1938Late PermianFlag of Zambia.svg  Zambia Upper Madumabisa Mudstone Junior synonym of Syops vanhoepeni
Dicynodon robertsiBroom, 1948Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon robustusBroom, 1932Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon rogersiBroom and Haughton, 1917Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tropidostoma Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon rosmarus Cope, 1870 Late Triassic Flag of the United States.svg  USA Lockatong Formation Nomen dubium
Dicynodon rossicusSushkin, 1926Late PermianFlag of Russia.svg  Russia Upper VyatkianJunior synonym of Vivaxosaurus trautscholdi
Dicynodon rubidgeiBroom, 1932Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon scheepersiBroom, 1948Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Rhachiocephalus magnus
Dicynodon schroederiToerien, 1953Middle PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tapinocephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Robertia broomiana
Dicynodon schwarziBroom, 1919Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon scopulusaLucas, 1998Late PermianFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Quanzijie Formation Incertae sedis
Dicynodon seeleyiBroili, 1908Early TriassicFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Lystrosaurus Assemblage ZoneNomen dubium
Dicynodon sidneyiBroom, 1940Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Pelanomodon moschops
Dicynodon simocephalusWeithofer, 1888Middle TriassicFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cynognathus Assemblage ZoneValid as Kannemeyeria simocephalus
Dicynodon sinkianensisYuan and Young, 1934Late PermianFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Guodikeng FormationValid as Jimusaria sinkianensis
Dicynodon sollasiBroom, 1921Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon strigicepsOwen, 1845Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneNomen dubium
Dicynodon strigopsBroom, 1913Early TriassicFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Lystrosaurus Assemblage ZoneNomen dubium
Dicynodon sunanensisLi et al., 2000Late PermianFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Guodikeng FormationJunior synonym of Turfanodon bogdaensis
Dicynodon swierstraiBroom, 1940Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Pristerodon mackayi
Dicynodon taoshuyuanensisKing, 1988Late PermianFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Guodikeng FormationJunior synonym of Jimusaria sinkianensis
Dicynodon tayloriBroom, 1932Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon tealeiHaughton, 1932Late PermianFlag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania Usili FormationNomen dubium
Dicynodon tenervon Huene, 1935Middle - Late TriassicFlag of Brazil.svg  Brazil Santa Maria Formation Nomen dubium
Dicynodon testudicepsOwen, 1845Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneNomen dubium
Dicynodon testudirostrisBroom and Haughton, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tropidostoma Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon tienshanensisSun, 1973Late PermianFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Guodikeng FormationJunior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon tigricepsOwen, 1855Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Aulacephalodon bainii
Dicynodon traquairivon Huene, 1940Late PermianFlag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom Cutties Hillock Sandstone FormationJunior synonym of Gordonia traquairi
Dicynodon trautscholdi Amalitzky, 1922Late PermianFlag of Russia.svg  Russia Upper VyatkianValid as Vivaxosaurus trautscholdi
Dicynodon trigonicepsBroom, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tropidostoma Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Pristerodon mackayi
Dicynodon trigonocephalusBroom, 1940Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Dicynodon lacerticeps
Dicynodon truncatusBroom, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone or Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon turpiorvon Huene, 1935Late TriassicFlag of Brazil.svg  Brazil Santa Maria Formation Nomen dubium
Dicynodon tylorhinusBroom, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneIncertae sedis
Dicynodon validusBroom, 1935Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tropidostoma Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Tropidostoma dubium
Dicynodon vanderbyliBroom, 1928Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon vanderhorstiToerien, 1953Middle PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Tapinocephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Diictodon feliceps
Dicynodon vanhoepeniBoonstra, 1938Late PermianFlag of Zambia.svg  Zambia Upper Madumabisa Mudstone Valid as Syops vanhoepeni
Dicynodon venteriBroom, 1935Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneNomen dubium
Dicynodon venyukoviSushkin, 1926Late PermianFlag of Russia.svg  Russia Upper VyatkianJunior synonym of Vivaxosaurus trautscholdi
Dicynodon verticalisOwen, 1860Early TriassicFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Lystrosaurus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Lystrosaurus murrayi
Dicynodon watsoniBroom, 1921Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Daptocephalus leoniceps
Dicynodon weatherbyiBroom, 1941Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Basilodon woodwardi
Dicynodon wellwoodensisBroom, 1936Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon whaitsiBroom, 1913Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneValid as Odontocyclops whaitsi
Dicynodon whitsonaeToerien, 1954Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Dinanomodon gilli
Dicynodon wilmanaeBroom, 1928Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Cistecephalus Assemblage ZoneJunior synonym of Oudenodon bainii
Dicynodon woodwardiBroom, 1921Late PermianFlag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Dicynodon Assemblage ZoneValid as Basilodon woodwardi

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dromasauria</span>

"Dromasaurs" are an artificial grouping of small anomodont therapsids from the Middle and Late Permian of South Africa. They represent either a paraphyletic grade or a polyphyletic grouping of small non-dicynodont basal anomodonts rather than a clade, and as such are considered an invalid group today. "Dromasaurs" were historically united by their superficially similar appearances that were unlike other known anomodonts. They are all small in size with slender limbs and long tails, and have short skulls with very large eye sockets. "Dromasauria" traditionally includes three genera, all from the Karoo Supergroup of South Africa: Galepus, Galechirus, and Galeops. These genera have sometimes been divided into two subgroups, the monotypic family Galeopidae and the Galechiridae for Galechiris and Galepus.

<i>Emydops</i> Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Emydops is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsids from the Middle Permian to Late Permian of what is now South Africa. The genus is generally small and herbivorous, sharing the dicynodont synapomorphy of bearing two tusks. In the following years, the genus grew to include fourteen species. Many of these species were erected on the basis of differences in the teeth and the positioning of the frontal and parietal bones. A 2008 study narrowed Emydops down to two species, E. arctatus and the newly described E. oweni.

<i>Dicynodontoides</i> Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Dicynodontoides is a genus of small to medium-bodied, herbivorous, emydopoid dicynodonts from the Late Permian. The name Dicynodontoides references its “dicynodont-like” appearance due to the caniniform tusks featured by most members of this infraorder. Kingoria, a junior synonym, has been used more widely in the literature than the more obscure Dicynodontoides, which is similar-sounding to another distantly related genus of dicynodont, Dicynodon. Two species are recognized: D. recurvidens from South Africa, and D. nowacki from Tanzania.

<i>Daptocephalus</i> Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Daptocephalus is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsid anomodont dicynodont, it which was found in Late Permian strata, in a biozone known precisely for the presence of fossils of this dicynodont, the Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone, in the Karoo Basin in South Africa. An additional species, D. huenei, is known from the Usili Formation in Tanzania and was formerly assigned to the genus Dicynodon before a study in 2019 recognised that the type specimen belonged to Daptocephalus.

<i>Vivaxosaurus</i> Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Vivaxosaurus is a genus of dicynodont from Late Permian (Changhsingian) of Russia. It has been found at Sokolki on the Northern Dvina River near Kotlas in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lived during the latest Permian, and was a contemporary of Inostrancevia, Scutosaurus and Dvinia. Like all members of the genus, this animal was toothless, except for prominent tusks, and probably cropped vegetation with a horny beak, like a tortoise.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lystrosauridae</span> Extinct family of dicynodonts

Lystrosauridae is a family of dicynodont therapsids from the Permian and Triassic time periods. It includes two genera, Lystrosaurus and Kwazulusaurus. Kwazulusaurus includes a single species, K. shakai, from the Late Permian of South Africa and Lystrosaurus includes many species from the Late Permian and Early Triassic of South Africa, India, and Antarctica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chainosauria</span> Extinct clade of therapsids

Chainosauria is a large and speciose clade of anomodont therapsid that includes the highly diverse dicynodonts and a small number of closely related basal genera —although the total composition and taxonomic scope of Chainosauria is in flux. Chainosauria was named in 1923 to group together the dicynodonts and their close relatives, namely three small anomodont genera from South Africa that made up the now defunct group 'Dromasauria'. The name soon fell into disuse, however, as it was functionally replaced by Anomodontia. Chainosauria was later revived cladistically in 2009, preserving the association of dicynodonts and the 'dromasaurs' and has since served in effect as both a cladistic and a biogeographic counterpart to the Laurasian venyukovioids, with early chainosaurs appearing to have been a Gondwanan radiation.

Elph is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsids from Russia. Four specimens have been found from the Sokolki Assemblage in European Russia, representing a fauna that dates back to the Late Permian. Elph was a small herbivore that lived alongside carnivorous akidnognathids and inostranceviids, as well as larger herbivores like Dicynodon and pareiasaurids. The type species E. borealis was named in 1999. Elph has a short snout and tusks and is closely related to Interpresosaurus and Katumbia.

Peramodon is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian Scutosaurus karpinskii Zone of the Salarevo Formation of Russia. The type species, P. amalitzkii, was first named in 1926 as Dicynodon amalitzkii.

Keyseria is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid. The type species K. benjamini was first named in 1948 as Dicynodon benjamini.

Euptychognathus is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid. The type species E. bathyrhynchus was first named in 1942 as Dicynodon bathyrhynchus. Fossils of the genus have been recovered from the Usili Formation of the Ruhuhu Basin in Tanzania.

Syops is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid. The type species S. vanhoepeni was first named in 1938 as Dicynodon vanhoepeni. Fossils of the genus have been found in the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone in the Usili Formation of the Ruhuhu Basin, Tanzania and the Upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation of the Luangwa Basin, Zambia. Its phylogenetic placement is somewhat uncertain, with multiple different studies finding it as either a basal geikiid, rhachiocephalid a dicynodontoid more derived than the most basal genera but less derived than Lystrosauridae, or a lystrosaurid.

<i>Basilodon</i> Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Basilodon is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid. The type species, Basilodon woodwardi was originally named in 1921 as Dicynodon woodwardi. Fossils have been found in the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone and Dicynodon Assemblage Zone of the Balfour Formation of the Beaufort Group in South Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Therochelonia</span> Extinct clade of dicynodonts

Therochelonia is a group of dicynodont therapsids. The group was named by British paleontologist Harry Seeley in 1894 and fell into disuse in the following century. Therochelonia was redefined as a node-based clade in 2009. It is defined as the last common ancestor of Cistecephalus microrhinus and Dicynodon lacerticeps, and all of its descendants. Below is a simplified cladogram from Kammerer et al. (2011) showing the phylogenetic placement of Therochelonia:

Sintocephalus is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian of South Africa. Fossils are known from the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone of the Beaufort Group. The type species of Sintocephalus, S. alticeps, was first named in 1913 as a species of Dicynodon. The genus was erected in 1934, but in subsequent years its species were often regarded as members of other dicynodont genera.

<i>Gordonia</i> (synapsid) Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Gordonia is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian of Scotland. Fossils have been found from the Elgin sandstone of Cutties Hillock Sandstone in Elgin, Moray. These are among the many amniote fossils referred to as the Elgin Reptiles. Gordonia was named in 1893 with four species: G. traquairi, G. duffiana, G. huxleyana, and G. juddiana. Currently, the only recognized species is the type G. traquairi. All other species are considered synonyms of the type.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bidentalia</span> Extinct clade of dicynodonts

Bidentalia is a group of dicynodont therapsids. Bidentalia was one of the first names used to describe dicynodonts; the group was established in 1876, while the name "bidentals" dates back as far as 1845. With the increasing prominence of phylogenetics, the group was redefined as a clade in 2009. Bidentalia is now considered a stem-based taxon that includes all taxa more closely related to Aulacephalodon bainii and Dicynodon lacerticeps than Emydops arctatus.

Daqingshanodon is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian of Inner Mongolia, China. The type species D. limbus was described in 1989 from a single skull found in the Naobaogou Formation. Daqingshanodon belongs to a group of dicynodonts called cryptodonts. It is the smallest known cryptodont, and the only one known from China. Like other cryptodonts, it has a pair of rounded nasal bosses above its nostrils and a ridge of bone on the upper jaw called the postcaniniform process. Daqingshanodon has a pair of elongated, recurved tusks extending from its beak-like snout. It is distinguished from other dicynodonts by the presence of a distinct ridge running along the side of the skull from below the eye socket to the area around the tusks. The skull of Daqingshanodon is less than 10 centimetres (3.9 in) long, yet this specimen is thought to have been an adult on the basis of its well-developed nasal bosses.

<i>Jimusaria</i> Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Jimusaria is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian (Changhsingian) of China. The type species J. sinkianensis from the Guodikeng Formation in Xinjiang, was originally named as a species of Dicynodon, the first from Asia, but was given its own genus in 1963 before being sunk back into Dicynodon in 1988. The genus was resurrected in 2011 by palaeontologist Christian Kammerer in a taxonomic revision of the genus Dicynodon. Jimusaria was a mid-sized dicynodont, and was similar in appearance to the South African Dicynodon, but differed from it in features such as its narrower snout. A second species, Jimusaria monanensis was described from the Naobaogou Formation of northern China in 2023.

<i>Turfanodon</i> Extinct genus of dicynodonts

Turfanodon is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid from the Late Permian Sunan, Guodikeng, and Naobaogou Formations of China. The holotype of T. bogdaensis was discovered between 1963-1964 and was originally named in 1973 by A. Sun with the type species Turfanodon bogdaensis, Turfanodon was reclassified as a junior synonym of the related Dicynodon in 1988 by G. M. King. T. bogdaensis remained a species of Dicynodon for over two decades before the genus was reinstated in 2011 in a revision of the taxonomy of Dicynodon by palaeontologist Christian Kammerer. A second species from Inner Mongolia, T. jiufengensis, was named in 2021 by palaeontologist Jun Liu from a nearly complete skeleton and other referred bones. Turfanodon was a relatively large dicynodont, and similar in appearance to the related Daptocephalus from South Africa.

References

  1. 1 2 Kammerer, C.F.; Angielczyk, K.D.; Fröbisch, J. (2011). "A comprehensive taxonomic revision of Dicynodon (Therapsida, Anomodontia) and its implications for dicynodont phylogeny, biogeography, and biostratigraphy". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (Suppl. 1): 1–158. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31S...1K. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.627074. S2CID   84987497.
  2. Christian F. Kammerer (2019). "Revision of the Tanzanian dicynodont Dicynodon huenei (Therapsida: Anomodontia) from the Permian Usili Formation". PeerJ. 7: e7420. doi: 10.7717/peerj.7420 . PMC   6708577 . PMID   31497385.
  3. Groenewald, D. P.; Kammerer, C. F. (2023). "Re-identification and updated stratigraphic context of the holotypes of the late Permian tetrapods Dicynodon ingens and Scymnosaurus warreni from KwaZulu-Natal". Palaeontologia africana. 56: 171–179. hdl: 10539/37143 .